Dramatic opinions and essays, with an apology; containing as well A word on the dramatic opinions and essays of Bernard Shaw

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DRAMATIC
OPINIONS
AND ESSAYS

DRAMATIC OPINIONS
AND ESSAYS WITH AN
APOLOGY BY BERNARD
SHAW

CONTAINING AS WELL

A WORD ON THE DRAMATIC
OPINIONS AND ESSAYS OF BER-
NARD SHAW BY JAMES HUNEKER

VOLUME ONE

NEW YORK: BRENTANO'S
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CONTENTS

VOLUME I

PAOK

A Word on the Dramatic Opikions and Essays

OF Bernard Shaw by James Huneker . . ix

The Author's Apology by Bernard Shaw . . xxi

Slaves of the Ring 1

Two New Plays 7

King Arthur 15

Poor Shakespeare ! 24

An Old New Play and a New Old One ... 32

Mr. Pinero's New Play 40

The Independent Theatre Repents ... 48

L'GEuvRE 55

At the Theatres 64

Two Bad Plays 72

Spanish Tragedy and English Farce .... 81

Mr. Irving Takes Paregoric 90

The Two Latest Comedies 100

A New Lady Macbeth and a New ^Irs. Ebb-
smith 107

Sardoodledom 116

Two Plays 124

DusE AND Bernhardt 134

V

vi CONTENTS

PAGE

La Princesse Lointaine 143

Mr. Daly Fossilizes 153

Poor Shakespeare! 160

ToujouRs Daly 168

The Season's Moral 177

Romeo and Juliet 185

PiNERo AS He Is Acted 194

The Chili Widow 205

More Masterpieces 213

The New Magdalen and the Old 219

Trilby and " L'Ami des Femmes " 228

The Case for the Critic-Dramatist .... 237

Manxsome and Traditional 244

The Divided Way 250

Told You So 259

The Old Acting and the New 268

Mr. John Hare 276

One of the Worst 285

New Year Dramas 292

Plays of the Week 300

Michael and His Lost Angel 309

Church and the Stage 318

Dear Harp of My Country ! 327

The Tailor and the Stage 334

Two Plays 342

Pinero and Grundy on G. B. S 349

The Return of Mrs. Pat 357

CONTENTS vii

Boiled Heroine 866

Mary Anderson 374;

Nietzsche in English 382

Two Easter Pieces 390

Punch and Judy Again 398

The Immortal William 405

The Farcical Comedy Outbreak 415

Henry IV 423

Resurrection Pie 434

G. B. S. on Clement Scott 442

A WORD ON THE

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS
OF BERNARD SHAW

BY

JAMES HUNEKER

THIS book is composed of selections from the dra-
matic criticisms of Bernard Shaw, which ap-
peared in the London Saturday Review, begin-
ning January 5th, 1895, and ending May 21st, 1898 —
a notable period in the history of that journal, for it
inaugurated the regime of Frank Harris, and the ad-
vent of such brilliant writers as Shaw, Harris, MacColl,
Runciman, Cunninghame Graham, and other distin-
guished spirits. Bernard Shaw did not burst like a
meteor upon the British metropolis ; he was known and
admired in certain circles before he took to the cart and
trumpet. He was a bold man in the ranks of Socialists ;
he wrote novels and plays ; he criticized music and pic-
tures and, as he confesses, he lived through it all; in-
deed, he waxed strong therefrom. But he admits that
the theatre nearly killed him. For over three years he
sat in the seat of the critical mighty and filled his eyes
and ears with bad, mad, and mediocre plays. His fa-
mous hob-nailed Alpine shoes worn for the purpose of
tramping London picture galleries, failed him in the
theatre. His soul grew soggy, his bones softened ; and
after an accident he threw over his self-imposed task

X INTRODUCTION

with a gasp of relief and the stalls knew him no more.
He now produces plays instead of rowing in the galleys
with the critical chain-gang; why cannonade cock-
shafers when you can demonstrate that the possession
of the critical faculty does not oust the creative!

But his criticisms still live. They are as alive to-day
as a decade ago, a sure test of their value; theatrical
chronicling is seldom of an enduring character. It is
the man ambushed behind the paragraph, the Shaw in
the woodpile, with his stark individuality, that makes
these criticisms delightful, and irritating and sugges-
tive. I pretend to hear the clattering of those hob-
nailed Alpine shoes in his criticisms as they unroll be-
fore us, some violent, many ironic, all interesting and
erudite.

We decry impressionistic criticism, and lift reverent
eyes before them that pace academic groves. But the
difference is largely a fanciful one — not as real as
Stendhal's wicked definition of Classic and Romantic.
Dr. William Barry wisely says that " the whole art of
judgment is faithful impression." All criticism is per-
sonal, and neither academic nor impressionistic criti-
cism should be taken too seriously. Anatole France has
proved that one may be both wise and witty while sailing
his soul in quest of masterpieces. A man's ponderous
learning is of no more value than the superficial skating
of some merry emotional blade over the dramatic ice.
The main point is — particularly in dramatic criticism
— whether the writer holds our attention. Otherwise
his work has no excuse for existence. Be as profound
as you please — but be pleasing. Nature abhors an
absolute ; and there is no absolute in dramatic criti-
cism. It is an exotic growth and as inutile as politics.
Now Shaw always holds one's attention, nay, grips it,

INTRODUCTION xi

and at times rudely chokes it into submission. His
utterances are male, forceful and modern.

The chief need now is for some responsible person to
swear that he has seen Bernard Shaw in the flesh and
thus give the lie to the circulated report that there is no
such man. Don't smile. Not so long ago his identity
was seriously questioned in a well-known London daily
newspaper. Shaw was said to be a syndicate ; the fabri-
cation of some clever charlatan; a pen, not a human.
I am exceedingly happy to assure you that Bernard
Shaw, like the great god Pan, is alive. I have viewed
him and he acted like a modest man. I met him but
twice. If I knew him better I would not be able to
write with such facility of him and his ideas. Doubt-
less my Shaw is not the real Shaw — but what is the
real Shaw.'' Can Shaw answer that question himself.''
In his preface to " The Quintessence of Ibsenism," he
challenged Ibsen on the same score.

" The existence of a discoverable and perfectly defi-
nite thesis in a poet's work by no means depends on the
completeness of his own intellectual consciousness of it.'*
Thus Mr. Shaw. Nor, by the same token, does his per-
sonality. My Shaw may be not your Shaw, or Shaw's
Shaw, yet he is a perfectly viable person, a man of
wrath and humors, a fellow of infinite wit, learned with-
out pedantry, and of a charm — if one finds caviar and
paprika charming. Perhaps that autobiography of his
— to be published he says fifty years after his death —
will clear up all our cloudy conceptions of this Boojum
who may turn out, after all, to be a Snark. Like the
late poet, Paul Verlaine, there are days when Shaw
wears his demon mask to frighten bores away. In
reality he is excessively angelic. All the rest is grimace.

xii INTRODUCTION

II

By this time the world is acquainted with the Shaw
opinions, the Shaw plays, novels, prefaces and the
Shavian philosophy. If not, then it is no fault of the
illustrious G. B. S. He has toiled for publicity. He
acknowledges the fact. And there is no denying that
such muscularity in behalf of one's personality must
have proved mortifying to a man of Shaw's retiring na-
ture ; he remarks somewhere that he is " congenitally
shy." Yet when popularity came he fought against it.
He metaphorically twiddled the fingers of scorn in the
face of a credulous and eager public. Like Richard
Wagner Bernard Shaw insulted the English world only
to capture, in the end, its suffrage, its sympathy, its
admiration. Little wonder, then, there are moments
when he doubts himself, his mission, even his originality.
Success during one's lifetime is not always the reward
of genius.

If you wish the entire solution of that puzzle which
once kept London up late o' nights trying to solve it,
read with care the judgment passed by Mr. Shaw's phy-
sician upon the eyes of his distinguished patient. This
eminent authority on optics found the Shaw vision nor-
mal. Therefore like the world at large? Not at all —
I quote from memory — replied, in effect, the medical
man. Normal eyesight is possessed by about ten per
cent of humanity. The remainder, presumably, being
abnormal. By a swift transposition of vision to intel-
lectual judgment Mr. Shaw claimed the gift of seeing
things differently and better — Ah, the canny Irishman.

Let us succumb to this assertion, for upon it depends
the validity of my argument — and also explains Shaw
to the universe at large and to Shaw in particular. The

INTRODUCTION xiu

Shaw eye and brain being perfectly normal, it Is safe,
therefore, to assume that the Shaw verdicts upon life
are equally so. Ibsen swears the minority is always
right ; but here is a minority with a vengeance ; it is a
more aristocratic court of supremacy than M. Huys-
mans' " dozen superior persons scattered throughout
the universe." However, let us agree to accept the
Shavian self-valuation. The world is in the wrong as
a consequence of this logic ; wrong in its material liv-
ing, wrong in its spiritual beliefs ; wrong in its intel-
lectual assents. From Shakespeare to the musical
glasses we have been, all of us, on the wrong track about
the drama; our religious faiths are modified ancestor
worship ; our social life a sham ; our glories — civic
and military, poetic and practical, artistic and me-
chanical, have been a huge mistake. But this wholesale
accusation of error, this brief of Shaw vs. the Cosmos,
has a suspiciously familiar ring. We have heard it
before. Other men's voices from Koheleth to Jonathan
Swift's, from Diogenes to Schopenhauer's, have been
lifted up against life as lived on our unimportant
planet. True, cries our beloved Bernard, I do not
claim originality. The other fellows said it before I
did ; they, too, had normal vision — and you can't as-
sure fools that they are fools too often!

Have we our clue to Shaw.'' Yes: for he is that rare
bird, a perfectly honest man. He means what he says
and he is never more in earnest than when he is most
whimsical. He laughs at love and London shrieks at
his exquisite humor. But he is not making fun. He
finds in our art and literature that the sexual passion
plays far too important a role. We are " oversexed,"
he cries, especially in the theatre. The slimy sentimen-
talities of the popular play are too much for his nerves.

xiv INTRODUCTION

He is a Puritan in the last analysis and the degradation
of dramatic art attendant upon sensuality moves him to
strong utterances. " I have, I think, always been a
Puritan in my attitude towards Art. I am as fond of
fine music and handsome buildings as Milton was, or
Cromwell, or Bunyan; but if I found that they were
becoming the instruments of systematic idolatry of
sensuousness, I would hold it good statesmanship to
blow every cathedral in the world to pieces with dyna-
mite, organ and all, without the least heed to the
screams of the art critics and cultured voluptuaries."
He would light the fuse himself, just as he would go
to the stake for a principle. He is at once the slayer
and the slain ; Calvin and Servetus.

Brave are his very Tolstoian words. Nor does he
claim priority in those attacks upon Shakespeare which
he so happily terms Bardolatry. You may notice after
reading his critical animadversions upon this sacred
topic that he is not so often attacking Shakespeare as
the ultra-Shakespeareans; that he is by no means so
sharp in his criticisms of the bard as were Ben Jonson,
Dr. Johnson, Voltaire, and Taine, — (did not Mr.
George Moore invoke destruction when he dared to har-
ness the names of Balzac and Shakespeare?) that his as-
saults are really a plea for a more sane critical attitude
toward Shakespeare; and, finally, that the entire pub-
lic discussion — which assumed alarming aspects dur-
ing the spring of 1905 in London — has illuminated the
fact that Bernard Shaw is by no means to be despised
as a student of the divine William. Besides, a critic
may look at a king, and this critic has let in much light
on his own peculiar psychology by these very criticisms.
And it may be added that Shakespeare's reputation has
not suffered violence.

INTRODUCTION xv

More inexplicable is Shaw's dislike of the Elizabe-
thans. His lips curl with scorn when their names are
mentioned. He forgives Shakespeare many extrava-
gances; Marlowe, Ford, Massinger, Beaumont and
Fletcher, Middleton, Dekker, none. Their rhetoric is
insane and hideous ; they are a crew of insufferable
bunglers and dullards; the Renaissance was an orgie;
Marlowe might, if he had lived to-day, have been a
tolerable imitation of Kipling; all these plays are full
of murder, lust, obscenity, cruelty; no ray of noble
feeling, no touch of faith, beauty, nor even common
kindliness is to be discovered in them, says critic
Shaw. Shades of Charles Lamb ! What will Swinburne
say!

Touching again on Shakespeare it will not be amiss
to calmly face some of the Shavian blasphemies. An
ounce of sincerity is worth a ton of hypocrisy. The
optique of the theatre always magnifies, often falsifies.
Great reputations should have their centennial critical
bath — they would look all the brighter after it. And
there are whole continents steeped in artistic — rather,
in inartistic — hypocrisy. Witness the Parsifal craze ;
witness the eye-ball ecstasy when the name of Bach is
mentioned — whereas most people loathe a Bach fugue
as they loathe a Beethoven string quartette. But criti-
cism makes cowards of us all. Ready-made admiration
is ever dangerous ; luckily Shaw, a Nietzschean before
he ever heard of Nietzsche, was not taken in by the ver-
dicts of yesterday. He carried his transvaluing scales
in his pocket, and his alpenstock could be, if necessary,
transformed into a critical measuring yardstick. He
loved Wagner's music and knew it so well that he was
the first English critic who called attention to the
fact that the composer, instead of being rhapsodic

xvi INTRODUCTION

and formless, was, perhaps, a victim to the wide-
spread Teutonic passion for Chinese formalism and
systematism.

He finds Shakespeare's work full of moral plati-
tudes, jingo claptrap, tavern pleasantries, bombast and
drivel ; while the bard's incapacity for following up the
scraps of philosophy he stole so aptly, is noteworthy;
his poetic speech, feeling for nature and the knack of
character drawing, fun ahd heart wisdom, which he
was ready, like a true son of the theatre, to prostitute
to any subject, occasion and any theatrical employment
— these are some Shakespearean attributes. He thinks
Bunyan the truer man — which is quite aside from the
argument — and he believes that we are outgrowing
Shakespeare, who will become with Byron a " household
pet." And most incontinently, he concludes by assert-
ing that when he, Shaw, began to write dramatic criti-
cism Shakespeare was a divinity; now he is become a
fellow creature. He will never forgive him for the sen-
suality of " Antony and Cleopatra " or for the cruel
treatment accorded Julius Caesar's magnificent person-
ality. (But what would Shakespeare have said to Ber-
nard Shaw's Julius Caesar?) In short, Mr. Shaw finds
that Shakespeare's wisdom is Montaigne's, his history
Plutarch's, his plots Bandello's and several others. Yet
he is a Shakespeare worshipper — though he cannot
endure tlie accepted spelling of the great name; and
declares that the ear should be the true clue to him : —
*' In a deaf nation these plays would have died long
ago." He berates Garrick, Colley Cibber, Irving, Au-
gustin Daly and all the " vaudeville adapters " of the
Shakespeare plays for their horrible taste, their vulgar
excisions, and their substitution of scenic claptrap for
the real Shakespeare. He wishes his Shakespeare naked

INTRODUCTION xvii

and undefiled by stupid commentators and barbarian
stage-managers.

Of latter-day playwrights Shaw has written, learn-
edly and most piquantly. His Ibsen partisanship needs
no vindication at this hour. The star of the great dead
Norwegian has risen, no longer a baleful portent, but
a beneficial orb in whose light we see ourselves — well,
normally; as normally as Shaw sees us? For the
modern English dramatists he has always exhibited a
firm dislike until they achieved something that extorted
his praise. He was among the first to attack Pinero's
" The Second Mrs. Tanqueray " as an artificial bit of
stage technique. He speedily exposed the inherent
structural weakness and lack of logic in " The Notori-
ous Mrs. Ebbsmith " ; but he found sufficient words of
admiration for " The Benefit of the Doubt," by all odds
the best, because truest, of the Pinero dramas.

Henry Arthur Jones is rated highly by Mr. Shaw.
This writer has " creative imagination, curious obser-
vation, inventive humor, sympathy and sincerity." He
admired " Michael and his Lost Angel," as did a few
discerning critics in New York — and he has never
ceased wondering why this fine play was withdrawn in
London before it had a fair chance.

The reader will find scattered throughout these pages
many treasures of wit and observation. And, oh ! the
wicked, the clever things that have dropped from the
nib of the Shaw pen. "Who is Hall Caine? " Of
Shaw's own criticisms : " Those who think the things I
say severe, or even malicious, should just see the things
I do not say." " Boiled Heroine." " On the stage we
get the geniuses and the liysteriques; but the inter-
mediate talents are drawn back from a profession in
which brains and self-respect have no chance against

xviii INTRODUCTION

emotional facility and neurotic sexuality." " The stock
actor is a stage calamity." " Falstaff is human but dis-
gusting." (St. Bernard is not a lover of flesh, nor a
consumer of sack.) " Mary Anderson was no actress —
she lacked the actress temperament." " G. B. S. is a
philosopher — his material, humanity." " Rostand is
pasteboard." " Sardoodledom " — which is capital.
" A Puritan is a fanatical idealist to whom all stimula-
tions of the sense of beauty are abhorred; a philis-
tine is a prosaic person who has no ideals." " I have a
technical objection to making sexual infatuation a
tragic theme. Experience proves that it is only effec-
tive in the comic spirit."

Mr. Shaw, let us solemnly call your attention to
" Hedda Gabler " ; not to mention " Romeo and
Juliet " ! Duse vs. Bernhardt is an excellent study of
the old and the new artists — old and new in an artistic
sense. Of dramatic criticism again : " The actor will
get money and applause from the contemporary mob;
but posterity will only see him through the spectacles
of the elect; if he displeases them (i. e., the dramatic
critics) his credit will be interred with his bones."
Which is a curious paraphrase of Hamlet's remarks
about the players. " Marie Corelli's works are cheap vic-
tories of a profuse imagination over an apparently com-
monplace and carelessly cultivated mind." " Thack-
eray is an author I cannot abide." " For my part I
do not indorse all Ibsen's views ; I even prefer my own
plays to his in some respects." " Pinero is no inter-
preter of character, but simply an adroit describer of
people as the ordinary man sees and judges them."
** A character actor is one who cannot act and there-
fore makes an elaborate study of disguises and stage
tricks by which acting can be grotesquely simulated.

INTRODUCTION xix

Pinero is simply character acting in the domain of
authorship." Many pinchbeck histrionic reputations
in England and America would be shattered by this
dictum if the public but realized it. " Oscar Wilde is
an arch-artist ; he is colossally lazy." And hitting off
the critical condescension with which Wilde's pieces
were once received by many critics in England, Shaw
coolly remarks : " I am the only person in London who
cannot sit down and write an Oscar Wilde play at
will." " Mr. Barrie makes a pretty character as a
milliner makes a bonnet, by matching materials ; he has
no eye for human character, only a keen sense for hu-
man qualities."

Ill

But enough. Here is a plethora of riches. Remem-
ber, too, that when Shaw wrote the criticisms in this
volume he was virginal to fame. It is his best work,
the very pith of the man. It contains his most buoyant
prose, the quintessence of Shaw. His valedictory is in-
comparable. He found that after taking laughing
gas he had many sub-conscious selves. He describes
them; perhaps he realizes now that they often come
to the surface in his writings without being invoked
by gas. After nominating that gentle mid-Victorian,
Max Beerbohm, as his successor, he concludes : " I 'm
off duty forever and I am going to sleep." He has
been, however, desperately awake since then, and with
him kept us all awake. His physician was clairvoyant.
The normality of Shaw has made his reputation in a
world of abnormal beings ! He should be grateful to
his vision. Bernard Shaw is an /.

THE AUTHOR'S APOLOGY

IN justice to many well-known public persons who are
handled rather recklessly in the following pages,
I beg my readers not to mistake my journalistic
utterances for final estimates of their worth and
achievements as dramatic artists and authors. It is
not so much that the utterances are unjust ; for I have
never claimed for myself the divine attribute of justice.
But some of them are not even reasonably fair: I must
therefore warn the reader that what he is about to study
is not a series of judgments aiming at impartiality, but
a siege laid to the theatre of the XlXth Century by
an author who had to cut his own way into it at the
point of the pen, and throw some of its defenders into
the moat.

Pray do not conclude from this that the things here-
inafter written were not true, or not the deepest and
best things I know how to say. Only, they must be con-
strued in the light of the fact that all through I was
accusing my opponents of failure because they were not
doing what I wanted, whereas they were often succeed-
ing very brilliantly in doing what they themselves
wanted. I postulated as desirable a certain kind of
play in which I was destined ten years later to make my
mark as a playwright (as I very well foreknew In the
depth of my own unconsciousness) ; and I brought
everybody, authors, actors, managers, to the one
test: were they coming my way or staying in the old
grooves .f*

xxi

xxii THE AUTHOR'S APOLOGY

Sometimes I made allowances for the difference in
aim, especially in the case of personal friends. But as
a rule I set up my own standard of what the drama
should be and how it should be presented; and I used
all my art to make every deviation in aiming at this
standard, every recalcitrance in approaching it, every
refusal to accept it seem ridiculous and old-fashioned.
In this, however, I only did what all critics do who are
worth their salt. The critics who attacked Ibsen and
defended Shakespeare whilst I was defending Ibsen and
attacking Shakespeare; or who were acclaiming the
reign of Irving at the Lyceum Theatre as the Antonino
age of the Shakespearean drama whilst I was battering
at it in open preparation for its subsequent downfall,
were no more impartial than I. And now that my own
turn has come to be criticized, I also am attacked be-
cause I produce what I want to produce and not what
some of my critics want mo to produce.

Dismissing, then, the figment of impartiality as at-
tainable only through an indifference which would have
prevented me from writing about the theatre at all, or
€ven visiting it, what merit have these essays to justify
their republication? Well, they contain something like
a body of doctrine, because when I criticized I really did
know definitely what I wanted. Very few journalistic
critics do. When they attack a new man as Ibsen was
attacked, they are for the most part only resisting a
change which upsets their habits, the proof being that
when they get the sort of play they blame the innovator
for not producing, they turn up their noses at it, yawn
over it, even recommend the unfortunate author to learn
from the newcomer how to open his eyes and use his
brains. Weariness of the theatre is the prevailing note
of London criticism. Only the ablest critics believe that

THE AUTHOR'S APOLOGY xxiii

the theatre is really important: in my time none of
them would claim for it, as I claimed for it, that it is
as important as the Church was in the Middle Ages and
much more important than the Church was in London
in the years under review. A theatre to me is a place
*' where two or three are gathered together." The
apostolic succession from Eschylus to myself is as seri-
ous and as continuously inspired as that younger insti-
tution, the apostolic succession of the Christian Church.
Unfortunately this Christian Church, founded gaily
with a pun, has been so largely corrupted by rank
Satanism that it has become the Church where you must
not laugh; and so it is giving way to that older and
greater Church to which I belong: the Church where
the oftener you laugh the better, because by laughter
only can you destroy evil without malice, and affirm
good fellowship without mawkishness. When I wrote,
I was well aware of what an unofficial census of Sunday
worshippers presently proved: that churchgoing in
London has been largely replaced by playgoing. This
would be a very good thing if the theatre took itself
seriously as a factory of thought, a prompter of con-
science, an elucidator of social conduct, an armory
against despair and dulness, and a temple of the
Ascent of Man. I took it seriously in that way, and
preached about it instead of merely chronicling its news
and alternately petting and snubbing it as a licentious
but privileged form of public entertainment. And this,
I believe, is why my sermons gave so little offence, and
created so much interest. The artists of the theatre,
led by Sir Henry Irving, were winning their struggle ta
be considered ladies and gentlemen, qualified for official
honors. Now for their gentility and knighthoods I
cared very little: what lay at the root of my criticism

xxiv THE AUTHOR'S APOLOGY

was their deeper claim to be considered, not merely
actors and actresses, but men and women, not hired
buffoons and posturers, however indulged, but hiero-
phants of a cult as eternal and sacred as any professed
religion in the world. And so, consciously or uncon-
sciously, I was forgiven when many of my colleagues,
less severe because less in earnest on the subject, gave
deadly' offence.

Nevertheless, though much tempted by publishers, I
allowed these essays to sleep in the files of the Saturday
Review for eight years, and should have left them there
still if the decision had rested with me, knowing well
that though many strokes may be struck at public per-
formers quite justifiably and beneficially on an ephem-
eral page with the object of heading off those momen-
tary rushes in the wrong direction which occur in the
drama and in acting no less than in politics and fashion,
some of them should not be repeated in permanent liter-
ary form until the period and the persons pass out of
the struggle for existence into history. But my control
over my writings goes no further than my copyright.
Being powerless to prevent the publication of these
articles in America, I have been forced (not, of course,
very unwillingly) to make the best of the situation by
inviting my own American publishers to anticipate the
inevitable, so that the publication shall be at least in
friendly hands. As the pressure of other affairs made
it impossible for me to undertake the work of editing
and selection it was placed, at my own suggestion, in
the hands of Mr. James Huneker, who has done it better
than I should have done. To forbid an extension of
the circulation to British territory would be useless;
the smugglers would take care of that; so the volumes
must run their course with my sincere prayer for par-

THE AUTHOR'S APOLOGY xxv

don to those survivors of the conflict who may have
received a scratch or two from my pen.

I have to thank the proprietors of the Saturday
Review for their consent to the circulation of this re-
print in the British Empire, and to express my regret
that my articles must reappear without the brilliant
setting at first provided for them by the pens of my
colleagues on the staff of that journal.

Beenabd Shaw,
Ayot St. Lawrence, 1906.

SLAVES OF THE RING

Slaves of the Ring: a new and original play in three
acts. By Sydney Grundy. Garrick Theatre, 29 De-
cember, 1894.

OF all wonderful scenes that the modem theatre
knows, commend me to that in the first act of
Wagner's " Tristan," where Tristan and Isolde
drink the death draught. There is nothing else for
them to do ; since Tristan, loving Isolde and being be-
loved by her, is nevertheless bringing her across the sea
to be the bride of his friend, King Mark. Believing
themselves delivered by death from all bonds and duties
and other terrestrial fates, they enter into an elysium
of love in perfect happiness and freedom, and remain
there until their brief eternity is cut short by the shouts
of the sailors and the letting go of the anchor, and they
find themselves still on earth, with all secrets told and
barriers cast down between them, and King Mark wait-
ing to receive his bride. The poison had been exchanged
by a friendly hand for a love potion.

At what period Mr. Sydney Grundy came under the
spell of this situation, and resolved that he, too, would
have a " new and original " turn at it, I do not know.
It may be, since these dramatic imaginings are really
the common heritage of the human imagination, and
belong to no individual genius, however grandly he may
have shaped them into a masterpiece of his art, that Mr.

Grundy may have found the situation in the air, and not

1

2 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

at Bayreuth. Howbeit he conceived it somehow, and
proceeded to make out of it the play entitled " Slaves of
the Ring," which differs from Wagner's " Tristan " in
this very essential respect, that whereas " Tristan " is
the greatest work of its kind of the century, " Slaves
of the Ring " is not sufficiently typical or classical to
deserve being cited even as the worst. It is not a work
of art at all: it is a mere contrivance for filling a
theatre bill, and not, I am bound to say, a very apt
contrivance even at that.

Here was the problem as it presented itself to Mr.
Grundy. Wanted, a married lady declaring her love
for a man other than her husband under the impression
that she and he are both dead, and consequently re-
leased from all moral obligations (this, observe, is the
indispensable condition which appears to lie at the back
of the popular conception of Paradise in all countries).
The lady's conviction that she has passed the gates of
death preserves her innocence as an English heroine.
But what about the gentleman.'' Wagner made the gen-
tleman believe himself dead also, and so preserved his
innocence. But the English stage gentleman is as frail
as the English stage lady is pure: therefore Mr.
Grundy's Tristan, though perfectly alive and well
aware of it, takes the deluded lady to his bosom. Here-
upon Mr. Grundy owes it to his character as a master
of drama that Tristan's wife should overhear these pro-
ceedings ; and he owes it to his reputation as a master
of stage technique that she should announce her pres-
ence by turning up a lamp, which the other lady has
previously had turned down for that express purpose
(as every experienced playgoer in the house plainly
foresees) on the somewhat emaciated pretext that she
prefers to sit in the dark. But it is of course possible

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 3

that this also is a reminiscence of Tristan and Isolde's
love of night and death. At all events, Miss Rorke
turns up the lamp with the expertness due to long prac-
tice; and then, the dramatic possibilities of the theme
being exhausted, the parties get off the stage as best
they can.

Here you have the whole play. Once this scene was
invented, nothing remained for the author to do except
to prepare for it in a first act, and to use up its back-*
wash in a third. And concerning that first act, I can
only say that my utter lack of any sort of relish for
Mr. Grundy's school of theatrical art must be my
excuse if I fail, without some appearance of malice,
adequately to convey my sense of the mathematic life-
lessness and intricacy of his preliminaries. I am not
alluding to the inevitable opening explanations on the
subject of " the old Earl " and " the late Countess,"
which Mrs. Boucicault industriously offers to Miss Kate
Phillips, who replies with much aplomb, " I see your
point." Even if I could follow such explanations, I
could not remember them. Often as I have sat them
out, I have never listened to them, and I never will;
though I am far from objecting to a device which gives
me leisure to look at the scenery and dresses, and helps
to attune the ear of the pit to the conversational pitch
of the house. But I do expect the author to get through
the task of introducing the persons of the drama to the
audience in a lucid and easily memorable way, and not
to leave me at the end of half-an-hour feeling like a boy
on his first day at a new school, or a stranger at an
At-Home in a new set. Mr. Grundy somehow managed
to plunge me into the densest confusion as to who was
who, a confusion which almost touched aberration when
I saw a double leading lady walk on to the stage, both

4 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

of her in full wedding dress. Like the dying Mous-
quetaire in the Ingoldsby Legends, when his friends
tried to cure him of seeing a ghost by dressing up a
nurse exactly like it, I exclaimed :

" Mon Dieu ! Via deux !
By the Pope, there are two! "

The spectacular effect alone of so much white silk was
sufficiently unhinging. But when the two brides pro-
ceeded solemnly to marry one another with a wedding
ring, I really did feel for a moment a horrible mis-
giving that I had at last broken through that " thin
partition " which divides great wits from madness. It
was only afterwards, when we came to the " Tristan "
scene, for which all this was mere preparation, that I
realized how Mr. Grundy's imagination, excited solely
by that one situation, and unhappily not fertilized by
it sufficiently to bring its figures to life as created char-
acters, was inert during this first act ; so that in elabo-
rating a tissue of artificialities to lead us to accept a
situation which we would willingly have taken for
granted without any explanations at all, he was unable
to visualize the stage, even with two brides on it in full
fig. Well was it for Mr. Grundy that that act was
under the wing of Mr. Hare at the Garrick Theatre.
Even as it was, there were moments when even the
firmest faith that something must be coming presently
showed signs of breaking down.

The third act was better. There were no explana-
tions, because, the murder being out, there was nothing
more to explain. Unfortunately, though the plot was
over, it was too late to begin the play. Further, the
scene was in a conservatory, lit with so many lamps
that Miss Rorke could not have made any particular

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 5

difference by turning down one of them; so she jumped
through a palm-tree instead, and cried, " Aha ! I 've
caught you at last," just as the other lady, though now
convalescent and in her right mind, was relapsing into
her dream with Tristan. In spite of this and a few
other claptraps, there was a certain force at work in
this act, a force which finally revealed itself as a burn-
ing conviction in Mr. Grundy that our law and custom
of making marriage indissoluble and irrevocable, except
by the disgrace of either party, is a cruel social evil.
Under the stimulus of this, the only definite " view "
anywhere discoverable in his works, he does manage to
get some driving weight of indignant discontent into the
end of the play, though even in the very heat of it he
remains so captivated by worn-out French stage con-
ventions that he makes one of his characters strike
the supposed lover of his wife across the face with a
white glove. Whereat it is really impossible to do any-
thing but laugh and fish out one's hat to go. Being
safely at home, well disposed to Mr. Grundy, and de-
sirous above all things to slip gently over the staring
fact that the play might be a better one, let me note
gratefully that there is no villain, no hero, a quadrille
of lovers instead of a pair, and that Mr. Grundy's
imagination, stretched and tortured as it is on the Pro-
crustean framework of " the well-made play," yet
bursts fitfully into activity — though not, alas ! into
rebellion — with angry vigor.

As to the acting, it is, on the whole, much worse
than the play. Miss Kate Rorke, comely, ladylike and
self-possessed, turns her emotion on and off by her well-
established method with a business-like promptitude
that makes the operation as certain as the turning up
and down of the lamp. I feel sure that Miss Rorke

6 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

would regard what I call acting as mere hysteria ; and
indeed I should be loth to recommend it to her, as she is
no doubt quite as popular, and perhaps a good deal
happier without it. Miss Calhoun, equally experienced,
also obliged with whatever was wanted at the right
moment. Her outcries in the first act, and again in
the last, were discordant and unconvincing; and she
should have made the Tristan scene at least six times
as effective. Mr. Brandon Thomas, as a broken-hearted
personage charged with the duty of accompanying the
play by an explanatory lecture in the manner of Dumas
fits, was in a deplorable situation throughout. It hap-
pens that the plot devised by Mr. Grundy to bring off
his one scene has all the potentialities of a capital
comedy plot. Mr. Brandon Thomas divined this, and
knew in his soul (as I read him) that if only he might
be allowed the smallest twinkle of humor, he could make
the play go like wild-fire. Under these circumstances
his enforced gravity had a baffled quality which was the
more ludicrous because it looked as if he were killing
the play, whereas the play was really killing him. Mr.
Gilbert Hare had a more important part than he would
have been cast for in any other theatre; but as he
played it with great care and thoroughness to the very
best of his ability, it would be churlish to grudge him
his advantage. Mr. Bourchier had nothing to act,
though, fundamentally, this observation is perhaps
hardly more true of him than of the rest. Some comic
relief gave an opportunity to Mr. Hare and Miss Kate
Phillips. Mr. Hare, to be quite frank, had a very
cheap job; but he got the last inch of effect out of it.
He, also, was provided with a patent broken heart,
though he happily kept it to himself until a moment
before his final exit. Miss Phillips was hampered in the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 7

first two acts by that sort of comic part which is almost
as much a nuisance as a relief; but she played a little
scene with Mr. Hare in the last act very cleverly, and
was, it seemed to me, the only lady in the cast whose
artistic sensitiveness had survived the case-hardening
of professional routine. The stage-mounting and color-
ing were solidly and expensively Philistine, the dresses
in the last act, and the style of domestic decoration in
the first, epitomizing the whole history of plutocracy in
England during the expiring century.

TWO NEW PLAYS

Guy Domville : a play in three acts. By Henry James.
St. James's Theatre, 5 January, 1895.
An Ideal Husband: a new and original play of modern
life. By Oscar Wilde. Haymarket Theatre, 3 Janu-
ary, 1895.

THE truth about Mr. James's play is no worse
than that it is out of fashion. Any dramatically
disposed young gentleman who, cultivating senti-
ment on a little alcohol, and gaining an insight to the
mysteries of the eternal feminine by a couple of squalid
intrigues, meanwhile keeps well aloof from art and phi-
losophy, and thus preserves his innocence of the higher
life of the senses and of the intellect, can patch up a
play to-morrow which will pass as real drama with the
gentlemen who deny that distinction to the work of Mr.
Henry James. No doubt, if the literary world were as
completely dominated by the admirers of Mr. Rider
Haggard as the dramatic world is by their first cousins,

8 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

we should be told that Mr. James cannot write a novel.
That is not criticism ; it is a mere begging of the ques-
tion. There is no reason why life as we find it in Mr.
James's novels — life, that is, in which passion is sub-
ordinate to intellect and to fastidious artistic taste —
should not be represented on the stage. If it is real to
Mr. James, it must be real to others; and why should
not these others have their drama instead of being
banished from the theatre (to the theatre's great loss)
by the monotony and vulgarity of drama in which pas-
sion is everything, intellect nothing, and art only
brought in by the incidental outrages upon it.? As it
happens, I am not myself in Mr. James's camp: in all
the life that has energy enough to be interesting to me,
subjective volition, passion, will, make intellect the
merest tool. But there is in the centre of that cyclone
a certain calm spot where cultivated ladies and gentle-
men live on independent incomes or by pleasant artistic
occupations. It is there that Mr. James's art touches
life, selecting whatever is graceful, exquisite, or digni-
fied in its serenity. It is not life as imagined by the
pit or gallery, or even by the stalls : it is, let us say, the
ideal of the balcony; but that is no reason why the
pit and gallery should excommunicate it on the ground
that it has no blood and entrails in it, and have its
sentence formulated for it by the fiercely ambitious and
wilful professional man in the stalls. The whole case
against its adequacy really rests on its violation of the
cardinal stage convention that love is the most irre-
sistible of all the passions. Since most people go to
the theatre to escape from reality, this convention is
naturally dear to a world in which love, all powerful in
the secret, unreal, day-dreaming life of the imagination,
is in the real active life the abject slave of every trifling

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 9

habit, prejudice, and cowardice, easily stifled by shy-
ness, class feeling, and pecuniary prudence, or diverted
from what is theatrically assumed to be its hurricane
course by such obstacles as a thick ankle, a cockney
accent, or an unfashionable hat. In the face of this,
is it good sense to accuse Mr. Henry James of a want
of grip of the realities of life because he gives us a hero
who sacrifices his love to a strong and noble vocation
for the Church? And yet when some unmannerly play-
goer, untouched by either love or religion, chooses to
send a derisive howl from the gallery at such a situa-
tion, we are to sorrowfully admit, if you please, that
Mr. James is no dramatist, on the general ground that
" the drama's laws the drama's patrons give." Pray
which of its patrons? — the cultivated majority who,
like myself and all the ablest of my colleagues, ap-
plauded Mr. James on Saturday, or the handful of
rowdies who brawled at him? It is the business of the
dramatic critic to educate these dunces, not to echo
them.

Admitting, then, that Mr. James's dramatic author-
ship is valid, and that his plays are du theatre when the
right people are in the theatre, what are the qualities
and faults of "Guy Domville "? First among the
qualities, a rare charm of speech. Line after line comes
with such a delicate turn and fall that I unhesitatingly
challenge any of our popular dramatists to write a
scene in verse with half the beauty of Mr. James's
prose. I am not now speaking of the verbal fitness,
which is a matter of careful workmanship merely. I
am speaking of the delicate inflexions of feeling con-
veyed by the cadences of the line, inflexions and ca-
dences which, after so long a course of the ordinary
theatrical splashes and daubs of passion and emphasis,

10 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

are as grateful to my ear as the music of Mozart's
" Entfiihrung aus dem Serail " would be after a year of
" Ernani " and " II Trovatore." Second, " Guy Dom-
ville " is a story, and not a mere situation hung out
on a gallows of plot. And it is a story of fine sentiment
and delicate manners, with an entirely worthy and
touching ending. Third, it relies on the performers, not
for the brute force of their personalities and populari-
ties, but for their finest accomplishments in grace of
manner, delicacy of diction, and dignity of style. It is
pleasant to be able to add that this reliance, rash as it
undeniably is in these days, was not disappointed. Mr.
Alexander, having been treated little better than a
tailor's dummy by Mr. Wilde, Mr. Pinero, and Mr.
Henry Arthur Jones successively, found himself treated
as an artist by Mr. James, and repaid the compliment,
not only, as his manager, by charming eighteenth-
century stage setting of the piece, but, as actor, by
his fine execution of the principal part, which he
touched with great skill and judgment. Miss Marion
Terry, as Mrs. Peveril, was altogether charming; every
movement, every tone, harmonized perfectly with the
dainty grace and feeling of her lines. In fact, had
the second act been equal to the first and third, and the
acting as fine throughout as in the scenes between Mr.
Alexander and Miss Terry (in which, by the way, they
were well supported by Mr. Waring), the result would
have been less doubtful. It will be a deplorable misfor-
tune if " Guy Domville " does not hold the stage long
enough to justify Mr. Alexander's enterprise in pro-
ducing it.

Unfortunately, the second act dissolved the charm
rather badly; and what was more, the actors felt it.
The Falstaffian make-up of Mrs. Saker, and the sense-

I

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 11

less drunken scene, which Mr. Alexander played with
the sobriety of desperation, made fuss instead of
drama; and the dialogue, except for a brief and very
pretty episode in which Miss Millard and Mr. Esmond
took part, fell off into mere rococo. Little of this act
can be remembered with pleasure except Miss Millard's
" Forgive me a little," and a few cognate scraps of
dialogue. It had better have been left out, and the
wanderings of the prodigal taken for granted. And,
to weight it still further, it contained a great deal of the
gentleman who played Lord Devenish, and played him
just as he might have played an elderly marquis in a
comic opera, grimacing over a snuff-box, and withering
all sense and music out of Mr. James's lines with a dic-
tion which I forbear to describe. He was very largely
responsible for the irritation which subsequently vented
itself on the author; and I am far from sure that I
ought not to borrow a weapon from the Speaker of the
House of Commons, and go to the extreme length of
naming him.

"Guy Domville " is preceded by a farce (called in
the bill a comedy) by Julian Field, entitled " Too
Happy by Half." It is deftly turned out from old
and seasoned materials, and is capital fun for the audi-
ence and for Mr. Esmond and Miss Millard. Miss Mil-
lard is not yet quite experienced enough to do very easy
work quite well : she is the least bit crude occasionally.

Mr. Oscar Wilde's new play at the Haymarket is a
dangerous subject, because he has the property of mak-
ing his critics dull. They laugh angrily at his epi-
grams, like a child who is coaxed into being amused
in the very act of setting up a yell of rage and agony.
They protest that the trick is obvious, and that such
epigrams can be turned out by the score by any one

12 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

lightminded enough to condescend to such frivolity.
As far as I can ascertain, I am the only person in
London who cannot sit down and write an Oscar Wilde
play at will. The fact that his plays, though appar-
ently lucrative, remain unique under these circum-
stances, says much for the self-denial of our scribes. In
a certain sense Mr. Wilde is to me our only thorough
playwright. He plays with everything: with wit, with
philosophy, with drama, with actors and audience, with
the whole theatre. Such a feat scandalizes the English-
man, who can no more play with wit and philosophy
than he can with a football or a cricket bat. He works
at both, and has the consolation, if he cannot make
people laugh, of being the best cricketer and footballer
in the world. Now it is the mark of the artist that he
will not work. Just as people with social ambitions
will practise the meanest economies in order to live
expensively, so the artist will starve his way through
incredible toil and discouragement sooner than go and
earn a week's honest wages. Mr. Wilde, an arch-artist,
is so colossally lazy that he trifles even with the work
by which an artist escapes work. He distils the very
quintessence, and gets as product plays which are so
unapproachably playful that they are the delight of
every playgoer with twopenn'orth of brains. The Eng-
lish critic, always protesting that the drama should not
be didactic, and yet always complaining if the dramatist
does not find sermons in stones and good in everything,
will be conscious of a subtle and pervading levity in
** An Ideal Husband." All the literary dignity of the
play, all the imperturbable good sense and good man-
ners with which Mr. Wilde makes his wit pleasant to his
comparatively stupid audience, cannot quite overcome
the fact that Ireland is of all countries the most foreign

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 13

to England, and that to the Irishman (and Mr. Wilde
is almost as acutely Irish an Irishman as the Iron Duke
of Wellington) there is nothing in the world quite so
exquisitely comic as an Englishman's seriousness. It
becomes tragic, perhaps, when the Englishman acts on
it ; but that occurs too seldom to be taken into account,
a fact which intensifies the humor of the situation, the
total result being the Englishman utterly unconscious
of his real self, Mr. Wilde keenly observant of it and
playing on the self-unconsciousness with irresistible
humor, and finally, of course, the Englishman annoyed
with himself for being amused at his own expense, and
for being unable to convict Mr. Wilde of what seems an
obvious misunderstanding of human nature. He is
shocked, too, at the danger to the foundations of so-
ciety when seriousness is publicly laughed at. And to
complete the oddity of the situation, Mr. Wilde, touch-
ing what he himself reverences, is absolutely the most
sentimental dramatist of the day.

It is useless to describe a play which has no thesis:
which is, in the purest integrity, a play and nothing
less. The six worst epigrams are mere alms handed
with a kind smile to the average suburban playgoer;
the three best remain secrets between Mr. Wilde and a
few choice spirits. The modern note is struck in Sir
Robert Chiltem's assertion of the individuality and
courage of his wrongdoing as against the mechanical
idealism of his stupidly good wife, and in his bitter
criticism of a love that is only the reward of merit. It
is from the philosophy on which this scene is based that
the most pregnant epigrams in the play have been con-
densed. Indeed, this is the only philosophy that ever has
produced epigrams. In contriving the stage expedients
by which the action of the piece is kept going, Mr. Wilde

14 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

has been once or twice a little too careless of stage illu-
sion : for example, why on earth should Mrs. Cheveley,
hiding in Lord Go ring's room, knock down a chair?
That is my sole criticism.

The performance is very amusing. The audience
laughs conscientiously: each person comes to the the-
atre prepared, like a special artist, with the background
of a laugh ready sketched in on his or her features.
Some of the performers labor intensely at being epi-
grammatic. I am sure Miss Vane Featherstone and
Miss Forsyth could play Lady Macbeth and Medea
with less effort than Lady Basildon and Mrs. March-
mont, who have nothing to do but sit on a sofa and be
politely silly for ten minutes. There is no doubt that
these glimpses of expensive receptions in Park Lane,
with the servants announcing titles ad libitum, are
enormously attractive to social outsiders (say ninety-
nine hundredths of us) ; but the stage reproduction is
not convincing: everybody has an outrageous air of
being at a party; of not being used to it; and, worst
of all, of enjoying themselves immensely. Mr. CharleH
Hawtrey has the best of the fun among the principals.
As every one's guide, philosopher, and friend, he ha«
moments in which he is, I think, intended to be deep,
strong, and tender. These moments, to say the least,
do not quite come off; but his lighter serious episodes
are excellent, and his drollery conquers without effort.
When Miss Nellson sits still and lets her gifts of beauty
and grace be eloquent for her, she is highly satisfying;
but I cannot say the same for the passages in which she
has to take the stage herself and try to act. She be-
comes merely artificial and superficially imitative. Miss
Fanny Brough makes Lady Markby, an eminently pos-
sible person, quite impossible; and Miss Maude Millet,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 15

playing very well indeed as Mabel Chiltern, nevertheless
occasionally spoils a word by certain vowel sounds which
are only permissible to actresses of the second rank.
As an adventuress who, like the real and unlike the
stage adventuress, is not in love with any one, and is
simply selfish, dishonest, and third rate, Miss Florence
West is kinetoscopically realistic. The portrait is true
to nature ; but it has no artistic character : Miss West
has not the art of being agreeably disagreeable. Mr.
Brookfield, a great artist in small things, makes the
valet in the third act one of the heroes of the perform-
ance. And Mr. Waller is handsome and dignified as the
ideal husband — a part easily within his means. His
management could not have been more auspiciously
inaugurated.

KING ARTHUR

King Arthur: a drama in a prologue and four acts.
By J. Comyns Carr. Lyceum Theatre, 12 January,
1895.

MR. IRVING is to be congratulated on the im-
pulse which has led him to exclaim, on this
occasion, " Let us get rid of that insufferably
ignorant specialist, the dramatist, and try whether
something fresh cannot be done by a man equipped with
all the culture of the age." It was an inevitable step
In the movement which is bringing the stage more and
more into contact with life. When I was young, the
banquets on the stage were made by the property man :
his goblets and pasties, and epergnes laden with grapes,

16 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

regaled guests who walked off and on through illusory
wainscoting simulated by the precarious perspective of
the wings. The scene-painter built the rooms ; the cos-
tumier made the dresses; the armor was made appar-
ently by dipping the legs of the knights in a solution
of salt of spangles and precipitating the metal on their
calves by some electro-process ; the leader of the band
made the music; and the author wrote the verse and
invented the law, the morals, the religion, the art, the
jurisprudence, and whatever else might be needed in
the abstract department of the play. Since then we
have seen great changes. Real walls, ceilings, and doors
are made by real carpenters; real tailors and dress-
makers clothe the performers ; real armorers harness
them; and real musicians write the music and have it
performed with full orchestral honors at the Crystal
Palace and the Philharmonic. All that remains is to
get a real poet to write the verse, a real philosopher to
do the morals, a real divine to put in the religion, a real
lawyer to adjust the law, and a real painter to design
the pictorial effects. This is too much to achieve at
one blow; but Mr. Irving made a brave step towards
it when he resolved to get rid of the author and put in
his place his dear old friend Comyns Carr as an ency-
clopaedic gentleman well up to date in most of these
matters. And Mr. Comyns Carr, of course, was at once
able to tell him that there was an immense mass of
artistic and poetic tradition, accumulated by genera-
tions of poets and painters, lying at hand all ready for
exploitation by any experienced dealer with ingenuity
and literary faculty enough to focus it in a stage enter-
tainment. Such a man would have to know, for instance,
that educated people have ceased to believe that archi-
tecture means "ruins by moonlight" (style, ecclesi-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 17

astical Gothic) ; that the once fashionable admiration of
the Renaissance and " the old masters " of the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries has been swept away by the
growth of a genuine sense of the naive dignity and charm
of thirteenth-century work, and a passionate affec-
tion for the exquisite beauty of fifteenth-century work,
so that nowadays ten acres of Carracci, Giulio, Ro-
mano, Guido, Domenichino, and Pietro di Cortona will
not buy an inch of Botticelli, or Lippi, or John Bellini
— no, not even with a few yards of Raphael thrown in ;
and that the whole rhetorical school in English litera-
ture, from Shakespeare to Byron, appears to us in our
present mood only another side of the terrible degringo-
lade from Michael Angelo to Canova and Thorwaldsen,
all of whose works would not now tempt us to part with
a single fragment by Donatello, or even a pretty found-
ling baby by Delia Robbia. And yet this, which is the
real art culture of England to-day, is only dimly known
to our dramatic authors as a momentary bygone craze
out of which a couple of successful pieces, " Patience "
and " The Colonel," made some money in their day.
Mr. Comyns Carr knows better. He knows that Burne-
Jones has made himself the greatest among English
decorative painters by picking up the tradition of his
art where Lippi left it, and utterly ignoring " their
Raphaels, Correggios, and stuff." He knows that Wil-
liam Morris has made himself the greatest living mas-
ter of the English language, both in prose and verse,
by picking up the tradition of the literary art where
Chaucer left it, and that Morris and Burne-Jones, close
friends and co-operators in many a masterpiece, form
the highest aristocracy of English art to-day. And he
knows exactly how far their culture has spread and
penetrated, and how much simply noble beauty of

18 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Romanesque architecture, what touching loveliness and
delicate splendor of fifteenth-century Italian dresses
and armor, what blue from the hills round Florence and
what sunset gloom deepening into splendid black shadow
from the horizons of Giorgione will be recognized with
delight on the stage if they be well counterfeited there ;
also what stories we long to have as the subject of these
deeply desired pictures. Foremost among such stories
stands that of King Arthur, Lancelot, and Guinevere;
and what Mr. Comj'ns Carr has done is to contrive a
play in which we have our heart's wish, and see these
figures come to life, and move through halls and colon-
nades that might have been raised by the master-
builders of San Zeno or San Ambrogio, out into the
eternal beauty of the woodland spring, acting their
legend just as we know it, in just such vestures and
against just such backgrounds of blue hill and fiery
sunset. No mere dramatic author could have wrought
this miracle. Mr. Comyns Carr has done it with ease,
by simply knowing whom to send for. His long business
experience as a man of art and letters, and the contact
with artists and poets which it has involved, have
equipped him completely for the work. In Mr. Irving's
theatre, with Burne-Jones to design for him. Marker
and Hawes Craven to paint for him, and Malory and
Tennyson and many another on his bookshelves, he has
put out his hand cleverly on a ready-made success, and
tasted the joy of victory without the terror of battle.

But how am I to praise this deed when my own art,
the art of literature, is left shabb}"^ and ashamed amid
the triumph of the arts of the painter and the actor?
I sometimes wonder where Mr. Irving will go to when
he dies — whether he will dare to claim, as a master
artist, to walk where he may any day meet Shakespeare

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 19

whom he has mutilated, Goethe whom he has travestied,
and the nameless creator of the hero-king out of whose
mouth he has uttered jobbing verses. For in poetry
Mr. Comyns Carr is frankly a jobber and nothing else.
There is one scene in the play in which Mr. Irving rises
to the height of his art, and impersonates, with the
noblest feeling, and the most sensitive refinement of exe-
cution, the King Arthur of all our imaginations in the
moment when he learns that his wife loves his friend
instead of himself. And all the time, whilst the voice,
the gesture, the emotion expressed are those of the hero-
king, the talk is the talk of an angry and jealous coster-
monger, exalted by the abject submission of the other
parties to a transport of magnanimity in refraining
from reviling his wife and punching her lover's head.
I do not suppose that Mr. Irving said to Mr. Comyns
Carr in so many words, " Write what trash you like :
I '11 play the real King Arthur over the head of your
stuff " ; but that was what it came to. And the end
of it was that Mr. Comyns Carr was too much for Mr.
Irving. When King Arthur, having broken down in an
attempt to hit Lancelot with his sword, Guinevere
grovelling on the floor with her head within an inch of
his toes, and stood plainly conveying to the numerous
bystanders that this was the proper position for a
female who had forgotten herself so far as to prefer
another man to him, one's gorge rose at the Tapper-
titian vulgarity and infamy of the thing; and it was
a relief when the scene ended with a fine old Richard
the Third effect of Arthur leading his mail-clad knights
off to battle. That vision of a fine figure of a woman,
torn with sobs and remorse, stretched at the feet of a
nobly superior and deeply wronged lord of creation, Is
no doubt still as popular with the men whose sentimental

20 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

vanity it flatters as it was in the days of the " Idylls of
the King." But since then we have been learning that
a woman is something more than a piece of sweetstuif
to fatten a man's emotions ; and our amateur King
Arthurs are beginning to realize, with shocked surprise,
that the more generous the race grows, the stronger
becomes its disposition to bring them to their senses
with a stinging dose of wholesome ridicule. Mr.
Comyns Carr miscalculated the spirit of the age on this
point; and the result was that he dragged Mr. Irving
down from the height of the loftiest passage in his
acting to the abyss of the lowest depth of the dialogue.
Whilst not sparing my protest against this unpar-
donable scene, I can hardly blame Mr. Comyns Carr for
the touch of human frailty which made him reserve to
himself the honor of providing the " book of the
words " for Burne-Jones's picture-opera. No doubt,
since Mr. Carr is no more a poet than I am, the con-
sistent course would have been to call in Mr. William
Morris to provide the verse. Perhaps, if Mr. Irving, in
his black harness, with his visor down and Excalibur
ready to hand and well in view, were to present himself
at the Kelmscott Press fortified with a propitiatory ap-
peal from the great painter, the poet might, without
absolutely swearing, listen to a proposal that he should
condescend to touch up those little rhymed acrostics in
which Merlin utters his prophecies, leaving the blank
verse padding to Mr. Comyns Carr. For the blank
verse is at all events accurately metrical, a fact which
distinguishes the author sharply from most modem
dramatists. The ideas are second-hand, and are dove-
tailed into a coherent structure instead of developing
into one another by any life of their own ; but they are
sometimes very well chosen; and Mr. Carr is often

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 21

guided to his choice of them bj the strength and sin-
cerity of their effect on his own feelings. At such
moments, if he does not create, he reflects so well, and
sometimes reflects such fine rays too, that one gladly
admits that there are men whose originality might have
been worse than his receptivity. There are excellent
moments in the love scenes: indeed, Lancelot's confes-
sion of his love to Guinevere all but earns for the author
the poet's privilege of having his chain tested by its
strongest link.

The only great bit of acting in the piece is that
passage of Mr. Irving's to which I have already alluded
— a masterly fulfilment of the promise of one or two
quiet but eloquent touches in his scene with Guinevere
in the second act. Popularly speaking, Mr. Forbes
Robertson as Lancelot is the hero of the piece. He has
a beautiful costume, mostly of plate-armor of Burne-
Jonesian design; and he wears it beautifully, like a
fifteenth-century St. George, the spiritual, interesting
face completing a rarely attractive living picture. He
was more than applauded on his entrance: he was
positively adored. His voice is an organ with only one
stop on it: to the musician it suggests a clarionet in
A, played only in the chalumeau register ; but then the
chalumeau, sympathetically sounded, has a richly mel-
ancholy and noble effect. The one tune he had to play
throughout suited it perfectly: its subdued passion,
both in love and devotion, affected the house deeply ; and
the crowning moment of the drama for most of those
present was his clasping of Guinevere's waist as he knelt
at her feet when she intoxicated him by answering his
confession with her own. As to Miss Ellen Terry, it
was the old story, a born actress of real women's parts
condemned to figure as a mere artist's model in costume

22 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

plays which, from the woman's point of view, are foolish
flatteries written by gentlemen for gentlemen. It is
pathetic to see Miss Terry snatching at some fleeting
touch of nature in her part, and playing it not only to
perfection, but often with a parting caress that brings
it beyond that for an instant as she relinquishes it, very
loth, and passes on to the next length of arid sham-
feminine twaddle in blank verse, which she pumps out
in little rhythmic strokes in a desperate and all too
obvious effort to make music of it. I should prove
myself void of the true critic's passion if I could pass
with polite commonplaces over what seems to me a
heartless waste of an exquisite talent. What a theatre
for a woman of genius to be attached to ! Obsolete tom-
fooleries like " Robert Macaire," schoolgirl charades
like " Nance Oldfield," blank verse by Wills, Comyns
Carr, and Calmour, with intervals of hashed Shake-
speare; and all the time a stream of splendid women's
parts pouring from the Ibsen volcano and minor cra-
ters, and being snapped up by the rising generation.
Strange, under these circumstances, that it is Mr.
Irving and not Miss Terry who feels the want of a
municipal theatre. He has certainly done his best to
make every one else feel it.

The rest of the acting is the merest stock company
routine, there being only three real parts in the play.
Sir Arthur Sullivan (who, in the playbill, drops his
knighthood whilst Burne- Jones parades his baronetcy)
sweetens the sentiment of the scenes here and there by
penn'orths of orchestral sugarstick, for which the dra-
matic critics, in their soft-eared innocence, praise him
above Wagner. The overture and the vocal pieces are
pretty specimens of his best late work. Some awkward-
ness in the construction of the play towards the end

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 23

has led the stage manager into a couple of absurdities.
For instance, when the body of Elaine is done with,,
it should be taken off the stage and not put in the
corner like a portmanteau at a railway station. I do
not know what is supposed to happen in the last act
• — whether Guinevere is alive or a ghost when she comes
in at Arthur's death (I understood she was being burnt
behind the scenes), or what becomes of Lancelot and
Mordred, or who on earth the two gentlemen are who
come in successively to interview the dying Arthur, or
why the funeral barge should leave Mr. Irving lying
on the stage and bear off to bliss an impostor with a
strikingly different nose. In fact, I understand noth-
ing that happened after the sudden blossoming out of
Arthur into Lohengrin, Guinevere into Elsa, Mordred
into Telramund, and Morgan le Fay into Ortruda in
the combat scene, in which, by the way, Mr. Comyns
Carr kills the wrong man, probably from having read
Wagner carelessly. But I certainly think something
might be done to relieve the shock of the whole court
suddenly bolting and leaving the mortally wounded king
floundering on the floor without a soul to look after him.
These trifles are mere specks of dust on a splendid pic-
ture; but they could easily be brushed off.

24 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

POOR SHAKESPEARE I

All 's Well that Ends Well. Performance by the Irving
Dramatic Club at St. George's Hall, 22 and 24 Janu-
ary, 1895.

WHAT a pity it is that the people who love the
sound of Shakespeare so seldom go on the
stage! The ear is the sure clue to him: only
a musician can understand the play of feeling which is
the real rarity in his early plays. In a deaf nation
these plays would have died long ago. The moral atti-
tude in them is conventional and secondhand: the bor-
rowed ideas, however finely expressed, have not the over-
powering human interest of those original criticisms of
life which supply the rhetorical element in his later
works. Even the individualization which produces that
old-established British specialty, the Shakespearean
" delineation of character," owes all its magic to the
turn of the line, which lets you into the secret of its
utterer's mood and temperament, not by its common-
place meaning, but by some subtle exaltation, or stulti-
fication, or slyness, or delicacy, or hesitancy, or what
not in the sound of it. In short, it is the score and not
the libretto that keeps the work alive and fresh; and
this is why only musical critics should be allowed to
meddle with Shakespeare — especially early Shake-
speare. Unhappily, though the nation still retains its
ears, the players and playgoers of this generation are
for the most part deaf as adders. Their appreciation
of Shakespeare is sheer hypocrisy, the proof being that
where an early play of his is revived, they take the
utmost pains to suppress as much of it as possible, and

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 25

disguise the rest past recognition, relying for success
on extraordinary scenic attractions ; on very popular
performers, including, if possible, a famously beautiful
actress in the leading part; and above all, on Shake-
speare's reputation and the consequent submission of
the British public to be mercilessly bored by each of his
plays once in their lives, for the sake of being able to
say they have seen it. And not a soul has the hardihood
to yawn in the face of the imposture. The manager is
praised; the bard is praised; the beautiful actress is
praised; and the free list comes early and comes often,
not without a distinct sense of conferring a handsome
compliment on the acting manager. And it certainly is
hard to face such a disappointment without being paid
for it. For the more enchanting the play is at home by
the fireside in winter, or out on the heather of a summer
evening — the more the manager, in his efforts to real-
ize this enchantment by reckless expenditure on inci-
dental music, colored lights, dances, dresses, and elab-
orate rearrangements and dislocations of the play —
the more, in fact, he departs from the old platform with
its curtains and its placards inscribed " A street in
Mantua," and so forth, the more hopelessly and vul-
garly does he miss his mark. Such crown jewels of
dramatic poetry as " Twelfth Night " and " A Mid-
summer Night's Dream," fade into shabby colored glass
in his purse ; and sincere people who do not know what
the matter is, begin to babble insufferably about plays
that are meant for the study and not for the stage.

Yet once in a blue moon or so there wanders on to
the stage some happy fair whose eyes are lode-stars and
whose tongue's sweet air 's more tunable than lark to
shepherd's ear. And the moment she strikes up the
true Shakespearean music, and feels her way to her

26 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

part altogether by her sense of that music, the play
returns to life and all the magic is there. She may
make nonsense of the verses by wrong conjunctions and
misplaced commas, which show that she has never
worked out the logical construction of a single sen-
tence in her part ; but if her heart is in the song, the
protesting commentator-critic may save his breath to
cool his porridge: the soul of the play is there, no mat-
ter where the sense of it may be. We have all heard
Miss Rehan perform this miracle with " Twelfth
Night," and turn it, in spite of the impossible Mr.
Daly, from a hopelessly ineffective actress show into
something like the exquisite poem its author left it. All
I can remember of the last performance I witnessed of
" A Midsummer Night's Dream " is that Miss Kate
Rorke got on the stage somehow and began to make
some music with Helena's lines, with the result that
Shakespeare, who had up to that moment lain without
sense or motion, immediately began to stir uneasily and
show signs of quickening, which lasted until the others
took up the word and struck him dead.

Powerful among the enemies of Shakespeare are the
commentator and the elocutionist: the commentator
because, not knowing Shakespeare's language, he
sharpens his reasoning faculty to examine propositions
advanced by an eminent lecturer from the Midlands,
instead of sensitizing his artistic faculty to receive the
impression of moods and inflexions of feeling conveyed
by word-music; the elocutionist because he is a born
fool, in which capacity, observing with pain that poets
have a weakness for imparting to their dramatic dia-
logue a quality which he describes and deplores as
" singsong," he devotes his life to the art of breaking
up verse in such a way as to make it sound like insanely

\

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 27

pompous prose. The effect of this on Shakespeare's
earlier verse, which is full of the naive delight of pure
oscillation, to be enjoyed as an Italian enjoys a bar-
carolle, or a child a swing, or a baby a rocking-cradle,
is destructively stupid. In the later plays, where the
barcarolle measure has evolved into much more varied
and complex rhythms, it does not matter so much,
since the work is no longer simple enough for a fool to
pick to pieces. But in every play from " Love's La-
ibour 's Lost " to " Henry V," the elocutionist meddles
simply as a murderer, and ought to be dealt with as
such without benefit of clergy. To our young people
studying for the stage I say, with all solemnity, learn
how to pronounce the English alphabet clearly and
beautifully from some person who is at once an artist
and a phonetic expert. And then leave blank verse
patiently alone until you have experienced emotion deep
enough to crave for poetic expression, at which point
verse will seem an absolutely natural and real form of
speech to you. Meanwhile, if any pedant, with an un-
cultivated heart and a theoretic ear, proposes to teach
you to recite, send instantly for the police.

Among Shakespeare's earlier plays, " All 's Well that
Ends Well " stands out artistically by the sovereign
charm of the young Helena and the old Countess of
Rousillon, and intellectually by the experiment, re-
peated nearly three hundred years later in " A Doll's
House " of making the hero a perfectly ordinary young
man, whose unimaginative prejudices and selfish conven-
tionality make him cut a very mean figure in the atmos-
phere created by the nobler nature of his wife. That is
what gives a certain plausibility to the otherwise doubt-
ful tradition that Shakespeare did not succeed in get-
ting his play produced (founded on the absence of any

28 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

record of a performance of it during his lifetime). It
certainly explains why Phelps, the only modern actor-
manager tempted by it, was attracted by the part of
Parolles, a capital study of the adventurous yarn-spin-
ning society-struck coward, who also crops up again in
modern fiction as the hero of Charles Lever's under-
rated novel, "A Day's Ride: a Life's Romance."
When I saw " All 's Well " announced for performance
by the Irving Dramatic Club, I was highly interested,
especially as the performers were free, for once, to play
Shakespeare for Shakespeare's sake. Alas ! at this
amateur performance, at which there need have been
none of the miserable commercialization compulsory at
the regular theatres, I suffered all the vulgarity and
absurdity of that commercialism without its efficiency.
We all know the stock objection of the Brixton Family
Shakespeare to " All 's Well " — that the heroine is a
lady doctor, and that no lady of any delicacy could
possibly adopt a profession which involves the possi-
bility of her having to attend cases such as that of the
king in this play, who suffers from a fistula. How any
sensible and humane person can have ever read this
sort of thing without a deep sense of its insult to every
charitable woman's humanity and every sick man's
suffering is, fortunately, getting harder to understand
nowadays than it once was. Nevertheless " All 's
Well " was minced with strict deference to it for the
members of the Irving Dramatic Club. The rule for
expurgation was to omit everything that the most pes-
tiferously prurient person could find improper. For
example, when the non-commissioned officer, with quite
becoming earnestness and force, says to the disgraced
Parolles : " If you could find out a country where but
women were that had received so much shame, you might

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 29

begin an impudent nation," the speech was suppressed
as if it were on all fours with the obsolete Elizabethan
badinage which is and should be cut out as a matter
of course. And to save Helena from anything so shock-
ing as a reference to her virginity, she was robbed of
that rapturous outburst beginning

" There shall your master have a thousand loves —
A mother and a mistress and a friend," etc.

But perhaps this was sacrificed in deference to the
opinion of the editor of those pretty and handy little
books called the Temple Shakespeare, who compares the
passage to " the nonsense of some foolish conceited
player " — a criticism which only a commentator could
hope to live down.

The play was, of course, pulled to pieces in order
that some bad scenery, totally unconnected with Flor-
ence or Rousillon, might destroy all the illusion which
the simple stage directions in the book create, and
which they would equally have created had they been
printed on a placard and hung up on a curtain. The
passage of the Florentine army beneath the walls of
the city was managed in the manner of the end of the
first act of Robertson's " Ours," the widow and the
girls looking out of their sitting-room window, whilst
a few of the band gave a precarious selection from the
orchestral parts of Berlioz's version of the Rackoczy
March. The dresses were the usual fancy ball odds and
ends, Helena especially distinguishing herself by play-
ing the first scene partly in the costume of Hamlet and
partly in that of a waitress in an Aerated Bread shop,
set off by a monstrous auburn wig which could by no
stretch of imagination be taken for her own hair.
Briefly, the whole play was vivisected, and the frag-

30 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ments mutilated, for the sake of accessories which were
in every particular silly and ridiculous. If they were
meant to heighten the illusion, they were worse than
failures, since they rendered illusion almost impossible.
If they were intended as illustrations of place and
period, they were ignorant impostures. I have seen
poetic plays performed without costumes before a pair
of curtains by ladies and gentlemen in evening dress
with twenty times the effect: nay, I will pledge my
reputation that if the members of the Irving Dramatic
Club will take their books in their hands, sit in a Christy
Minstrel semicircle, and read the play decently as it was
written, the result will be a vast improvement on this
St. George's Hall travesty.

Perhaps it would not be altogether kind to leave
these misguided but no doubt well-intentioned ladies and
gentlemen without a word of appreciation from their
own point of view. Only, there is not much to be said
for them even from that point of view. Few living ac-
tresses could throw themselves into the sustained trans-
port of exquisite tenderness and impulsive courage
which makes poetry the natural speech of Helena. The
cool young woman, with a superior understanding, ex-
cellent manners, and a habit of reciting Shakespeare,
presented before us by Miss Olive Kennett, could not
conceivably have been even Helena's thirty-second
cousin. Miss Lena Heinekey, with the most beautiful
old woman's part ever written in her hands, discovered
none of its wonderfully pleasant good sense, humanity,
and originality : she grieved stagily all through in the
manner of the Duchess of York in Cibber's " Richard
III." Mr. Lewin-Mannering did not for an instant
make it possible to believe that Parolles was a real
person to him. They all insisted on calling him parole^

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 31

instead of Parolles, in three syllables, with the s sounded
at the end, as Shakespeare intended: consequently,
when he came to the couplet which cannot be negotiated
on any other terms:

" Rust, sword; cool, blushes; and, Parolles, thrive;
There 's place and means for every man alive,"

he made a desperate effort to get even with it by
saying:

" Rust, rapier; cool, blushes ; and, paroZe, thrive,"

and seemed quite disconcerted when he found that it
would not do. Lafeu is hardly a part that can be
acted: it comes right if the right man is available: if
not, no acting can conceal the makeshift. Mr. Herbert
Everitt was not the right man; but he made the best
of it. The clown was evidently willing to relish his
own humor if only he could have seen it ; but there are
few actors who would not have gone that far. Bertram
(Mr. Patrick Munro), if not the most intelligent of
Bertrams, played the love scene with Diana with some
passion. The rest of the parts, not being character
studies, are tolerably straightforward and easy of exe-
cution; and they were creditably played, the king (Mr.
Ernest Meads) carrying off the honors, and Diana
(Mrs. Herbert Morris) acquitting herself with com-
parative distinction. But I should not like to see an-
other such performance of " All 's Well " or any other
play that is equally rooted in my deeper affections.

32 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

AN OLD NEW PLAY AND A NEW
OLD ONE

The Importance of Being Earnest: a trivial comedy
for serious people. By Oscar Wilde. St. James's
Theatre, 14 February, 1895.

? A play in ? acts. By .''. Opera Comique, 16 Feb-
ruary, 1895.

The Second Mrs. Tanqueray : a play in four acts. By
Arthur W. Pinero. London: W. Heinemann. 1895.

IT is somewhat surprising to find Mr. Oscar Wilde,
who does not usually model himself on Mr. Henry
Arthur Jones, giving his latest play a five-cham-
bered title like " The Case of Rebellious Susan." So I
suggest with some confidence that " The Importance of
Being Earnest " dates from a period long anterior to
Susan. However it may have been retouched immedi-
ately before its production, it must certainly have been
written before " Lady Windermere's Fan." I do not
suppose it to be Mr. Wilde's first play: he is too sus-
ceptible to fine art to have begun otherwise than with
a strenuous imitation of a great dramatic poem, Greek
or Shakespearean; but it was perhaps the first which
he designed for practical commercial use at the West
End theatres. The evidence of this is abundant. The
play has a plot — a gross anachronism ; there is a
scene between the two girls in the second act quite
in the literary style of Mr. Gilbert, and almost inhuman
enough to have been conceived by him; the humor is
adulterated by stock mechanical fun to an extent that
absolutely scandalizes one in a play with such an
author's name to it; and the punning title and several

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 83

of the more farcical passages recall the epoch of the
late H. J. Byron. The whole has been varnished, and
here and there veneered, by the author of " A Woman
of no Importance " ; but the general effect is that of
a farcical comedy dating from the seventies, unplayed
during that period because it was too clever and too
decent, and brought up to date as far as possible by
Mr. Wilde in his now completely formed style. Such
is the impression left by the play on me. But I find
other critics, equally entitled to respect, declaring that
" The Importance of Being Earnest " is a strained
effort of Mr. Wilde's at ultra-modernity, and that it
could never have been written but for the opening up
of entirely new paths in drama last year by " Arms and
the Man." At which I confess to a chuckle.

I cannot say that I greatly cared for " The Impor-
tance of Being Earnest." It amused me, of course;
but unless comedy touches me as well as amuses me, it
leaves me with a sense of having wasted my evening.
I go to the theatre to be moved to laughter, not to
be tickled or bustled into it ; and that is why, though
I laugh as much as anybody at a farcical comedy, I am
out of spirits before the end of the second act, and out
of temper before the end of the third, my miserable
mechanical laughter intensifying these symptoms at
every outburst. If the public ever becomes intelligent
enough to know when it is really enjoying itself and
when it is not, there will be an end of farcical comedy.
Now in " The Importance of Being Earnest " there is
a good deal of this rib-tickling: for instance, the lies,
the deceptions, the cross-purposes, the sham mourning,
the christening of the two grown-up men, the muffin
eating, and so forth. These could only have been
raised from the farcical plane by making them occur to

34 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

characters who had, like Don Quixote, convinced us of
their reality and obtained some hold on our sympathy.
But that unfortunate moment of Gilbertism breaks our
belief in the humanity of the play. Thus we are thrown
back on the force of daintiness of its wit, brought home
by an exquisitely grave, natural, and unconscious exe-
cution on the part of the actors. Alas ! the latter is
not forthcoming. Mr. Kinsey Peile as a man-servant,
and Miss Irene Vanburgh as Gwendolen Fairfax, alone
escaped from a devastating consciousness of Mr.
Wilde's reputation, which more or less preoccupied all
the rest, except perhaps Miss Millard, with whom all
comedy is a preoccupation, since she is essentially a
sentimental actress. In such passages as the Gilbertian
quarrel with Gwendolen, her charm rebuked the scene
instead of enhancing it. The older ladies were, if they
will excuse my saying so, quite maddening. The vio-
lence of their affectation, the insufferable low comedy
soars and swoops of the voice, the rigid shivers of
elbow, shoulder, and neck, which are supposed on the
stage to characterize the behavior of ladies after the
age of forty, played havoc with the piece. In Miss
Rose Leclerq a good deal of this sort of thing is only
the mannerism of a genuine if somewhat impossible
style; but Miss Leclerq was absent through indispo-
sition on the night of my visit, so that I had not her
style to console me. Mr. Ayneswoi'th's easy-going
" Our Boys " style of play suited his part rather
happily ; and Mr. Alexander's graver and more refined
manner made the right contrast with it. But Mr.
Alexander, after playing with very nearly if not quite
perfect conviction in the first two acts, suddenly lost
confidence in the third, and began to spur up for a
rattling finish. From the moment that began, the play

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 85

was done with. The speech in which Worthing forgives
his supposed mother, and the business of searching the
army lists, which should have been conducted with sub-
dued earnestness, was bustled through to the destruc-
tion of all verisimilitude and consequently all interest.
That is the worst of having any one who is not an in-
veterate and hardened comedian in a leading comedy
part. His faith, patience, and relish begin to give out
after a time; and he finally commits the unpardonable
sin against the author of giving the signal that the play
is over ten minutes before the fall of the curtain, in-
stead of speaking the last line as if the whole evening
were still before the audience. Mr. Alexander does not
throw himself genuinely into comedy: he condescends
to amuse himself with it; and in the end he finds that
he cannot condescend enough. On the whole I must
decline to accept " The Importance of Being Earnest '*
as a day less than ten years old; and I am altogether
unable to perceive any uncommon excellence in its
presentation.

I am in a somewhat foolish position concerning a
play at the Opera Comique, whither I was bidden this
day week. For some reason I was not supplied with a
programme; so that I never learnt the name of the
play. I believe I recognized some of the members of the
company — generally a very difficult thing to do in a
country where, with a few talented exceptions, every
actor is just like f *y other actor — but they have
now faded from my memory. At the end of the second
act the play had advanced about as far as an ordinary
dramatist would have brought it five minutes after the
first rising of the curtain; or, say, as far as Ibsen
would have brought it ten years before that event.
Taking advantage of the second interval to stroll out

36 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

into the Strand for a little exercise, I unfortunately
forgot all about my business, and actually reached
home before it occurred to me that I had not seen
the end of the play. Under these circumstances it
would ill become me to dogmatize on the merits of the
work or its performance. I can only offer the manage-
ment my apologies.

I am indebted to Mr. Heinemann for a copy of
"The Second Mrs. Tanqueray," which he has just
published in a five-shilling volume, with an excellent
photographic portrait of the author by Mr. Hollyer.
Those who did not see the play at the St. James's
Theatre can now examine the literary basis of the work
that so immoderately fascinated playgoing London in
1893. But they must not expect the play to be as
imposing in the library as it was on the stage. Its
merit there was relative to the culture of the playgoing
public. Paula Tanqueray is an astonishingly well-
drawn figure as stage figures go nowadays, even allow-
ing for the fact that there is no cheaper subject for
the character draughtsman than the ill-tempered sen-
sual woman seen from the point of view of the conven-
tional man. But off the stage her distinction vanishes.
The novels of Anthony Trollope, Charles Lever, Bulwer
Lytton, Charles Reade, and many other novelists, whom
nobody praised thirty years ago in the terms in which
Mr. Pinero is praised now, are full of feats of character
drawing in no way inferior — to say the least — to
Mr. Pinero's. The theatre was not ready for that class
of work then : it is now ; and accordingly Mr. Pinero,
who in literature is a humble and somewhat belated fol-
lower of the novelists of the middle of the nineteenth
century, and who has never written a line from which
it could be guessed that he is a contemporary of Ibsen,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 37

Tolstoi, Meredith, or Sarah Grand, finds himself at the
dawn of the twentieth hailed as a man of new ideas, of
daring originality, of supreme literary distinction, and
even — which is perhaps oddest — of consummate stage
craft. Stage craft, after all, is very narrowly limited
by the physical conditions of stage representation; but
when one turns over the pages of " The Second Mrs.
Tanqueray," and notes the naive machinery of the ex-
position in the first act, in which two whole actors are
wasted on sham parts, and the hero, at his own dinner
party, is compelled to get up and go ignominiously into
the next room " to write some letters " when something
has to be said behind his back ; when one follows Cayley
Drummle, the confidant to whom both Paula and her
husband explain themselves for the benefit of the audi-
ence ; when one counts the number of doors which Mr.
Pinero needs to get his characters on and off the stage,
and how they have finally to be supplemented by the
inevitable " French windows " (two of them) ; and when
the activity of the postman is taken into consideration,
it is impossible to avoid the conclusion that what most
of our critics mean by mastery of stage craft is reck-
lessness in the substitution of dead machinery and lay
figures for vital action and real characters. I do not
deny that an author may be driven by his own limita-
tions to ingenuities which Shakespeare had no occasion
to cultivate, just as a painter without hands or feet
learns to surpass Michael Angelo in the art of drawing
with the brush held in the mouth ; but I regard such
ingenuity as an extremity to be deplored, not as an art
to be admired. In " The Second Mrs. Tanqueray " I
find little except a scaffold for the situation of a step-
daughter and a step-mother finding themselves in the
positions respectively of affianced wife and discarded

38 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

mistress to the same man. Obviously, the only neces-
sary conditions of this situation are that the persons
concerned shall be respectable enough to be shocked
by it, and that the step-mother shall be an improper
person. Mr. Pinero has not got above this minimum.
He is, of course, sufficiently skilled in fiction to give
Ellean, Mrs. Cortelyon, Ardale, Tanqueray, and Cayley
Drummle a passable air of being human beings. He has
even touched up Cayley into a Thackerayan flaneur in
order to secure toleration of his intrusiveness. But
who will pretend that any of these figures are more than
the barest accessories to the main situation? To com-
pare them with the characters in Robertson's " Caste "
would be almost as ridiculous as to compare " Caste "
with " A Doll's House." The two vulgar characters
produce the requisite jar — a pitilessly disagreeable
jar — and that is all. Still, all the seven seem good
as far as they go; and that very little way may sug-
gest that Mr. Pinero might have done good creative
work if he had carried them further. Unfortunately
for this surmise, he has carried Paula further; and
with what result.'' The moment the point is reached
at which the comparatively common gift of " an eye for
character " has to be supplemented by the higher dra-
matic gift of sympathy with character — of the power
of seeing the world from the point of view of others
instead of merely describing or judging them from one's
own point of view in terms of the conventional systems
of morals, Mr. Pinero breaks down. I remember that
when I saw the play acted I sat up very attentively
when Tanqueray said to Paula, " I know what you were
at EUean's age. You had n't a thought that was n't
a wholesome one ; you had n't an impulse that did n't
tend towards good; you never harbored a notion you

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 39

could n't have gossiped about to a parcel of children.
And this was a very few years back," etc., etc. On the
reply to that fatuous but not unnatural speech de-
pended the whole question of Mr. Pinero's rank as a
dramatist. One can imagine how, in a play by a
master-hand, Paula's reply would have opened Tan-
queray's foolish eyes to the fact that a woman of
that sort is already the same at three as she is at
thirty-three, and that however she may have found
by experience that her nature is in conflict with the
ideals of differently constituted people, she remains
perfectly valid to herself, and despises herself, if she
sincerely does so at all, for the hypocrisy that the world
forces on her instead of for being what she is. What
reply does Mr. Pinero put into her mouth? Here it is,
with the stage directions: " A few — years ago ! (She
walks slowly towards the door, then suddenly/ drops
upon the ottoman in a paroxysm of weeping.) O God!
A few years ago ! " That is to say, she makes her reply
from the Tanqueray-Ellean-Pinero point of view, and
thus betrays the fact that she is a work of prejudiced
observation instead of comprehension, and that the
other characters only owe their faint humanity to the
fact that they are projections of Mr. Pinero's own per-
sonal amiabilities and beliefs and conventions. Mr.
Pinero, then, is no interpreter of character, but simply
an adroit describer of people as the ordinary man sees
and judges them. Add to this a clear head, a love of
the stage, and a fair talent for fiction, all highly culti-
vated by hard and honorable work as a writer of effec-
tive stage plays for the modern commercial theatre;
and you have him on his real level. On that level he
is entitled to all the praise "The Second Mrs. Tan-
queray " has won him ; and I very heartily regret that

40 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the glamor which Mrs. Patrick Campbell cast round the
play has forced me to examine pretensions which Mr.
Pinero himself never put forward rather than to ac-
knowledge the merits with which his work is so concisely
packed.

MR. PINERO'S NEW PLAY

The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith: an original play in
four acts. By A. W. Pinero. Garrick Theatre, 13
March, 1895.

MR. PINERO'S new play is an attempt to repro-
duce that peculiar stage effect of intellectual
drama, of social problem, of subtle psycho-
logical study of character, in short, of a great play,
with which he was so successful in " The Profligate "
and " The Second Mrs. Tanqueray." In the two earlier
plays, it will be remembered, he was careful to support
this stage effect with a substantial basis of ordinary
dramatic material, consisting of a well worked-up and
well worn situation which would have secured the suc-
cess of a conventional Adelphi piece. In this way he
conquered the public by the exquisite flattery of giving
them plays that they really liked, whilst persuading
them that such appreciation was only possible from
persons of great culture and intellectual acuteness.
The vogue of " The Second Mrs. Tanqueray " was due
to the fact that the commonplace playgoer, as he ad-
mired Mrs. Patrick Campbell, and was moved for the
twentieth time by the conventional wicked woman with
a past, consumed with remorse at the recollection of her

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 41

innocent girlhood, and unable to look her pure step-
daughter (from a convent) in the face, believed that he
was one of the select few for whom " the literary
drama " exists, and thus combined the delights of an
evening at a play which would not have puzzled Ma-
dame Celeste with a sense of being immensely in the
modern movement. Mr. Pinero, in effect, invented a
new sort of play by taking the ordinary article and
giving it an air of novel, profound, and original
thought. This he was able to do because he was an
inveterate " character actor" (a technical term denot-
ing a clever stage performer who cannot act, and there-
fore makes an elaborate study of the disguises and stage
tricks by which acting can be grotesquely simulated)
as well as a competent dramatist on customary lines.
His performance as a thinker and social philosopher
is simply character acting in the domain of authorship,
and can impose only on those who are taken in by
character acting on the stage. It is only the make-up
of an actor who does not understand his part, but who
knows — because he shares — the popular notion of its
externals. As such, it can never be the governing fac-
tor in his success, which must always depend on the
commonplace but real substratum of ordinary drama in
his works. Thus his power to provide Mrs. Tanqueray
with equally popular successors depends on his freedom
from the illusion he has himself created as to his real
strength lying in his acuteness as a critic of life. Given
a good play, the stage effect of philosophy will pass
with those who are no better philosophers than he ; but
when the play is bad, the air of philosophy can only
add to its insufferableness. In the case of " The No-
torious Mrs. Ebbsmith," the play is bad. But one of
its defects: to wit, the unreality of the chief female

42 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

character, who is fully as artificial as Mrs. Tanqueray
herself, has the lucky effect of setting Mrs. Patrick
Campbell free to do as she pleases in it, the result
being an irresistible projection of that lady's personal
genius, a projection which sweeps the play aside and
imperiously becomes the play itself. Mrs. Patrick
Campbell, in fact, pulls her author through by playing
him clean off the stage. She creates all sorts of illu-
sions, and gives one all sorts of searching sensations.
It is impossible not to feel that those haunting eyes are
brooding on a momentous past, and the parted lips
anticipating a thrilling imminent future, whilst some
enigmatic present must no less surely be working
underneath all that subtle play of limb and stealthy
intensity of tone. Clearly there must be a great
tragedy somewhere in the immediate neighborhood ; and
most of my colleagues will no doubt tell us that this
imaginary masterpiece is Mr. Pinero's " Notorious
Mrs. Ebbsmith." But Mr. Pinero has hardly anything
to do with it. When the curtain comes down, you are
compelled to admit that, after all, nothing has come
of it except your conviction that Mrs. Patrick Camp-
tell is a wonderful woman. Let us put her out of
the question for a moment and take a look at Mrs.
Ebbsmith.

To begin with, she is what has been called " a plat-
form woman." She is the daughter of a Secularist
agitator — say a minor Bradlaugh. After eight
years of married life, during which she was for one
year her husband's sultana, and for the other seven his
housekeeper, she has emerged into widowhood and an
active career as an agitator, s])eaking from the plat-
forms formerly occupied by her father. Although edu-
cated, well conducted, beautiful, and a sufficiently pow-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 43

erful speaker to produce a great effect in Trafalgar
Square, she loses her voice from starvation, and has to
fall back on nursing — a piece of fiction which shows
that Mr. Pinero has not the faintest idea of what such
a woman's career is in reality. He may take my word
for it that a lady with such qualifications would be
very much better off than a nurse ; and that the plinth
of the Nelson column, the " pitch " in the park, and the
little meeting halls in poor parishes, all of which he
speaks of with such an exquisitely suburban sense of
their being the dark places of the earth, enter nowa-
days very largely into the political education of almost
all publicly active men and women; so that the Duke
of St. Olpherts, when he went to that iron building
in St. Luke's, and saw " Mad Agnes " on the platform,
might much more probably have found there a future
Cabinet Minister, a lady of his own ducal family, or
even a dramatic critic. However, the mistakes into
which Mr. Pinero has been led by his want of practical
acquaintance with the business of political agitation are
of no great dramatic moment. We may forgive a mod-
ern British dramatist for supposing that Mrs. Besant,
for example, was an outcast on the brink of starvation
in the days when she graduated on the platform, al-
though we should certainly not tolerate such lionsense
from any intellectually responsible person. But Mr.
Pinero has made a deeper mistake. He has fallen into
the common error of supposing that the woman who
speaks in public and takes an interest in wider con-
cerns than those of her own household is a special
variety of the human species ; that she " Trafalgar
Squares " aristocratic visitors in her drawing-room ;
and that there is something dramatic in her discovery
that she has the common passions of humanity.

44 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Mrs. Ebbsmith, in the course of her nursing, finds a
patient who falls in love with her. He is married to a
shrew; and he proposes to spend the rest of his life
with his nurse, preaching the horrors of marriage. Oif
the stage it is not customary for a man and woman
to assume that they cannot co-operate in bringing
about social reform without living together as man
and wife: on the stage, this is considered inevitable.
Mrs. Ebbsmith rebels against the stage so far as to pro-
pose that they shall prove their disinterestedness by
making the partnership a friendly business one only.
She then finds out that he does not really care a rap
about her ideas, and that his attachment to her is sim-
ply sexual. Here we start with a dramatic theme ca-
pable of interesting development. Mr. Pinero, unable
to develop it, lets it slip through his fingers after one
feeble clutch at it, and proceeds to degrade his drama
below the ordinary level by making the woman declare
that her discovery of the nature of the man's feelings
puts within her reach " the only one hour in a woman's
life," in pursuance of which detestable view she puts
on an indecent dress and utterly abandons herself to
him. A clergyman appears at this crisis, and offers her
a Bible. She promptly pitches it into the stove; and
a thrill of horror runs through the audience as they see,
in imagination, the whole Christian Church tottering
before their eyes. Suddenly, with a wild scream, she
plunges her hand into the glowing stove and pulls out
the Bible again. The Church is saved ; and the cur-
tain descends amid thunders of applause. In that ap-
plause I hope I need not say I did not join. A less
sensible and less courageous stage effect I have never
witnessed. If Mr. Pinero had created for us a woman
whose childhood had been made miserable by the gloomy

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 45

terrorism which vulgar, fanatical parents extract from
the Bible, then he might fitly have given some of the
public a very wholesome lesson by making the woman
thrust the Bible into the stove and leave it there.
Many of the most devoted clergymen of the Church of
England would, I can assure him, have publicly thanked
him for such a lesson. But to introduce a woman as to
whom we are carefully assured that she was educated as
a secularist, and whose one misfortune — her unhappy
marriage — can hardly by any stretch of casuistry be
laid to the charge of St. Paul's teaching; to make this
woman senselessly say that all her misfortunes are due
to the Bible ; to make her throw it into the stove, and
then injure herself horribly in pulling it out again:
this, I submit, is a piece of claptrap so gross that it
absolves me from all obligation to treat Mr. Pinero's
art as anything higher than the barest art of the theat-
rical sensation. As in " The Profligate," as in " The
Second Mrs. Tanqueray," he has had no idea beyond
that of doing something daring and bringing down the
house by running away from the consequences.

I must confess that I have no criticism for all this
stuff. Mr. Pinero is quite right to try his hand at the
higher drama; only he will never succeed on his pres-
ent method of trusting to his imagination, which seems
to me to have been fed originally on the novels and
American humor of forty years ago, and of late to
have been entirely starved. I strongly recommend him
to air his ideas a little in Hyde Park or " the Iron
Hall, St. Luke's," before he writes his next play. I
shall be happy to take the chair for him.

I should, by the way, like to know the truth about
the great stage effect at the end of the second act,
where Mrs. Patrick Campbell enters with her plain and

46 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

very becoming dress changed for a horrifying confec-
tion apparently made of Japanese bronze wall-paper
with a bold pattern of stamped gold. Lest the maker
should take an action against me and obtain ruinous
damages, I hasten to say that the garment was well
made, the skirt and train perfectly hung, and the
bodice, or rather waistband, fitting flawlessly. But,
as I know nothing of the fashion in evening dresses, it
was cut rather lower in the pectoral region than I ex-
pected ; and it was, to my taste, appallingly ugly. So
I fully believed that the effect intended was a terrible
rebuke to the man's complaint that Mrs. Ebbsmith's
previous dress was only fit for *' a dowdy demagogue."
Conceive my feelings when every one on the stage went
into ecstasies of admiration. Can Mr. Pinero have
shared that admiration,'' As the hero of a recent play
observes, " That is the question that torments me."

A great deal of the performance is extremely tedious.
The first twenty minutes, with its intolerable, unneces-
sary, and unintelligible explanations about the relation-
ships of the characters, should be ruthlessly cut out.
Half the stage business is only Mr. Pinero's old " char-
acter actor " nonsense ; and much of the other half
might be executed during the dialogue, and not between
the sentences. The company need to be reminded that
the Garrick is a theatre in which very distinct utterance
is desirable. The worrying from time to time about the
stove should be dropped, as it does not in the least fulfil
its purpose of making the Bible incident — which is
badly stage managed — seem more natural when it
comes.

Mr. Hare, in the stalest of parts, gives us a perfect
piece of acting, not only executed with extraordinary
fineness, but conceived so as to produce a strong illu-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 47

sion that there is a real character there, whereas there
is really nothing but that hackneyed simulacrum of a
cynical and epigrammatic old libertine who has helped
to carry on so many plots. Mr. Forbes Robertson lent
himself to the hero, and so enabled him to become inter-
esting on credit. Miss Jeffreys, miraculously ill fitted
with her part, was pleasant for the first five minutes,
during which she was suggesting a perfectly different
sort of person to that which she afterwards vainly pre-
tended to become. The other characters were the
merest stock figures, convincing us that Mr. Pinero
either never meets anybody now, or else that he has
lost the power of observation. Many passages in the
play, of course, have all the qualities which have gained
Mr. Pinero his position as a dramatist ; but I shall not
dwell on them, as, to tell the truth, I disliked the play
so much that nothing would induce me to say anything
good of it. And here let me warn the reader to care-
fully discount my opinion in view of the fact that I
write plays myself, and that my school is in violent
reaction against that of Mr. Pinero. But my criticism
has not, I hope, any other fault than the inevitable one
of extreme unfairness.

48 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

THE INDEPENDENT THEATRE
REPENTS

A Man's Love: a play in three acts, from the Dutch
of J. C. de Vos ; and Salve, a Dramatic Fragment, in
one act, by Mrs. Oscar Beringer. The Independent
Theatre (Opera Comique), 15 March, 1895.

THE Independent Theatre is becoming wretchedly
respectable. Nobody now clamors for the prose-
cution of Mr. Grein under Lord Campbell's Act,
or denounces myself and the other frequenters of the
performances as neurotic, cretinous degenerates. This
is not as it should be. In my barbarous youth, when
one of the pleasures of theatre-going was the fierce
struggle at the pit-door, I learnt a lesson which I have
never forgotten : namely, that the secret of getting in
was to wedge myself into the worst of the crust. When
ribs and breastbone were on the verge of collapse, and
the stout lady in front, after passionately calling on
her escort to take her out of it if he considered himself
a man, had resigned herself to death, my hopes of a
place in the front row ran high. If the pressure slack-
ened I knew I was being extruded into the side eddies
where the feeble and half-hearted were throwing away
their chance of a good seat for such paltry indulgences
as freedom to breathe and a fully expanded skeleton.
The progressive man goes through life on the same
principle, instinctively making for the focus of struggle
and resisting the tendency to edge him out into the
place of ease. When the Independent Theatre was
started, its supporters all made for it, I presume —
certainl}'^ I did — because it was being heavily squeezed.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 49

There was one crowded moment when, after the first
performance of " Ghosts," the atmosphere of London
was black with vituperation, with threats, with clamor
for suppression and extinction, with everything that
makes life worth living in modern society. I have my-
self stood before the independent footlights in obedience
to my vocation (literally) as dramatic author, drink-
ing in the rapture of such a hooting from the outraged
conventional first-nighter as even Mr. Henry James
might have envied. But now that glory has departed
to the regular theatres. My poor little audacity of a
heroine who lost her temper and shook her housemaid
has been eclipsed by heroines who throw the Bible into
the fire. Mr. Grein, no longer a revolutionist, is mod-
estly bidding for the position left vacant by the death
of German Reed, and will shortly be consecrated by
public opinion as the manager of the one theatre in
London that is not a real wicked Pinerotic theatre, and
is, consequently, the only theatre in London that it is
not wrong for good people to go to. His latest playbill
is conclusive on this point. It begins with " A Man's
Love," from the Dutch of J. C. de Vos, and ends with
" Salve," by Mrs. Oscar Beringer. The first would be
contemptuously rejected by Mr. Hare as a snivelling,
pietistic insult to the spirit of the age ; and the second
might without the least incongruity be played as a
curtain-raiser before " Green Bushes " or " The Wreck
Ashore."

The defence to this grave disparagement will prob-
ably be that, in " A Man's Love," the hero makes ad-
vances to his undeceased wife's sister, and that
*' Salve " ends unhappily. I cannot allow the excuse.
Any man, on the stage or off it, may make love to
his sister-in-law without rousing the faintest sense of

50 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

unexpectedness in the spectator. And when, as in Mr.
de Vos's play, the young lady tells him he ought to be
ashamed of himself, and leaves the house without mak-
ing her sister miserable by telling her wh}^, the situation
becomes positively triter than if he had not made love to
her at all. There is only one Independent Theatre
drama to be got out of such a theme; and that is the
drama of the discovery by the man that he has married
the wrong sister, and that the most earnest desire on
the part of all concerned to do their dut}-^ does not avail
against that solid fact. Such a drama occurred in the
life of one of the greatest English writers of the nine-
teenth century, one who was never accused by his worst
enemies of being a loose liver. But Mr. de Vos has not
written that drama, or even pretended to write it. As
to the unhappy ending of " Salve," unhappy endings
are not a new development in the theatre, but a rever-
sion to an older stage phase. I take it that the re-
cently defunct happy ending, which is merely a means
of sending the audience away in good humor, was
brought in by the disappearance of the farce. For-
merly you had " The Gamester " to begin with ; and
then, when Beverley had expired yelling from the effects
of swallowing some powerful mineral irritant, there was
a screaming farce to finish with. When it suddenly oc-
curred to the managers that for twenty-five years or so
no experienced playgoer had ever been known to wait
for the farce, it was dropped; and nothing was left in
the bill except the play of the evening and a curtain-
raiser to keep the gallery amused whilst waiting for the
plutocracy to finish their dinners and get down to
their reserved seats. Still the idea of sending away
the audience in a cheerful temper sur^^ved, and led to
the incorporation of that function of the farce into the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 51

end of the play. Hence the happy ending. But in
course of time this produced the same effect as the
farce. The people got up and made for the doors the
moment they saw it coming; and managers were re-
duced to the abject expedient of publishing in the pro-
gramme a request to the audience not to rise until the
fall of the curtain. When even this appeal ad miseri-
cordiam failed, there was nothing for it but to abolish
the happy ending, and venture on the wild innovation
of ringing down the curtain the moment the play was
really over. This brought back the old tragic ending
of the farce days, which was of course immediately
hailed, as the custom is whenever some particularly
ghastly antiquity is trotted out, as the newest feature
of the new drama.

So much then for the novelty of Mrs. Beringer's idea
of ending her little play by making the mother slay
her long-lost cheeyild, and go mad then and there like
Lucia di Lammermoor. Indeed, if Mrs. Theodore
Wright had struck up " Spargi d'amaro pianto," with
flute obligato and variations, my old Italian operatic
training would have saved me from the least feeling of
surprise, though the younger generation would cer-
tainly have thought us both mad. The variations would
have been quite in keeping with the bags of gold poured
out on the table, and with the spectacle of a mother
taking up the breadknife and transfixing her healthy
young son full in the public view. Is it possible
that Mrs. Beringer has not yet realized that these
mock butcheries belong to the babyhood of the drama .''
She may depend on it there is a solid reason for Hedda
Gabler shooting herself behind the scenes instead of
stabbing herself before them. In that, Ibsen shakes
hands with the Greek dramatic poets just as clearly

52 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

as Mrs. Beringer, with her gory breadknife, shakes
hands with the most infantile melodramatists of the
Donizettian epoch. " Salve " is not at all a bad piece
of work of its naive kind: indeed, except for a few
unactable little bits here and there, it would merit
high praise at the Pavilion or Marylebone theatres ; but
what, in the name of all that 's Independent, has it to
do with the aims of Mr. Grein's society?

To find any sort of justification for the performance
I must turn to the acting — for let me say that I should
consider Mr. Grein quite in order in giving a perform-
ance of Robertson's " Caste," followed by " Box and
Cox," if he could handle them so as to suggest fresh
developments in stage art. Unfortunately, the man-
agement made an incomprehensible mistake in casting
" A Man's Love." It had at its disposal Miss Winifred
Fraser and Miss Mary Keegan; and the two women's
parts in the play were well suited to their strongly
contrasted personalities. Accordingly, it put Miss
Keegan into the part which suited Miss Fraser, and
Miss Fraser into the part which suited Miss Keegan.
The two ladies did what they could under the circum-
stances; but their predicament was hopeless from the
outset. The resultant awkwardness made the worst
of the very clumsy devices by which the action of the
play is maintained — impossible soliloquies, incidents
off the stage described by people on it as they stare
at them through the wings, and the like: all, by the
way, reasons why the Independent Theatre should not
have produced the work unless these crudities were
atoned for by boldness or novelty in some other
direction.

The two ladies being practically out of the question,
the burden of the play fell upon Mr. Herbert Flemming,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 53

whose work presented a striking contrast to the sort
of thing we are accustomed to from our popular
" leading men," We all know the faultlessly dressed,
funereally wooden, carefully phrased walking negation
who is so careful not to do anything that could help or
hinder our imaginations in mending him into a hero.
His great secret is to keep quiet, look serious, and,
above all, not act. To this day you see Mr. Lewis
Waller and Mr. George Alexander struggling, even in
the freedom of management, with the habits of the days
when they were expected to supply this particular style
of article, and to live under the unwritten law : " Be a
nonentity, or you will get cast for villains," a fate which
has actually overtaken Mr. Waring because his efforts
to suppress himself stopped short of absolute inanity.
Only for certain attractive individual peculiarities
which have enabled Mr. Forbes Robertson to place
himself above this law occasionally as a personal privi-
lege, our stage heroes would be as little distinguishable
from one another as bricks in a wall. Under these cir-
cumstances, I was quite staggered to find Mr. Flem-
ming, though neither a comic actor nor a " character
actor," acting — positively acting — in a sentimental
leading part. He was all initiative, life, expression, with
the unhesitating certainty of execution which stamps
an actor as perfectly safe for every effect within
his range. This amounted to a combination of the
proficiency and positive power (as distinguished from
negative discretion) of the old stock actor, with the
spontaneity, sensitiveness, and touch with the culti-
vated non-professional world which the latest develop-
ments of the drama demand. Mr. Flemming first made
h:s mark here by his performances in certain Ibsen
parts, and by his playing of the hero in Vos's " Alex-

54 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

andra," Stuttgart's pet tragedy. Yet when he ap-
peared recently in such an absurd melodrama as
" Robbery Under Arms," he was as equal to the occa-
sion as the veteran Mr. Clarance Holt ; and his return
without effort to the new style in " A Man's Love " is
interesting as a sign that the new drama is at last be-
ginning to bring in its harvest of technically efficient
actors, instead of being, as it was at first, thrown into
hands which were, with one or two brilliant exceptions,
comparatively unskilled. The occasion was not a favor-
able one for Mr. Flemming — quite the contrary. He
was not on his mettle; he was in the unmistakable
attitude of an experienced actor towards a play which
he knows to be beyond saving; the extent to which he
fell back on his mere stage habits showed that he had
refused to waste much time in useless study of a dra-
matically worthless character, and was simply using
his professional skill to get through his part without
damage to his reputation ; and he was sometimes taken
out of the character by his very free recourse to that
frankly feminine style of play which is up to a certain
point the secret, and beyond it the mere stage trick, of
modern acting, and which is enormously effective in a
man who, like Mr. Flemming, is virile enough to be
feminine without risk of effeminacy. None the less this
half-studied performance in a third-rate play at a de-
pressing matinee (I was not present at the first per-
formance) was striking enough to demand, at the pres-
ent moment, all the attention I have given to it.

Mrs. Theodore Wright, as the mother in " Salve,"
had no difficulty in touching and harrowing the audi-
ence to the necessary degree. Her acting, also, has the
imaginative quality which the reviving drama requires.
She made a mistake or two over Mrs. Beringer's un-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 55

actable bits, trying to worry some acting into them
instead of letting them quietly slip by; but that was
a fault on the right side; and one felt sorry for her
sake when the breadknife reduced the little play to
absurdity, and half spoiled the admirable effect of her
playing in the scenes just before and after her journey
of intercession. Happily, the audience did not mind the
breadknife at all, and made her an ovation.

L'(EUVRE

Theatre de I'CEuvre de Paris. Performances at the
Opera Comique, London, of Ibsen's Rosmersholm and
Master Builder, and of Maeterlinck's L'Intruse and
Pelleas et Melisande. 25-30 March, 1895.

MLUGNE-POE and his dramatic company called
" L'CEuvre " came to us with the reputation
• of having made Ibsen cry by their perform-
ance of one of his works. There was not much in that :
I have seen performances by English players which
would have driven him to suicide. But the first act
of " Rosmersholm " had hardly begun on Monday
night, when I recognized, with something like excite-
ment, the true atmosphere of this most enthralling of
all Ibsen's works rising like an enchanted mist for the
first time on an English stage. There were drawbacks,
of course. The shabbiness of the scenery did not
trouble me; but the library of Pastor Rosmer got on
my nerves a little. What on earth did he want, for in-
stance, with " Sell's World's Press ".? That he should
have provided himself with a volume of my own dra-

56 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

matic works I thought right and natural enough,
though when he took that particular volume down and
opened it, I began to speculate rather uneasily on the
chances of his presently becoming so absorbed as to
forget all about his part. I was surprised, too, when
it appeared that the Conservative paper which attacked
the Pastor for his conversion to Radicalism was none
other than our own Globe; and the thrill which passed
through the house when Rebecca West contemptuously
tore it across and flung it down, far exceeded that
which Mrs. Ebbsmith sends nightly through the Gar-
rick audiences. Then I was heavily taken aback by
Mortensgard. He, in his determination to be modern
and original, had entrusted the making-up of his face
to an ultra-Impressionist painter who had recklessly
abused his opportunity. Kroll, too, had a frankly in-
credible wig, and a costume of which every detail was
a mistake. We know Kroll perfectly well in this coun-
try: he is one out of many instances of that essential
and consequently universal knowledge of mankind which
enables Ibsen to make his pictures of social and politi-
cal life in outlandish little Norwegian parishes instantly
recognizable in London and Chicago (where Mr. Beer-
bohm Tree, by the way, has just made a remarkable
sensation with " An Enemy of the People "). For say-
ing this I may be asked whether I am aware that many
of our critical authorities have pointed out how ab-
surdly irrelevant the petty parochial squabblings which
stand for public life in Ibsen's prose comedies are to
the complex greatness of public affairs in our huge
cities. I reply that I am. And if I am further pressed
to declare straightforwardly whether I mean to dis-
parage these authorities, I reply, pointedly, that I do.
I affirm that such criticisms are written by men who

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 57

know as much of political life as I know of navigation.
Any person who has helped to " nurse " an English
constituency, local or parliamentary, and organized
the election from the inside, or served for a year on a
vestry, or attempted to set on foot a movement for
broadening the religious and social views of an English
village, will not only vouch for it that " The League
of Youth," "An Enemy of the People," and " Ros-
mersholm," are as true to English as they can possibly
be to Norwegian society, but will probably offer to sup-
ply from his own acquaintances originals for all the
public characters in these plays.

I took exception, then, to Kroll, because I know
Kroll by sight perfectly well (was he not for a long
time chairman of the London School Board?) ; and I
am certain he would die sooner than pay a visit to the
rector in a coat and trousers which would make a
superannuated coffee-stall keeper feel apologetic, and
with his haircutting and shampooing considerably more
than three months overdue.

I take a further exception which goes a good deal
deeper than this. Mdlle. Marthe Mellot, the clever
actress who appeared as Rebecca West, Pelleas, and
Kaia, played Rebecca in the manner of Sarah Bern-
hardt, the least appropriate of all manners for the part.
Rebecca's passion is the cold passion of the North —
that essentially human passion which embodies itself in
objective purposes and interests, and in attachments
which again embody themselves in objective purposes
and interests on behalf of others — that fruitful, con-
tained, governed, instinctively utilized passion which
makes nations and individuals great, as distinguished
from the explosive, hysterical, wasteful passion which
makes nothing but a scene. Now in the third and

58 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

fourth acts of " Rosmersholm," Mdlle. Mellot, who had
played excellently in the first and second, suddenly let
the part slip through her fingers by turning to the
wrong sort of passion. Take, for example, the situa-
tion in the third act. Rosmer, who has hitherto be-
lieved that his wife was mad when she committed suicide,
is now convinced (by Mortensgard) that she did it be-
cause he transferred his affection to Rebecca West.
Rebecca, seeing that Rosmer will be utterly broken
by his own conscience if he is left to believe that he
is almost a murderer, confesses that it was she who
drove the unfortunate wife to suicide by telling her
certain lies. The deliberate character of this self-
sacrifice is carefully marked by Ibsen both in Rebecca's
cold rebuke to Kroll's attempt to improve the occasion
by a gaol chaplain's homily, and in the scene with
Madame Helseth in which she calmly arranges for her
departure after the men have left her in horror. It
was here that Mdlle. Mellot yielded to the temptation
to have a tearing finish in the Bernhardt style. The
confession became the mere hysterical incontinence of
a guilty and worthless woman ; the scene with Madame
Helseth had to be spiced with gasps and sobs and
clutches; and the curtain fell on applause that be-
longed not to " Rosmersholm," but to " Froufrou."
Rebecca West, therefore, still remains to be created in
England. Her vicissitudes have already been curious
enough to the student of acting. Miss Farr, the first
to attempt the part here, played it as the New Woman,
fascinated by Rebecca's unscrupulousness, asking
amazed interviewers why such a useless Old Woman
as Mrs. Rosmer should not have been cleared out of
Rosmer's way into the millrace, and generally com-
bining an admirable clearness as to the logic of the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 59

situation with an exasperating" insensibility to the
gravity, or even the reality, of the issues. The result
was that the point which Mdlle. Mellot has just missed
was hit by Miss Farr, who, in spite of failures in whole
sections of the play through want of faith in Rebecca's
final phase of development, and in various details
through the awkwardness of a somewhat amateurish
attempt to find a new stage method for a new style of
play, yet succeeded on the whole in leaving an impres-
sion of at least one side of Rebecca — and that the
side which was then strangest — which has not been
obliterated by any subsequent performance. A second
attempt was made by Miss Elizabeth Robins ; and from
this a great deal was expected. Miss Robins having
been remarkably successful in *' The Master Builder '*
as Hilda Wangel, who is clearly the earlier Rebecca
West of the " free fearless will." But that devastating
stage pathos which is Miss Robins's most formidable
professional specialty, and which made her so heart-
rending in " Alan's Wife," and so touching as Agnes
in " Brand," suddenly rose in " Rosmersholm " and
submerged Rebecca in an ocean of grief. So that op-
portunity, too, was lost; and we still wait the perfect
Rebecca, leaving Miss Farr with the honors of having
at least done most to make us curious about her.

The performance of Maeterlinck's " Pelleas and
Melisande," in which Mdlle. Mellot, who was altogether
charming as Pelleas, brought down the house in the
Rapunzel scene, settled the artistic superiority of M.
Lugne-Poe's company to the Comedie Fran9aise. When
I recall the last evening I spent at that institution,
looking at its laboriously drilled upper-housemaid
queens and flunkey heroes, and listening to the insen-
sate, inhuman delivery by which every half Alexandrine

60 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

is made to sound exactly like a street cry — when I
compare this depressing experience with last Tuesday
evening at the Theatre de I'GEuvre, I can hardly be-
lieve that the same city produced the two. In the
Comedie Fran9aise there is nothing but costly and
highly organized routine, deliberately used, like the
ceremonial of a court, to make second-rate human
material presentable. In the Theatre de I'CEuvre there
is not merely the ordinary theatrical intention, but a
vigilant artistic conscience in the diction, the stage
action, and the stage picture, producing a true poetic
atmosphere, and triumphing easily over shabby ap-
pointments and ridiculous incidents. Of course, this
is so much the worse for the Theatre de I'CEuvre from
the point of view of the critics who represent the
Philistinism against which all genuinely artistic enter-
prises are crusades. It is a stinging criticism on our
theatre that ten years of constant playgoing in London
seem to reduce all but the strongest men to a condition
in which any attempt to secure in stage-work the higher
qualities of artistic execution — qualities which have
been familiar for thousands of years to all art students
— appears an aberration absurd enough to justify rep-
utable newspapers in publishing as criticism stuff
which is mere street-boy guying, I am not here quar-
relling with dispraise of the Theatre de I'CEuvre and
M. Maeterlinck. I set the highest value on a strong
Opposition both in art and politics ; and if Herr Max
Nordau were made critic of the Standard (for in-
stance) I should rejoice exceedingly. But when I
find players speaking with such skill and delicacy that
they can deliver M. Maeterlinck's fragile word-music
throughout five acts without one harsh or strained
note, and with remarkable subtlety and conviction of

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 61

expression; and when I see these artists, simply be-
cause their wigs are not up to Mr. Clarkson's English
standard, and the curtain accidentally goes up at the
wrong time, denounced as " amateurs " by gentlemen
who go into obedient raptures when M. Mounet Sully
plasters his cheeks with white and his lips with ver-
milion, and positively howls his lines at them for a
whole evening with a meaningless and discordant vio-
lence which would secure his dismissal from M. Lugne-
Poe's company at the end of the first act, then — Well,
what then? Shall I violate the sacredness of profes-
sional etiquette, and confess to a foreigner that the
distinction some of our critics make between the ama-
teur and the expert is really a distinction between a
rich enterprise and a poor one, and has nothing
in the world to do with the distinction made by the
trained senses of the critic who recognizes art directly
through his eyes and ears, and not by its business asso-
ciations? Never! Besides, it would not be fair: no
man, be he ever so accomplished a critic, can effectively
look at or listen to plays that he does not really want
to see or hear.

The interest taken in the performances culminated
at that of " The Master Builder " on Wednesday. At
first it seemed as if M. Lugne-Poe's elaborate and com-
pletely realized study of a self-made man breaking up,
was going to carry all before it, a hope raised to the
highest by the delightful boldness and youthfulness of
Mdlle. Suzanne Despres in the earlier scenes of Hilda.
Unfortunately, Madame Gay as Mrs. Solness was quite
impossible: Miss Florence St. John as Lady Macbeth
would have been better suited. And in the second act,
where Solness, the dominator and mesmerizer of Kaia,
becomes himself dominated and mesmerized by the im-

62 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

pulsive, irresponsible, abounding youth and force of
Hilda, Mdlle. Despres lost ground, and actually began
to play Kaia — Kaia prettily mutinous, perhaps, but
still Kaia. The last act, with a subjugated Hilda, and
a Mrs. Solness, who was visibly struggling with a nat-
ural propensity' to cheerful common sense, all but
failed ; and it was perhaps just as well that an offensive
Frenchman in the pit circle, by attempting to guy
Mdlle. Despres, provoked a sympathetic demonstration
from the decent members of the audience at the fall of
the curtain. Probably he had been reading the Eng-
lish papers.

Comparing the performance with those which we
have achieved in England, it must be admitted that
neither Mr. Waring nor Mr. Waller were in a position
to play Solness as M. Lugne-Poe played him. They
would never have got another engagement in genteel
comedy if they had worn those vulgar trousers, painted
that red eruption on their faces, and given life to that
portrait which, in every stroke, from its domineering
energy, talent, and covetousness, to its half-witted
egotism and crazy philandering sentiment, is so amaz-
ingly true to life. Mr. Waring and Mr. Waller failed
because they were under the spell of Ibsen's fame as
a dramatic magician, and grasped at his poetic treat-
ment of the man instead of at the man himself. L.
Lugne-Poe succeeded because he recognized Solness as
a person he had met a dozen times in ordinary life, and
just reddened his nose and played him without pre-
occupation.

With Hilda it was a different matter. Except for
the first five minutes, in which she was so bright and
girlish, Mdlle. Despres could not touch Miss Robins
as Hilda Wangel. Whether Miss Robins would know

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 63

Hilda if she met her in the street, any more than Mr.
Waring would know Solness, I doubt ; but Miss Robins
•was Hilda; and it is an essential part of Hilda that
she does not realize her own humanity, much less that
of the poor wretch whom she destroys, or the woman
whom she widows both before and after his actual
bodily death. This merciless insensibility, which gives
such appalling force to youth, and which, when com-
bined with vivid imagination, high brain power, and
personal fascination, makes the young person in search
of the " frightfully thrilling " more dangerous than a
lion in the path, was presented by Miss Robins with
such reality that she made " The Master Builder '*
seem almost a one-part play. It was a great achieve-
ment, the danger of which was realized here for the first
time, perhaps, on Wednesday last, when Mdlle. Despres
failed to hold the house at the critical moment. Had
there been the most trifling bereavement in the part
to call forth the tear-deluge which swamped Rebecca
and Mrs. Lessingham, Heaven only knows what would
have happened to Miss Robins's Hilda. Happily the
part is grief-proof; and a Hilda who can even ap-
proach Miss Robins has not yet been seen in London.
Many thanks to the Independent Theatre for its
share in bringing about the visit of the Theatre de
rCEuvre to this country. Mr. Grein could have ren-
dered no better service to English art.

64 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

AT THE THEATRES

Vanity Fair: a caricature. By G. W. Godfrey. Court

Theatre, 27 April, 1895.

The Passport. By B. C. Stephenson and W. Yardley.

Terry's Theatre, 25 April, 1895.

A Human Sport: a drama in one act. By Austin

Fryers. Globe Theatre, 1 May, 1895.

ON the whole, I am inclined to congratulate Mr.
Godfrey on Mrs. John Wood, rather than Mrs.
John Wood on Mr. Godfrey, in the matter of
"Vanity Fair." Mrs. John Wood is herself a char-
acter; and by providing her with some new dialogue
Mr. Godfrey has given himself an air of creation; but
I doubt if the other parts can be said to bear him out
on this point. When I saw the piece, on the third
night, Mr. Arthur Cecil was still so unequal to the
mere taskwork of remembering long strings of sen-
tences which were about as characteristic and human
as the instructions on the back of a telegram form,
that he had to be spoon-fed by the prompter all the
evening. Mr. Anson as Bill Feltoe, the blackmailer,
had a part which was certainly memorable in the sense
that he could preserve the continuity of his ideas ; but
it did not go beyond that. The play, as a drama, is
nothing. As an entertainment " written round " Mrs.
John Wood, it is a success. But it also pretends to be
" Vanity Fair," a picture of society. Mr. Godfrey
guards himself by calling it a caricature ; but he none
the less presents it as a morality, a satire, a sermon !
And here he appeals to the love of the public for edi-
fication. Dickens' group of cronies at the Maypole

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 65

Inn, with their cry of " Go on improvin' of us, John-
nie," exactly typifies the playgoing public in England.
When an English playgoer is not by temperament, if
not by actual practice, nine-tenths a chapel-goer, he
is generally ten-tenths a blackguard; and so, if you
cannot produce a genuine drama, and conquer him
legitimately in that way, you must either be licentious
at the cost of your respectability, or else moral and
idealistic. Mr. Godfrey, running short, for the moment,
of character and drama, of course chose the respectable
alternative, and resorted to idealism. He moralizes on
fine lady spectators at murder trials, on matrimonial
scandals and high life, on Christianity conquering
Africa with a maxim gun, and on the prevarications of
the Treasury Bench. As further evidence of the cor-
ruption of society, he instances the interest taken by
it in eminent explorers, in Buffalo Bill, and in foreign
violinists, the inference being, as I understand it, that
to invite Mr. Stanley to dine, or Herr Joachim to play
a partita by Bach, is a proceeding as fraught with de-
generate heartlessness as to show your " horror " of
a crime by rushing down to the court to gloat over
the trial, or to give a gentleman who pays your wife's
bills the right to call you to account for being seen in
her company. Mr. Godfrey's explanation of all this
depra\aty is simple. It is the work of the New Woman
and of the Problem Play.

You are now in a position to appreciate the scene at
the beginning of the third act, where Mr. Arthur Cecil,
as the gently cynical Thackerayan observer of " Vanity
Fair" receives, with the assistance of the prompter,
the wondering questions of Miss Nancy Noel as to
whether the relations between young men and young
women ever really were as they are represented in the

66 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

novels of Sir Walter Scott. To which I regret to say,
Mr. Cecil does not hesitate to reply in the affirmative,
without mentioning that no change that has taken
place in this century has been more obviously a change
for the better than the changes in the relations be-
tween men and women. " Good night, little girl," he
adds with unction, after a brief reference to his guide,
philosopher, and friend in the prompter's box. " Trust
to the teachings of your own pure heart. God bless
you ! "

Mr. Godfrey must excuse me ; but that sort of social
philosophy is not good enough for me. It does not
matter, perhaps, because I am far from attributing
to the claptrap play the devastating social influence
he apparently attaches to the problem play (which I
am getting rather anxious to see, by the way). But
I must at least declare my belief that Mr. Godfrey will
never succeed as a critic of society, by merely jumbling
together all the splenetic commonplaces that sound
effective to him, and tacking on an Adelphi moral.
In order to make a stage drawing-room a microcosm
of Vanity Fair, you may, I grant, mix your sets to
any extent you please ; but you need not therefore pro-
duce an impression that the sort of man that never
reads a serious book or ventures above burlesque and
farcical comedy at the theatre, has been led into his
habit of not paying his bills, and of winking at his
wife's relations with useful acquaintances, by " The
Heavenly Twins " and Ibsen's plays. I do not say
that Mr. Godfrey has produced such impressions inten-
tionally: my quarrel with him is, that he has begun
to criticize life without first arranging his ideas. The
result is, that it is impossible for the most credulous
person to believe in Mrs. Brabazon-Tegg's Grosvenor

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 67

Square reception even to the extent of recognizing it
as a caricature. It is not that the real thing is more
respectable, or that the most extravagant bits (the
scene with the sham millionaire, for instance) are the
least lifelike ; quite the contrary. But a drawing-room
is not like Margate Sands for all that ; however loose
the selection of guests, there is enough logic in it to
keep the music, bad though it may be, in one predomi-
nant key. It requires a very nice knowledge of what
is reasonable to be safely outrageous in society of any
grade ; and this knowledge is as essential to the drama-
tist depicting society on the stage, as to the diner out
who wishes to be allowed the privilege of unconven-
tionality. In putting the drawing-room on the stage,
Mr. Godfrey's master is obviously Mr. Oscar Wilde.
Now Mr. Wilde has written scenes in which there is
hardly a speech which could conceivably be addressed
by one real person at a real at-home to another; but
the deflection from common sense is so subtle that it is
evidently produced as a tuner tunes a piano ; that is,
he first tunes a fifth perfectly, and then flattens it a
shade. If he could not tune the perfect fifth he could
not produce the practicable one. This condition is
imposed on the sociological humorist also. For in-
stance, Don Quixote's irresistibly laughable address to
the galley slaves, like the rest of his nonsense, is so
close to the verge of good sense that thickwitted peo-
ple, and even some clever ones, take the Don for a man
of exceptionally sound understanding. None the less
he is a hopeless lunatic, the sound understanding which
he skirts so funnily being that of Cervantes. Mr. God-
frey fails to produce the same effect because he tries
to say the absurd thing without precisely knowing the
sensible thing, with the result that, though he makes

68 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

epigrams most industriously, he never tickles the audi-
ence except by strokes of pure fun, such as Mrs. Bra-
bazon-Tegg's " Don't disturb my maid : she 's upstairs
doing my hair." There are passages which are effective
because they give voice to grievances or allude to abuses
upon which the audience feels, or feels obliged to pre-
tend to feel, highly indignant; but this is not art or
drama; the effect would be the same if the point were
made on a political platform : indeed, it would be better
there. For example, in Mrs. Brabazon-Tegg's dream
of her trial for bigamy, she is made to complain of the
practice of eminent counsel accepting retainers in more
cases than they can possibly attend to. The complaint
would be more effective at an ordinary public meeting,
because the trial represented on the stage is precisely
the sort of one from which no counsel would dream of
absenting himself. Such effect, then, as Mrs. Brabazon-
Tegg's speech from the dock actually does produce is
due, not to the author's knowledge of his subject, but
to the extraordinary spontaneity and conviction with
which Mrs. John Wood delivers herself.

There is one point on which I am unable to say
whether Mr. Godfrey was satirical or sincere. When
Mrs. Brabazon-Tegg's conscience is awakened she does
what most rich people do under similar circumstances :
that is to say, the most mischievous thing possible.
She begins to scatter hundred-pound checks in con-
science-money to various charities. Whether Mr. God-
frey approves of this proceeding I do not know; but
he at any rate conquered my respect by remorselessly
making his woman of fashion presently reduce all the
checks to five pounds and re-plunge into fashionable
life not a whit the better for her hard experience.
This seems to indicate that Mr. Godfrey has that cour-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 69

age of his profession in which most of our dramatists
are shamelessly wanting. For its sake he may very
well be forgiven his random satire, and even — on
condition that he undertakes not to do it again —
the insufferable conversations of Mr. Arthur Cecil and
Miss Granville.

" The Passport," at Terry's, is an amusing piece,
with thirteen parts, of which no less than eight are very
well acted. I was not surprised at this, except in the
case of Miss Gertrude Kingston, who, when I last saw
her, was a clever lady with a certain virtuosity in the
art of dress, and made of metal hard enough to take
a fine edge, but still not then a skilled actress, though
the critics had instinctively recognized her as a person
to whom it was best to be civil, perhaps because she so
suggested that terrible person, the lady who has walked
straight from her drawing-room on to the stage. Most
of that is gone now, except what was worth keeping in
it. Miss Kingston's utterance and movements are ac-
quiring a definite artistic character; and the circula-
tion of feeling, which is more important to the stage
artist than the circulation of the blood, seems to be
establishing itself in spite of the refractory nature of
the conducting medium; whilst her cleverness is still
conspicuous, and her dresses make me feel more keenly
than ever that I have left one corner of critical journal-
ism unconquered ; to wit, the fashion article. In short,
Miss Kingston confronted me in " The Passport " as a
rising actress, holding my interest from her entrance
to her final exit, and indeed determining the success
of the play, which, without her, might have broken down
badly in the second and third acts, hampered as they
are with the stuff about Bob, Algy, and Violet which
is neither sensible, amusing, nor credible. The main

70 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

thread of the story is presented by a very powerful
combination of artists: Mr. Yorke Stephens, Mr.
Maltby, Mr. Giddens, Mr. Mackay, Miss Gertrude
Kingston, Miss Cicely Richards, and Miss Fanny Cole-
man. Their parts are all funny; and some of them
are individual and interesting, notably the exasperating
but fascinating young widow with the impossible mem-
ory, and the perfectly normal respectable maid, an ex-
cellent character, played admirably by Miss Cicely
Richards. Mr. Yorke Stephens is a little under-parted :
after the first act, which he carries off with all the
debonair grace and smartness of style which distin-
guish him, he takes the part a little too easily. Even
a widower could not be so completely unembarrassed
on his wedding-day; and however obvious it may be
that the misunderstandings created by the widow can
be explained away, still, whilst they last, they need the
assistance of a little alarm on the part of the bride-
groom. As to the play, it is not a mere farcical im-
broglio in which neither the figures who work the puzzle
nor the places in which they work it have any real
individuality : the scenes and circumstances, both in
the frontier railway station and in the London house,
are fully imagined and realized. The value and, alas !
the rarity of this is shown by the comparative freshness
and interest of the action, and the genial indulgence
with which the audience accepts the complications of
the last two acts, which are, it must be confessed, any-
thing but ingenious, not to mention the silly episode of
Algy, Violet, and Bob as aforesaid.

The one-act piece, " A Human Sport " (in the evo-
lutionary sense), by Mr. Austin Fryers, produced at
the Globe Theatre at a matinee in aid of the Actors'
Benevolent Fund on Wednesday last, is hardly a drama

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 71

at all: it is rather the exhibition of an incident which
does not develop in any way. An ironmaster (I think it
was an ironmaster) has some operation spoiled by a
workman getting drunk at the critical moment. In or-
der to prevent this occurring again, he resolves to take
a step which, simple and obvious as it is, has not, as far
as I am aware, ever been thought of before; namcl}',
to take the man into partnership so as to increase his
self-respect. With this view he invites him to tea.
The drunkard recognizes in his master's wife and
mother-in-law his own deserted daughter and wife.
Finding that respectability will involve a reunion with
his family, he pretends to get drunk again, and is
promptly kicked out as incorrigible. This unconven-
tional and rather amusing notion has been ruined by
Mr. Austin Fryers' inveterate sentimentality. The
" human sport," instead of behaving sportively, plunges
into the stalest maudlin pathos over his long-lost daugh-
ter. If Mr. Austin Fryers will cut out the daughter
and make the sport get really drunk in order to escape
from respectability' and his wife, the play will do very
well. Or if he will write a temptation scene round the
decanter of brandy, and make the wife rush in and
struggle with her husband for the glass until the con-
test is decided in her favor by the sound of their daugh-
ter's voice singing a hymn in the next room, the whole
ending with the partnership and domestic bliss, that will
be equally satisfactory. But I implore Mr. Austin
Fryers not to mix his genres. Let us have the new ideas
in the new style, or the old tricks in the old style ; but
the new ideas combined with the old tricks in no st^le
at all cannot be borne. Mr. James Welch, as the sport,
pulled the play through by a piece of acting impressive
enough to keep the audience believing, up to the last

72 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

moment, that something really interesting was immi-
nent. If only for Mr. Welch's sake, Mr. Austin Fryers,
who is by no means deficient in ability, should extirpate
that daughter, and build up the part into something
worthy of the actor's rare talent.

TWO BAD PLAYS

The Girl I Left Behind Me: a drama in four acts. By
Franklin Fylcs and David Belasco. Adelphi Theatre,
13 April, 1895.

Delia Harding. By Victorien Sardou. Adapted by
J. Comyns Carr, Comedy Theatre, 17 April, 1895.

LAST Saturday was made memorable to me by my
first yisit to the Adelphi Theatre. Mj' frequent
allusions to Adelphi melodrama were all founded
on a knowledge so perfect that there was no need to
verify it experimentally ; and now that the experiment
has been imposed on me in the course of my profes-
sional duty, it has confirmed my deductions to the
minutest particular.

Should any one rush to the conclusion hereupon that
my attitude towards the Adelphi Theatre is that of a
superior person, he will be quite riglit. It is precisely
because I am able to visit all theatres as a superior
person that I am entrusted with my present critical
function. As a superior person, then, I hold Adelphi
melodrama in high consideration. A really good
Adelphi melodrama is of first-rate literary importance,
because it only needs elaboration to become a master-
piece. Moliere's " Festin de Pierre " and Mozart's

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 73

" Don Juan " are elaborations of " Punch and Judy,"
just as "Hamlet," "Faust," and "Peer Gynt " are
elaborations of popular stories. Unfortunately, a
really good Adelphi melodrama is very hard to get.
It should be a simple and sincere drama of action and
feeling, kept well within that vast tract of passion and
motive which is common to the philosopher and the
laborer, relieved by plent}^ of fun, and depending for
variety of human character, not on the high comedy
idiosyncrasies which individualize people in spite of the
closest similarity of age, sex, and circumstances, but on
broad contrasts between types of youth and age, sym-
pathy and selfishness, the masculine and the feminine,
the serious and the frivolous, the sublime and the
ridiculous, and so on. The whole character of the
piece must be allegorical, idealistic, full of generaliza-
tions and moral lessons ; and it must represent conduct
as producing swiftly and certainly on the individual the
results which in actual life it only produces on the race
in the course of many centuries. All of which, obvi-
ously, requires for its accomplishment rather greater
heads and surer hands than we commonly find in the
service of the playhouse.

The latest Adelphi melodrama, "The Girl I Left
Behind Me." is a very bad one. The only stroke in it
that comes home is at the close of the second act, where
the heroine sends her soldier lover, who has been ac-
cused of cowardice, off on a dangerous duty, and tells
him that she loves him. The authors, I need hardly
say, did not invent this situation, nor did they freshen
it or add anything to it; but they at least brought it
off without bungling it, and so saved the piece from the
hostility of that sceptical spirit which is now growing
among first-night audiences in a very marked degree.

74 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

This is an inevitable reaction against the artificialities,
insincerities, and impossibilities which form about three-
fourths of the stock-in-trade of those playwrights who
seek safety and success in the assumption that it is
impossible to underrate the taste and intelligence of the
British public. But there is a profound error in this
policy. It is true that the public consists largely of
people who are incapable of fully appreciating the best
sort of artistic work. It is even true that in every
audience, especially on first nights, there is an appreci-
able number of persons whose condition is such that — ■
to turn Tennyson's shallow claptrap into a terrible
truth — they needs must hate the highest when they see
it. But why should we credit these unhappy persons
with that attribute of the highest character, the power
of liking what pleases them, of believing in it, of stand-
ing by those who give it to them? For the most part
they never enjoy anything; they are always craving
for stimulants, whereas the essence of art is recreation ;
let their flatterer slip, as he always does sooner or
later, and they are at his throat mercilessly before he
can recover himself. But if you speak in their hearing
as the great men speak (which is easy enough if you
happen to be a great man), then you will find that their
specialty is self-torture, and that they are always
hankering, in spite of themselves, after their own bore-
dom and bewilderment, driven, probably, by some sort
of uneasy hope that Ibsen or Wagner or some other
gigantic bore may exorcise the devils which rend them.
The fact is, there is nothing the public despises so much
as an attempt to please it. Torment is its natural ele-
ment: it is only the saint who has any capacity for
happiness. There is no greater mistake in theology
than to suppose that it is necessary to lock people into

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 75

hell or out of heaven. You might as well suppose that
it is necessary to lock a professional tramp into a pub-
lic-house or out of a Monday popular concert, on the
ground that the concert is the better and cheaper
place of the two. The artist's rule must be Cromwell's :
" Not what they want, but what is good for them."
That rule, carried out in a kindly and sociable way,
is the secret to success in the long run at the theatre
as elsewhere.

My strong propensity for preaching is, I fear, lead-
ing me to deal with " The Girl I Left Behind Me " in
rather too abstract a fashion. But it is only in its
abstract bearings that the play provides interesting
material to the critic. Instead of being natural and
sincere, it is artificial and sanctimonious. The lan-
guage, which should be vividly vernacular, is ineptly
literary. Its fun runs too much on the underclothing
of the ladies, which they tear up to make bandages for
wounds, or offer, without detachment, to be used by
gentlemen at a loss for towels after washing. The char-
acters, instead of being consistent and typical, are
patched and rickety, the author's grip constantly slip-
ping from them. The villain and coward of the piece
punches the hero's head with pluck and promptitude in
the first act, lapses into abject poltroonery in the
second, and in the third faces without concern a mili-
tary emergency which drives all the rest into hysterical
desperation. The hero, assaulted as aforesaid, inglori-
ously brings down the curtain with a stage villain's
retort, " You shall rrepent — thiss — bblow," and sub-
sequently becomes the sport of circumstances, which
turn out happily for him without much aid from him-
self. As to Kennion, the sympathetic general, I can-
not believe that even in the army so incapable a man

76 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

could rise to high command. It is, of course, usual on
the stage for all army commanders to be superseded at
critical moments by their daughters; but still there is
no good reason why they should not have moments of
efficiency when nothing but routine business is in hand.
Private Jones, who is cordially received by his officer
when he describes, with an air of conscious merit, how
he has just run away on being actually fired at by the
enemy, and who calmly quits his post as sentry (at a
stockade which may be surprised at any moment) to
sit down beside his sleeping lady love, and is supported
in that proceeding by the general against a not un-
natural remonstrance from his lieutenant — Private
Jones is certainly consistent; but what he is con-
sistent with is not himself — for as an individual human
being he has no credible existence — but the trained
incapacity of the Adelphi audience to understand true
military valor. Instead of being, as he should be in
a popular melodrama, a typically good soldier, he is a
mere folly of the ignorant civil imagination. There is
also a medical man, an army surgeon, who makes love
to a girl of sixteen by way of comic relief. He re-
laxed the tension of the third act very happily by a
slight but astonishingly effective alteration of a single
syllable in the author's text. In the agony of the
siege, when all hope was gone, he sat down with heroic
calmness to write two documents : one a prescription
which there was no apparent means of getting com-
pounded, and the other a farcAvell — I did not quite
catch to whom — probably to his mother. The last
touching words of this communication were prefaced by
the author with the sentence, " I will add a postscript."
The doctor, however, adroitly substituted, " I will add
a post-card," and sent the audience, just at the mo-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 77

ment when their feelings could bear no further harrow-
ing, into shrieks of refreshing laughter.

The third act, by the way, is an adaptation of the
Relief of Lucknow, which, as a dramatic situation, is
so strong and familiar that it is hardly possible to spoil
it, though the authors have done their best. The main
difficulty is the foreknowledge of the hopelessly sophis-
ticated audience that Mr. Terriss will rush in at the
last moment, sword in hand, and rescue everybody.
The authors' business was to carry us on from incident
to incident so convincingly and interestingly as to pre-
occupy us with the illusion of the situation sufficiently
to put Mr. Terriss out of our heads. Messrs. Fyles
and Belasco have not been equal to this. They have
lamely staved off Mr. Terriss for the necessary time
by a flabbily commonplace treatment of the question of
killing the women to save them from the Indians, and
by bringing in the Indian chief's daughter to die in the
stockade at the instant when the sound of her voice
would have won quarter for the garrison. This is ill
contrived, and only passes because the explanation is
deferred until the last act, which is so transcendently
imbecile that an absurdity more or less does not matter.
As to the heroine, who had to kneel in the middle of the
stage and rave her way through the burial service whilst
her father, the general, hopped about, pulling horrible
faces, and trying to make up his mind to shoot her, she
was so completely out of the question from any rational
human point of view, that I think the effort to imper-
sonate her temporarily unhinged Miss Millward's rea-
son; for when the rescue came, and she had to wave
the American flag, instead of expressing her feelings
naturally, she all but impaled the general on it in a
frightful manner. Miss Millward and Mr. Terriss and

78 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the rest of the company must bear with my Irreverent
way of describing the performance. I quite appreciate
their skill, which is perhaps more indispensable for non-
sense of this kind than for plays good enough to be
comparatively " actor-proof " ; but the better the skill,
the more annoying it is to see it nine-tenths wasted.

All the same, the evening was not a dull one. The
play is not good drama, nor good melodrama; but it
is tolerable pastime. I have spun out my criticism of
it in order to leave as little room as possible for another
play which was not tolerable even as pastime. When
Mr. Comyns Carr came before the curtain at the end of
Sardou's " Delia Harding " at the Comedy Theatre on
Wednesday, I found myself instinctively repeating the
words of Sam Weller, " You rayther want somebody
to look arter you, sir, ven your judgment goes out a
wisitin'." " Delia Harding " is the worst play I ever
saw. Taking it as a work bearing the same relation to
the tastes of the upper middle class as the Adelphi
drama to those of the lower middle class, I declare
enthusiastically in favor of the Adelphi. Sardou's
plan of playwriting is first to invent the action of his
piece, and then to carefully keep it off the stage and
have it announced merely by letters and telegrams.
The people open the letters and read them, whether they
are addressed to them or not ; and then they talk either
about what the letters announce as having occurred
already or about what they intend to do to-morrow in
consequence of receiving them. When the news is not
brought by post, the characters are pressed into the
service. " Delia Harding," for instance, consists
largely of the fashionable intelligence in Bellagio. As
thus : " Stanley French arrived in Bellagio tliis morn-
ing," " Mr. Harding will arrive in Bellagio to-morrow

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 79

afternoon," " Miss Harding lives in that villa on the
lake," " Sir Christopher Carstairs will remain here for
another month at least," " This is my brother, Sir
Arthur Studley," "Janet: we shall pack up and leave
to-morrow morning," etc., etc., the person addressed
invariably echoing with subdued horror, " This morn-
ing ! " " To-morrow afternoon ! " " In that villa ! " and
so on. The whole business was so stale, so obviously
factitious, so barrenly inept, that at last the gallery
broke out into open derision, almost as if they were
listening to a particularly touching and delicate pas-
sage in a really good play. As for me, I felt ashamed
and remorseful. The time has now come for pity rather
than vengeance on the poor old " well-made play."
Fifteen years ago I was almost alone in my contempt
for these clumsy booby traps. Nowadays an actor can-
not open a letter or toss off somebody else's glass of
poison without having to face a brutal outburst of jeer-
ing. At the Comedy on Thursday, some low fellow
shouted out " Rats ! " in the middle of the second act.
Why was he not removed by the police.'' Such a step
would be highly popular in the gallery: ninety-nine
out of every hundred people in it are incommoded by
rowdyism, and are only too glad to be protected from
neighbors who cannot express their disapproval or ap-
proval decently. At political meetings the public is not
only allowed but expected to exercise a freedom of com-
ment and interruption which no sane person would pro-
pose to tolerate in a theatre; but of late first nights
have been disturbed by interruptions which would ex-
pose the interrupter to serious risk of a remarkably
summary expulsion from a political meeting. Besides,
public speakers are helped by interruptions: they de-
liberately provoke them for the sake of an effective

80 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

retort. But the actor is helpless: he must not say a
word that is not set down for him; and the nature of
his work makes it terribly easy for any half-drunk fool
to cruelly disconcert and annoy him. Even the ap-
plause on first nights, the receptions and exit demon-
strations, are silly enough: the rule ought to be silence
whilst the curtain is up and as much noise as you
please when it is down. But that is a matter of taste
and custom rather than of police. Where the police
ought to come in without mercy is in the case of offen-
sive and disorderly remarks or exclamations shouted
at the stage during the performance. One or two well
chosen examples pursued to the police court would
settle the matter for the next ten years.

The acting of " Delia Harding " calls for no special
notice. Mr. Mackintosh, who appeared as Stanley
French, was warmly received. His acting was not lack-
ing in force ; but his gesture and facial expression were
grotesque and caricatured, though there was nothing
in the part to give occasion for such extravagant
handlinff.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 81

SPANISH TRAGEDY AND ENGLISH
FARCE

Mariana and The Son of Don Juan. By Jose Eche-
garay. Translated from the Spanish by James
Graham. Two volumes of the Cameo Series. Lon-
don; Fisher Unwin. 1895.

THERE is somewhere in Froissart a record of a
hardy knight who discovered, as most men do in
their middle age, tliat " to rob and pill is a good
life." When Mr. Fisher Unwin sent me " The Son of
Don Juan " I began at the end, as my custom is (other-
wise I seldom reach the end at all), and found the
following :

" Lazarus (Speaking like a child, and with the face of an
idiot) : ' Mother — the sun — the sun ; give me the sun.
For God's sake — for God's sake — for God's sake,
mother, give me the sun.' "

To a person familiar with Ibsen's " Ghosts," this was
sufficient to establish a warm interest in an author
who, like Froissart's knight, takes his goods so boldly
where he finds them. I had never heard of Jose Eche-
garay before; but I soon learnt, from Mr. Graham's
sketch of his life, that he is a celebrated Spanish
dramatist, and that it will be decorous for me in
future to pretend to know all about him. To tell the
truth, I wish I had some other authority than Mr.
Graham to consult; for though I have no excuse for
questioning the entire trustworthiness of the little
memoir he has prefixed to "The Son of Don Juan,"
I can hardly bring myself to believe more than half of

82 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

it. No doubt Echegaray is a greater physicist than
Newton, and a greater mathematician than De Morgan
and Professor Karl Pearson rolled into one. Perhaps
he really did walk out of a drawing-room ignorant of
a word of German, and presently return a master of
that intractable tongue, and intimate with the secrets
of Hegel and all the other philosophers of the Father-
land. And why should there be any difficulty in believ-
ing in that discussion on fencing, which again made
him leave the room, only to come back so consummate
a swordsman that no professional in Madrid could as
much as keep hold of his foil when confronted with him?
And yet, somehow, I don't believe it. It is all the fault
of that unfortunate musical criticism which I practised
so long and assiduously. A musical critic gets supplied
gratuitously with biographies of distinguished artists,
compiled by musical agents or other experts in fiction,
and circulated to the press and to persons with whom
the artist desires to do business. These biographies
seldom appear among the books of reference in first-
rate libraries. They all contain at least two anecdotes,
one to illustrate the miraculous powers of their hero's
brain, and another to exhibit his courage and dexterity
in personal combat. Mind, I do not say these anec-
dotes are untrue; I simply confess apologetically that
I never find myself able to believe them. When I re-
ceive from an agent or from a bookseller a life of
Sarasate or Mr. Edison, or any other celebrated per-
son, I try to believe as much of it as I can; and the
breakdown of my faith must not be taken as a break-
down of the celebrated person's credit. Besides, after
all, Mr. Graham's memoir of Echegaray may not mean
anything so very staggering. There is something mo-
mentous at first sight in the statement that " the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 83

first three years of the dramatist's life were passed in
the capital of Spain " ; but now I come to think of it,
the first three years of my life (and more) were passed
in the capital of Ireland, which was a much harder trial.
Again, the attention lie gave to " the infinitesimal cal-
culus, theoretical and applied mechanics, hydrostatics,
curve tracing, descriptive geometry and its applica-
tions, solid geometry, and so on into the dimmest
heights of the science," might have happened to many
a university don. I remember once buying a book en-
titled " How to Live on Sixpence a Day," a point on
which at that time circumstances compelled me to be
pressingly curious. I carried out its instructions faith-
fully for a whole afternoon ; and if ever I have an offi-
cial biography issued, I shall certainly have it stated
therein, in illustration of my fortitude and self-denial,
that I lived for some time on sixpence a day. On
the whole, I am willing to take Mr. Graham's word for
it that Echegaray is, apart from his capacity as a
dramatic poet, an exceptionally able man, who, after
a distinguished university career, turned from the aca-
demic to the political life ; attained Cabinet rank, with
its Spanish inconveniences of proscription and flight
at the next revolution ; and in 1874, being then forty-
two years of age, and in exile in Paris, took to writing
plays, and found himself famous in that line by the
time his political difficulties had settled themselves.

As a dramatist, I find Echegaray extremely readable.
Mr. Graham has translated two of the most famous of
his plays into a language of his own, consisting of
words taken from the English dictionary, and placed,
for the most part, in an intelligible grammatical rela-
tion to one another. I say for the most part ; for here
and there a sentence baffles me. For example : " The

84 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

hall is approached by two or three saloons, whether in
front of it, whether in converging lines, but in such
fashion that they are partly visible." This is a hard
saying, which I humbly pass on to the stage manager
in the hope that he maj' be able to make more out of
it than I can. Happily, the dialogue is pellucid as
to its meaning, even where it is least vernacular. If
Mrs. Patrick Campbell, for instance, plays Mariana
(and she might do worse: it would be a far wiser
choice than Juliet), I shall, if she uses Mr. Graham's
translation, listen with interest to the effect on the
audience of such a speech as " The sickness of the j our-
ney has not left me. I suspect that I am going to
have a very violent megrim." I fear it is useless to
pretend to accept Mr. Graham's work as a translation
after this: it is clearly only a crib, though in some of
the burning passages it rises to considerable force and
eloquence. In such passages the full meaning can be
gathered from the words alone; for most nations ex-
press themselves alike when they are red-hot; but in
passages of comedy the word is often nothing, and the
manner and idiom everything, in proof whereof I will
undertake to recast any scene from, say, " The School
for Scandal," in such a manner that without the least
alteration of its meaning it will become duller than
an average sample of the evidence in a Blue-book.
Therefore, as I do not know a word of Spanish, I can
only guess at the qualities which have eluded Mr.
Graham's crib.

Echegaray is apparently of tlie school of Schiller,
Victor Hugo, and Verdi — picturesque, tragic to the
death, showing us the beautiful and the heroic strug-
gling either with blind destiny or with an implacable
idealism which makes vengeance and jealousy points of

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 85

honor. " Mariana " is a lineal descendant of " Ruy
Bias " or " Don Carlos." In " The Son of Don Juan,"
the modern scientific culture comes in, and replaces the
*' villain " of the older school, the Sallustio or Ruy
Gomez, by destiny in the shape of hereditary disease.
In spite of the line " Give me the sun, mother," for
which Echegaray acknowledges his indebtedness to
Ibsen, his treatment of the " Ghosts " theme is perfectly
original: there is not in it a shadow of the peculiar
moral attitude of Ibsen. Echegaray remorselessly fixes
ail the responsibility^ on Don Juan (Alving), who is as
resolutely vicious as Shelley's Count Cenci. Ibsen, on
the contrary, after representing Mrs. Alving as hav-
ing for years imputed her late husband's vices to his
own wilful dissoluteness, brings home to her the convic-
tion that it was really she herself and her fellow Puri-
tans who, by stamping men and women of Alving*s
temperament into the gutter, and imposing shame and
disease on them as their natural heritage, had made the
ruin into which Alving fell. Accordingly, we have those
terrible scenes in which she desperately tries to reverse
towards the son the conduct that was fatal to the
father, plying Oswald with champagne and conniving
at his intrigue with his own half-sister. There is not
the slightest trace of this inculpation of respectability
and virtue in " The Son of Don Juan." Indeed, had
Echegaray adapted Ibsen's moral to the conditions of
domestic life and public opinion in Spain, the process
would have destroyed all that superficial resemblance
to " Ghosts " which has led some critics hastily to de-
scribe Echegaray's play as a wholesale plagiarism.
The fact that the doctor who is only mentioned in
" Ghosts " actually appears on the stage in " The
Son of Don Juan " is a point, not of resemblance,

86 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

but of difference; whilst the fact that Mrs. Alving
and Manders have no counterparts in the Spanish
play, and that the dissipated father, who does not
appear in " Ghosts " at all, is practically Echegaray's
hero, will make it plain to any one who has really com-
prehended " Ghosts " that the story has been taken on
to new ground nationally, and back to old ground
morally. Echegaray has also created a new set of char-
acters. Paca, the woman of Tarifa; the poor little
consumptive Carmen, betrothed to Lazarus (Oswald) ;
Timoteo and Nemesio, the shattered old boon compan-
ions of Don Juan ; Dolores, the wife of Don Juan, who
is not even twentieth cousin to Mrs. Alving: all these
are original creations. Echegaray makes his puppets
dance ruthlessly. He writes like a strong man to whom
these people are all " poor devils " whom he pities and
even pets, but does not respect. This again contrasts
strongly with the Norwegian feeling. Ibsen never pre-
sents his play to you as a romance for your entertain-
ment: he says, in effect, " Here is yourself and myself,
our society, our civilization. The evil and good, the
horror and the hope of it, are woven out of your life
and mine." There is no more of that sort of conscience
about Echegaray's plays than there is about " Her-
nani," or, for the matter of that, " The Babes in the
Wood." The woman who looks at Hedda Gabler or
Mrs. Alving may be looking at herself in a mirror; but
the woman who looks at Mariana is looking at another
woman, a perfectly distinct and somewhat stagey per-
sonality. Consequently the howl of rage and dread
that follows each stroke of Ibsen's scalpel will not rise
when one of our actresses pounces on Mariana: we
shall only whimper a little because our childish curi-
osity is not indulged in the last scene to the extent of

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 87

letting us see whether Daniel kills Pablo and then him-
self, or whether Pablo kills Daniel. This last scene, or
epilogue, as it is called, is magnificently dramatic; so
much so that if some adapter will change the name of
the piece from " Mariana " to " Daniel," and transfer
all the lady's best speeches to the gentleman, some of
our actor-managers will probably produce it as soon
as they realize its existence — say in twenty years or
so. Unless, indeed, the actress-manageress arrives in
the meantime and snaps it up.

I can best convey a notion of the style and dramatic
method of Echegaray by a couple of quotations. In
both of the plays just translated, a narrative by the
principal character makes an indelible impression on
the imagination, and comes into action with great effect
at the Climax of the tragedy. Both narratives are
characteristically modern in their tragi-comedy. Here
is Mariana's:

" Listen. I was eight years old. It must have been
two or three o'clock in the morning. I was sleeping in
my crib ; and I dreamt that I was giving a great many
kisses to my doll, because it had called me * mamma.'
The doll soon began to kiss me in return, but so fiercely
that it caused me pain; and the doll became very
large; and it was my mother. She was holding me in
her arms ; and I — I was not sleeping now : it was
no dream: I was awake. Behind my mother there was
a man standing. It was Alvarado, who was saying,
' Come.' My mother said, ' No : not without her.'
And he said, ' Devil take it, then, with her.' The rest
was like another dream — a nightmare — anything that
whirls you away and will not let you breathe. My
mother dressed me as people dress lunatics or dolls,
pulling me about, shaking me, nearly beating me. And

88 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Alvarado was all the time hurrying her with whispers
of ' Quick, quick, make haste.' I have never gone
through anything like it : trivial — ludicrous as it
was, it was horrible. She could not get the little socks
rightly on me; she could not manage to button my
boots; my drawers were put on the wrong way, the
petticoats left with the opening at the side, my dress
half loose, though I kept saying, ' It wants to be
fastened: it should be fastened.' And all the time
Alvarado was saying, ' Quick, quick : make haste, make
haste.' I was wound up in a cloak of my mother's;
and a hat ribbon was tied round my head so that it
nearly choked me. Then my mother snatched me up
in her arms ; and we got into a carriage and went very
fast. Then I heard a kiss ; and I thought, * My God,
who was that for, who was that for: nobody has kissed
me.' Ah, my own mother, my own mother ! "

At the end of the play, Daniel, Mariana's lover, in
persuading her to elope, picks up her cloak, and by
trying to wrap her in it and carry her out to the car-
riage, reminds her of this passage in her childhood, and
of Alvarado, whose son Daniel is. She calls in her hus-
band, who kills her; and the two men disappear to fight
it out to the death in the garden as the curtain falls.

Don Juan's narrative is an instance of the same
dramatic device.

" It was a grand night — a grand supper. There
were eight of us — each with a partner. Everybody
was drunk — even the Guadalquiver. Aniceta went out
on the balcony and began to cry out, * Stupid, insipid,
waterish river : drink wine for once,' and threw a bottle
of Manzanilla into it. Well, I was lying asleep along
the floor, upon the carpet, close to a divan. And on
the divan there had fallen, by one of the usual accidents,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 89

the Tarifena — Paca the Tarifena. She was asleep ;
and in her tossings to and fro her hair had become
loose — a huge mass ; and it fell over me in silky waves
— a great quantity, enfolding me as in a splendid black
mantle of perfumed lace. The dawn arrived — a de-
lightful morning, the balcony open, the East with splen-
did curtains of mist and with little red clouds ; the sky
blue and stainless; a light more vivid kindling into
flame the distant horizon. Slowly the crimson globe
ascended. I opened my eyes wide; and I saw the sun,
I saw it from between the interlaced tresses of the
Tarifena. It inundated me with light ; and I stretched
forth my hand instinctively to grasp it. Something of
a new kind of love — a new desire — agitated me ;
great brightness, much azure, very broad spheres, vague
yet burning aspirations for something very beautiful.
For a minute I understood that there is something
higher than the pleasures of the senses : for a minute I
felt myself another being. I wafted a kiss to the sun,
and angrily pulled aside the girl's hair. One lock clung
about my lips: it touched my palate and gave me
nausea. I flung away the tress ; I awoke the Tarifena ;
and vice dawned through the remains of the orgie, like
the sun through the vapors of the night, its mists, and
its fire-colored clouds."

I need only add that Don Juan Is on the stage at
the end of the play when the heir to his debauchery
says, " Give me the sun, mother." On the whole, though
I am afraid some of our critics will be as nauseated as
Don Juan was by that stray lock of the Tarifena's
hair, I suspect the Spaniards will compel us to admit'
that they have produced a genius of a stamp that
crosses frontiers, and that we shall yet see some of
his work on our own stage.

90 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

MR. IRVING TAKES PAREGORIC

Bygones. By A. W. Pinero. A Story of Waterloo.
By A. Conan Doyle. A Chapter from Don Quixote.
By the late W. G. Wills. Lyceum Theatre, 4 May,
1895.

IT was Mr. Grant Allen, I think, who familiarized
us with the fact that all attempts to sustain our
conduct at a higher level than is natural to us
produce violent reactions. Was there not a certain
African divine, the Reverend Mr. Greedy, who tamed
the barbarian within him and lived the higher life of
the Caledonian Road for a while, only to end by " going
Fantee " with a vengeance.'' This liability to re-
action is a serious matter for the actor — not, per-
haps, for the actor of villains, who becomes by reaction
the most amiable of men in private life, but certainly
for the actor of heroes, who is occasionally to be
found off the stage in a state of very violent reaction
indeed. But there are some actors — not many, but
some — who have solid private characters which stand
like rocks in the midst of the ebb and tide of their stage
emotions; and in their case the reaction must take
place in their art itself. Such men, when they have to
be unnaturally dignified on the stage, cannot relieve
themselves by being ridiculous in private life, since the
good sense of their private characters makes that im-
possible to them. When they can bear it no longer,
they must make themselves ridiculous on the stage or
burst. No actor suffers from the tyranny of this gro-
tesque necessity more than Mr. Irving. His career,
ever since he became a heroic actor, has been studded

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 91

by relapses into the most impish buffoonery. I re-
member years ago going into the Lyceum Theatre
under the impression that I was about to witness a
performance of " Richard III." After one act of that
tragedy, however, Mr. Irving relapsed into an imper-
sonation of Alfred Jingle. He concealed piles of sand-
wiches in his hat ; so that when he afterwards raised it
to introduce himself as " Alfred Jingle, Esq., of No
Hall, Nowhere," a rain of ham and bread descended
on him. He knelt on the stage on one knee and seated
Miss Pauncefort (the spinster aunt) on the other, and
then upset himself and her, head over heels. He beat
a refractory horse with a bandbox ; inked the glimpses
of shirt that appeared through the holes in his coat;
and insulted all the other characters by turning their
coats back with the idiotic remark, " From the country,,
sir.'' " He was not acting: nothing less like the scenes
created by Dickens could possibly have been put on the
stage. He was simply taking his revenge on Shake-
speare and himself for months of sustained dignity.
Later on we had the same phenomenon repeated in his
Robert Macaire. There was, and, I suppose, still is
in the market a version of that little melodrama by
Mr. Henley and the late Louis Stevenson which was
full of literary distinction; but Mr. Irving stuck to
the old third-class version, which gave him unlimited
scope for absurdity. He made one or two memorable
effects in it : a more horribly evil-looking beast of prey
than his Macaire never crossed the stage; and I can
recall a point or two where the feeling produced was
terrible. But what Mr. Irving enjoyed, and obviously
what attracted him in the business, was rushing Mr.
Weedon Grossmith upstairs by the back of the neck,
breaking plates on his stomach, standing on a barrel

92 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

boyishly pretending to play the fiddle, singing a chan-
son to an accompaniment improvised by himself on an
old harpsichord, and, above all — for here his glee at-
tained its climax — inadvertently pulling a large as-
sortment of stolen handkerchiefs out of his pocket
whilst explaining matters to the police officer, and
clinching his account by throwing one into his hat,
which, having no crown, allowed it to fall through to
the floor. This alternation of the grotesque, the imp-
ish, the farcical, with the serious and exalted, is char-
acteristic of the nineteenth century. Goethe antici-
pated it in his Faust and Mephistopheles, obviously
two sides of the same character; and it was in the
foolish travesty of " Faust " perpetrated by Wills
that Mr. Irving found a part in which he could be
melodramatic actor, mocker, and buffoon all in one
evening. Since then he has had a trying time of it.
Becket on top of Wolsey was enough to provoke a
graver man to go Fantee; and Lear followed Becket.
But when King Arthur capped Lear, all of us who
knew Mr. Irving's constitution felt that a terrific re-
action must be imminent. It has come in the shape of
Don Quixote, in which he makes his own dignity ridicu-
lous to his heart's content. He rides a slim white horse,
made up as Rozinante with painted hollows just as a
face is made up ; he has a set of imitation geese wag-
gling on springs to mistake for swans; he tumbles
about the stage with his legs in the air; and he has a
single combat, on refreshingly indecorous provocation,
with a pump. And he is perfectly happy. I am the
last person in the world to object; for I, too, have
something of that aboriginal need for an occasional
carnival in me. When he came before the curtain at
the end, he informed us, with transparent good faithj

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 93

that the little play practically covered the whole of
Cervantes' novel, a statement which we listened to with
respectful stupefaction. I get into trouble often
enough by my ignorance of authors n-hom every liter-
ate person is expected to have at his fingers' ends;
but I believe Mr. Irving can beat me hollow in that
respect. If I have not read Don Quixote all through,
I have at least looked at the pictures; and I am pre-
pared to swear that Mr. Irving never got beyond the
second chapter.

Any one who consults recent visitors to the Lyceum,
or who seeks for information in the Press as to the
merits of Mr. Conan Doyle's " Story of Waterloo,"
will in nineteen cases out of twenty learn that the piece
is a trifle raised into importance by the marvellous act-
ing of Mr. Irving as Corporal Gregory Brewster. As
a matter of fact, the entire effect is contrived by the
author, and is due to him alone. There is absolutely
no acting in it — none whatever. There is a make-up
in it, and a little cheap and simple mimicry which Mr.
Irving does indifferently because he is neither apt nor
observant as a mimic of doddering old men, and be-
cause his finely cultivated voice and diction again and
again rebel against the indignity of the Corporal's
squeakings and mumblings and vulgarities of pronunci-
ation. But all the rest is an illusion produced by the
machinery of " a good acting play," by which is always
meant a play that requires from the performers no
qualifications beyond a plausible appearance and a little
experience and address in stage business. I had better
make this clear by explaining the process of doing with-
out acting as exemplified by " A Story of Waterloo,"
in which Mr. Conan Doyle has carried the art of con-
structing an " acting " play to such an extreme that

94 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

I almost suspect him of satirically revenging himself,
as a literary man, on a profession which has such a
dread of "literary plays." (A "literary play," I
should explain, is a play that the actors have to act,
in opposition to the " acting play," which acts them.)
Before the curtain rises, you read the playbill ; and
the process commences at once with the suggestive effect
on your imagination of " Corporal Gregory Brewster,
age eighty-six, a Waterloo veteran," of " Nora Brew-
ster, the corporal's grandniece," and of " Scene —
Brewster's lodgings." By the time you have read that,
3'our own imagination, with the author pulling the
strings, has done half the work you afterwards give
Mr. Irving credit for. Up goes the curtain; and the
lodgings are before you, with the humble breakfast
table, the cheery fire, the old man's spectacles and Bible,
and a medal hung up in a frame over the chimneypiece.
Lest you should be unobservant enough to miss the sig-
nificance of all this, Miss Annie Hughes comes in with
a basket of butter and bacon, ostensibly to impersonate
the grandniece, really to carefully point out all these
things to you, and to lead up to the entry of the hero
by preparing breakfast for him. When the background
is sufficiently laid in by this artifice, the drawing of
the figure commences. Mr. Fuller Mellish enters in
the uniform of a modern artillery sergeant, with a
breech-loading carbine. You are touched: here is
the young soldier come to see the old — two figures
from the Seven Ages of Man. Miss Hughes tells Mr.
Mellish all about Corporal Gregory. She takes down
the medal, and makes him read aloud to her the press-
cutting pasted beside it which describes the feat for
which the medal was given. In short, the pair work
at the picture of the old warrior until the very dullest

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 95

dog in the audience knows what he is to see, or to
imagine he sees, when the great moment comes. Thus
is Brewster already created, though Mr. Irving has not
yet left his dressing-room. At last, everything being
ready, Mr. Fuller Mellish is packed off so as not to
divide the interest. A squeak is heard behind the
scenes: it is the childish treble that once rang like a
trumpet on the powder-wagon at Waterloo. Enter
Mr. Irving, in a dirty white wig, toothless, blear-eyed,
palsied, shaky at the knees, stooping at the shoulders,
increditably aged and very poor, but respectable. He
makes his way to his chair, and can only sit down, so
stiff are his aged limbs, very slowly and creakily. This
sitting down business is not acting: the callboy could
do it ; but wc are so thoroughly primed by the play-
bill, the scene-painter, the stage-manager. Miss Hughes
and Mr. Mellish, that we go off in enthusiastic whispers,
" What superb acting ! How wonderfully he does it ! "
The corporal cannot recognize his grandniece at first.
When he does, he asks her questions about children —
children who have long gone to their graves at ripe
ages. She prepares his tea: he sups it noisily and in-
eptly, like an infant. More whispers : " How masterly
a touch of second childhood ! " He gets a bronchial
attack and gasps for paregoric, which Miss Hughes
administers with a spoon, whilst our faces glisten with
tearful smiles. " Is there another living actor who
could take paregoric like that.'' " The sun shines
through the window: the old man would fain sit there
and peacefully enjoy the fragrant air and life-giving
warmth of the world's summer, contrasting so patheti-
cally with his own winter. He rises, more creakily than
before, but with his faithful grandniece's arm fondly
supporting him. He dodders across the stage, express-

96 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ing a hope that the flies will not be too " owdacious,"
and sits down on another chair with his joints crying
more loudly than ever for some of the oil of youth.
We feel that we could watch him sitting down for ever.
Hark! a band in the street without. Soldiers pass:
the old warhorse snorts feebly, but complains that
bands don't play so loud as they used to. The band
being duly exploited for all it is worth, the Bible
comes into play. What he likes in it are the cam-
paigns of Joshua and the battle of Armageddon, which
the poor dear old thing can hardly pronounce, though
he had it from " our clergyman." How sweet of the
clergyman to humor him ! Blessings on his kindly face
and on his silver hair! Mr. Fuller Mellish comes back
with the breech-loading carbine. The old man handles
it; calls it a firelock; and goes crazily through his
manual with it. Finally, he unlocks the breech, and
as the barrel drops, believes that he has broken the
weapon in two. Matters being explained, he expresses
his unalterable conviction that England will have to
fall back on Brown Bess when the moment for action
arrives again. He takes out his pipe. It falls and
is broken. He whimpers, and is petted and consoled
by a present of the sergeant's beautiful pipe with " a
hamber mouthpiece." Mr. Fuller Mellish, becoming
again superfluous, is again got rid of. Enter a haughty
gentleman. It is the Colonel of the Royal Scots
Guards, the corporal's old regiment. According to the
well-known custom of colonels, he has called on the old
pensioner to give him a five-pound note. The old man,
as if electrically shocked, staggers up and desperately
tries to stand for a moment at " attention " and salute
his officer. He collapses, almost slain by the efi'ort, into
his chair, mumbling pathetically that he " were a'most

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 97

gone that time, Colonel." " A masterstroke ! who but
a great actor could have executed this heart-searching
movement? " The veteran returns to the fireside: once
more he depicts with convincing art the state of an old
man's joints. The Colonel goes; Mr. Fuller Mellish
comes; the old man dozes. Suddenly he springs up.
" The Guards want powder ; and, by God, the Guards
shall have it." With these words he falls back in his
chair. Mr. Fuller Mellish, lest there should be any
mistake about it (it is never safe to trust the intelli-
gence of the British public), delicately informs Miss
Hughes that her granduncle is dead. The curtain falls
amid thunders of applause.

Every old actor into whose hands this article falls
will understand perfectly from my description how
the whole thing is done, and will wish that he could
get such Press notices for a little hobbling and piping,
and a few bits of mechanical business with a pipe, a
carbine, and two chairs. The whole performance does
not involve one gesture, one line, one thought outside
the commonest routine of automatic stage illusion.
What, I wonder, must Mr. Irving, who of course knows
this better than any one else, feel when he finds this
pitiful little handful of hackneyed stage tricks re-
ceived exactly as if it were a crowning instance of his
most difficult and finest art? No doubt he expected
and intended that the public, on being touched and
pleased by machinery, should imagine that they were
being touched and pleased by acting. But the critics !
Wliat can he think of the analytic powers of those of
us who, when an organized and successful attack is
made on our emotions, are unable to discriminate be-
tween the execution done by the actor's art and that
done by Mr. Conan Doyle's ingenious exploitation of

98 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the ready-made pathos of old age, the ignorant and
maudlin sentiment attaching to the army and " the
Dook," and the vulgar conception of the battle of
Waterloo as a stand-up street fight between an English-
man and a Frenchman, a conception infinitely less re-
spectable than that which led Byron to exclaim, when
he heard of Napoleon's defeat, *' I 'm damned sorry "?
The first item in the Lyceum triple bill is Mr.
Pinero's " Bygones," in which Mr. Sydney Valentine,
as Professor Mazzoni, acts with notable skill and judg-
ment. Mr. Pinero used to play the part himself; but
he was bitten then, like every one else at that time,
with the notion that " character acting," especially in
parts that admitted of a foreign accent, was the per-
fection of stage art ; and his Mazzoni was accordingly
worse than any one could believe without having seen it.
Matters were made worse by the detestable and irre-
deemable scene in which the old man proposes marriage
to the girl. Mazzoni might excusably offer her, as a
means of escape from her humiliating predicament,
the position of his wife, and his friendly affection and
fatherly care until he left her a widow; and he might
make this offer being secretly in love with her, and so
preserve the pathos of his subsequent disappointment.
But to propose a serious love match to her as he docs
seems to me abominable: the scene makes my flesh
creep: it always did. Mr. Valentine could not recon-
cile me to it ; nor should I have thanked him if he
had; but he softened it as far as it could be softened;
and his final leavetaking, with its effect of sparing us
the exhibition of a grief which he nevertheless made us
feel keenly behind that last sincere and kindly smile,
was a fine stroke of art. He here, as elsewhere in the
play, showed himself able to do with a few light and

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 99

sure touches what most of our actors vainly struggle
with by publicly wallowing in self-pity for minutes at
a stretch.

I hope I have not conveyed an impression that the
triple bill makes a bad evening's entertainment.
Though it is my steady purpose to do what I can
to drive such sketches as ." A Story of Waterloo,"
with their ready-made feeling and prearranged effects,
away to the music-hall, which is their proper place
now that we no longer have a " Gallery of Illustration,"
I enjoy them, and am entirely in favor of their multi-
plication so long as it is understood that they are not
the business of fine actors and first-class theatres. And,
abortive as " Don Quixote " is, there are moments in it
when Wills vanishes, and we have Cervantes as the
author and Mr. Irving as the actor — no cheap com-
bination. Apart from the merits of the three plays,
I suggest that it is a mistake — easily avoidable by a
manager with Mr. Irving's resources at his disposal —
to cast Miss Annie Hughes and Mr. Webster for parts
in two different pieces. I half expected to see Miss
Hughes again in the third play ; but Mr. Irving drew
the line there, and entrusted the leading young lady's
part in " Don Quixote " to Miss de Silva. In " By-
gones," Miss Ailsa Craig succeeds in giving a touch of
interest to the part of the ill-conditioned servant who
works the plot. Miss Hughes grows younger and
prettier, and acts better, continually; only her voice
still slyly contradicts her efforts to be pathetic, which
are in all other respects credible and graceful enough.

100 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

THE TWO LATEST COMEDIES

The Home Secretary : an original modern play. By
R. C. Carton. Criterion Theatre, 7 May, 1895.
The Triumph of the Philistines, and how Mr. Jorgan
preserved the morals of Market Pewhury under very
trying circumstances : an original comedy in three acts.
By Henry Arthur Jones. St. James's Theatre, 11
May, 1895.

I MUST not stop to make an exordium before deal-
ing with Mr. Carton's play, for, to tell the truth,
I am forgetting it so rapidly that in another half-
hour it may all have escaped me. I must in fairness
add that I did not see it very well, because, though
there are only two pillars in the Criterion Theatre that
you cannot see round, and consequently only two stalls
from which the stage is not visible, I was placed in
one of those two stalls. That is the worst of having
a reputation as a critic of acting. They place you
behind an obstacle which prevents you from seeing
more than one person at a time, calculating that since
you will always keep your eye on the actor-manager,
your attention will be concentrated on him by the im-
possibility of your seeing any one else. This time,
however, Mr. Wyndham had nothing particular to
show me. There was no character for him to create,
and consequently nothing for him to do that was more
than the merest routine for an actor of his accomplish-
ment. Though supposed to be a Home Secretary, he
presented us with exactly the sort of Cabinet Minister
who never goes to the Home Office. I fancy he has
formed his political style on the Foreign Office, or the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 101

Colonial Office, perhaps even on the Duchy of Lan-
caster, and is under the erroneous impression that the
same sort of thing would do for the comparatively
popular Home Office. But at all events, Mr. Wynd-
ham knows more about Home Secretaries than Mr.
Carton: in fact, he could not possibly know less. Mr.
Carton has a second-hand imagination and a stagger-
ing indifference to verisimilitude. Inspired by Miss
Neilson's appearance in the play of " An Ideal Hus-
band " as the beautiful wife who is too truthful to
approve of all the official utterances of the Cabinet
Minister whom she has rashly married, he shoots Miss
Neilson on to the stage in that relation to Mr. Wynd-
ham, with nothing better to account for her domestic
unhappiness than the articles in the Opposition papers.
Imagine Mrs. Asquith's domestic peace being shattered
by an article in the St. James's Gazette! The rest of
the play is of less recent origin ; but one need go no
further back than " The House in the Marsh," or
" Captain Swift," in tracing the descent of Danger-
field, the Anarchist Anything more wantonly non-
sensical than the way in which Mr. Carton rearranges
the facts of English society and politics so as to repre-
sent Dangerfield as being engaged in a deadly duel of
the Pompey and Cassar kind with the Home Secretary,
would be hard to cite. As to all the stuff about mighty
secret brotherhoods, and abysses of revolution opening
at the feet of society, I invite Mr. Carton to manufac-
ture his plays in future out of some less mischievous
kind of absurdity.

Apart from this serious bearing of the play on life,
it is amusing enough to hear Mr. Lewis Waller at a
West End theatre spouting the stalest commonplaces
of the Socialist platforms with the full approval of the

102 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

audience. No fashionable dramatist's library will
henceforth be complete without a copy of Mr. Hynd-
man's " England for All." Mr. Brookfield contributes
one of those little imitations of social types of which
he is fond. They are amusing; and they fulfil two
indispensable conditions : to wit, they impress the pub-
lic as being all different from one another, thereby
creating a high estimate of Mr. Brookfield's skill and
versatility; and they are all exactly alike, so that the
public has only one taste to acquire for them. Miss
Julia Neilson plays very much better than in " An
Ideal Husband." In that comedy she made the worst
of a good part : in this, she made the best of an in-
different one, though it was hard on her to have to sit
down and examine her mind and conscience very slowly
just when the audience had finally made up their minds
that Mr. Carton had fashioned her perfectly hollow.
In fact, the less interesting both the Home Secretary
and his wife became, the more slowly Mr. Wyndham
and Miss Neilson had to play, in order to make the
final scene at least mechanically impressive. The effect
was a little trying. The comedy scenes, which are
laughable enough, were child's play to Miss Mary
Moore, Miss Maud Millet, Mr. de Lange, and Mr.
Alfred Bishop; and Mr. Lewis Waller would hardly
thank me for compliments on a performance so easily
within his powers as the impersonation of Captain
Swift Dangerfield. Mr. Sidney Brough's part enabled
him to show that rare quality of his of being at the
same time a very " useful " actor and a very attractive
one. On the whole, " The Home Secretary " is a well
acted, well staged, occasionally entertaining, and hope-
lessly slovenly play.

Mr. Henry Arthur Jones's comedy with the nineteen-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 103

word title, affords material for the social essayist rather
than the dramatic critic, being avowedly an object-
lesson in British lower middle-class hypocrisy. And
the attack is not the usual sham attack of the stage
moralist : it is courageous, uncompromising, made with
sharp weapons, and left without the slightest attempt
to run away at the end. When Mr. Jones appeared
before the curtain several persons howled piteously,
like dogs who had been purposely run over. Every
play which is a criticism of contemporary life,
must, if it is an honest play, involve a certain
struggle with the public. Accordingly, Mr. Jones
was not so unanimously applauded when the curtain
fell on poor Mr. Jorgan's very mixed " triumph "
as Mr. Pinero was after Mrs. Ebbsmith pulled the
Bible out of the fire. But his courage was respected;
and there, I think, he had tlie advantage of Mr.
Pinero.

There is a sense in which Mr. Jones's plays are far
more faulty than those of most of his competitors,
exactly as a row of men is more faulty than a row of
lampposts turned out by a first-rate firm. His quali-
ties are creative imagination, curious observation, in-
ventive humor, originality, sympathy, and sincerity;
and the risks of trusting to these are, like the rewards,
very great. It is safer and cheaper to depend on the
taste, judgment, instinct for fashion and knowledge of
the stage and the public, by which plays can be con-
structed out of ready-made materials, and guaranteed
to pass an evening safely and smoothly, instead of, like
the real live work of Mr. Jones, rousing all sorts of
protests and jarring all sorts of prejudices, besides
disgusting the professorial critics and amateurs by its
impenitent informality. And then, Mr. Jones, follow-

104 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ing in the footsteps of Dickens, plays every sort of
extravagant and fanciful trick with his characters, in-
venting insane names for them, making them express
themselves in the most impossible way, and sometimes
exasperating dull and literal people beyond all bounds.
Thus, in " The Triumph of the Philistines," we have
such a freak as Thomas Blagg, the butcher's boy,
clearly of the family of Trabb's boy, of immortal
memory; and with him are a Pumblechookian band of
local tradesmen, who are not humanity simple and
direct, but humanity made fun of. Still, if the de-
tails are outrageous, the general effect is mostly right;
for Mr. Jones knows his Market Pewbury well enough
to joke with it. On the subject of Art I find him less
convincing. His identification of it with the sort of
Epicurean philosophy which is always at daggers
drawn with Puritanism is roughly true to life — suffi-
ciently so, at all events, for dramatic purposes. But
his identification of Puritanism with Philistinism seems
to me to be a fundamental confusion. A Philistine is a
prosaic person whose artistic consciousness is unawak-
ened and who has no ideals. A Puritan is no doubt
often at the same disadvantage as the Philistine in
respect of his insensibility to Art ; but he is a fanatical
idealist, to whom all stimulations of the sense of beauty
are abhorrent ; because he is only conscious of them
in so far as they appeal to his sex instinct, which he
regards as his great enemy. However, it is not this
point that Mr. Jones has missed; for his Mr. Jorgan,
though called a Philistine, corresponds exactly to a
Puritan. Even when Sir Valentine Fellowes, a thor-
ough Philistine, is put in opposition to the Philistines
and in sympathy with Willie Hesslewood the painter,
he remains nevertheless as lifelike a Philistine as Mr.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 105

Jorgan is a Puritan; so that one is tempted to ask
whether it matters what the twain are called, since the
author's method of working upon life instead of upon
theories of society and canons of art seems sure to save
him from anything worse than a confusion of names.
But thought has its empire after all; and when Mr.
Jones claims the sympathy of the audience for the
Philistine as against the Puritan, the Puritan snatches
the sympathy from him; for the idealist, being the
higher if more dangerous animal, always does beat the
Philistine. A picture of Bacchante is exhibited on the
stage, with its back to the audience, an arrangement
which gives it away from the beginning as not fit to
be seen. Mr. Jorgan the Puritan, having no artistic
sense, denounces the artist as a mere pandar, and the
picture as an artifice to make men more sensual. Sir
Valentine's defence is in effect " Why not? Life would
not be worth living unless people are allowed to sow
a few wild oats, as I do occasionally ; and if you inter-
fere with my pleasures I '11 spend my income on the
Continent instead of in your shops." Mr. Jones's in-
stinct for character led him rightly to make Sir Valen-
tine take that line. But what chance is there of the
audience taking his side? They must feel, as I feel,
that the Puritan's attitude is more respectable than the
Philistine's. If Art were really a matter of Bacchante
pictures painted by amorous young artists from rap-
scallionly little models, to be defended only by easy-
going men of pleasure and cynical old society ladies
who regard men as incurable voluptuaries, then surely
we should all say Amen to Mr. Skewett's " Bum it, I
say. Burn it ; and have done with the iniquity." The
fact is, Mr. Jones, revelling in his characters and scenes
and dialogues, and keen on the scent of the narrowness

106 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

and hypocrisy of Market Pewbury, has not got up his
case thoroughly; and the result is that the plan of
action which he has invented, with its studio machinery
and its substitution of a picture for a question of con-
duct, does not strike one as being quite the right plan ;
whilst Market Pewbury is left, after all, with the best
of the argument.

The acting is hardly as good as the play. Mr.
Alexander's comedy is too smart : Sir Valentine is never
really distressed or at a loss, as he certainly ought
to be at the end of the second act. Mr. Waring, as
Jorgan, is admirable in action; but before he gets to
work, it is plain that the part does not naturally fit
him. Mr. Esmond's Willie Hesslewood is perhaps the
most entirely successful of all the impersonations in-
volved, except Miss Juliette Nesville's immense, irre-
sistible Sally Lebrune. Mr. Jones has carried out the
idea of this character to a hair's breadth ; and the dis-
advantage at which the young woman's entire and per-
fect worthlessness puts all the more respectable char-
acters is of the essence of comedy. Lady Monckton's
work is less interesting to the audience than technically
important to the play; and only the expert can be
expected to appreciate how very well she does it. Miss
Elliott Page was quite ladylike and natural as Alma
Suleny; but I am afraid the only thanks she got for
not overdressing herself and forcing the significance of
every sentence was a sense that she was underacting.
She certainly added nothing to her part, an omission
which would be rather serious in some plays, since noth-
ing plus nothing equals nothing; but it did not matter
with Mr. Jones as the author. The half-dozen little
sallies of character-acting which filled up the stage with
the Puritans of Market Pewbury were, of course,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 107

easily and amusingly done; but they were too funny
and too intentional to be convincing, and the total
effect was only made creditable by the acting of Mr.
Waring.

A NEW LADY MACBETH AND A
NEW MRS. EBBSMITH

25 May, 1895.

LAST Saturday evening found me lurking, an un-
invited guest, in an obscure corner of the Garrick
Theatre, giving Mrs. Ebbsmlth another trial in
the person of Miss Olga Nethersole. This time I care-
fully regulated the dose, coming late for the prelimi-
nary explanations, and hurrying home at the end of
the second act, when Mrs. Ebbsmith had put her fine
dress on, and was beginning to work up towards the
stove. I cannot say I enjoyed myself very much; for
the play bored me more than ever; but I perceived
better than I did before that the fault was not alto-
gether Mr. Pinero's. The interest of the first act de-
pends on Mrs. Thorpe really affecting and interesting
her audience in her scene with Agnes. Miss Ellis
Jeffreys fails to do this. I do not blame her, just as
I should not blame Mr. Charles Hawtrey if he were
cast for the ghost in Hamlet and played it somewhat
disappointingly. On the contrary, I congratulate her
on her hopeless incapacity to persuade us that she is
the victim of an unhappy marriage, or that she lives
in a dreary country rectory where she walks about like
a ghost about her dead child's room in the intervals of

108 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

housekeeping for her parson brother. She has obvi-
ously not a scrap of anything of the kind in her whole
disposition; and that Mr. Pinero should have cast her
for such business in a part on wliich his whole first
act and a good deal of the rest of the play depends,
suggests that his experience of the impossibility of
getting all his characters fitted in a metropolis which
has more theatres than companies is making him reck-
less. The impression left is that the scene between
Agnes and Mrs. Thorpe is tedious and colorless, and
that between Agnes and the Duke biting and full of
character. But really one scene is as good as the
other; only Mr. Hare's Duke of St. Olpherts is a con-
summate piece of acting, whilst Miss Jeffreys' Mrs.
Thorpe is at best a graceful evasion of an impossible
task. This was less noticeable before, because Mrs.
Patrick Campbell counted for so much in both scenes
that the second factor in them mattered less. With
Miss Nethersole, who failed to touch the character of
Agnes at any point as far as I witnessed her perform-
ance, it mattered a great deal. I have no doubt that
Miss Nethersole pulled the Bible out of the stove, and
played all the " emotional " scenes as well as Mrs.
Campbell or any one else could play them ; but cer-
tainly in the first two acts, where Mrs. Ebbsmith, not
yet reduced to a mere phase of hysteria, is a self-
possessed individual character, Miss Nethersole gave us
nothing but the stage fashion of the day in a very
accentuated and conscious manner. Mrs. Campbell's
extraordinary power of doing anything surely and
swiftly with her hands whilst she is acting, preoccu-
pation seeming an embarrassment unknown to her, is
a personal peculiarity which cannot reasonably be de-
manded from her competitors. But Miss Nethersole

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 109

seems to set a positive value on such preoccupation.
When she pretends to darn a stocking she brings it
down to the footlights, and poses in profile with the
stockinged hand raised above the level of her head.
She touches nothing without first poising her hand
above it like a bird about to alight, or a pianist's
fingers descending on a chord. She cannot even take
up the box containing the rich dress to bundle it off
into the next room, without disposing her hands round
it with an unmistakable reference to the conventional
laws of grace. The effect in these first two acts,
throughout which Mrs. Ebbsmith is supposed to be
setting Lucas Cleeve's teeth on edge at every turn by
her businesslike ways, plain dress, and impatience of
the effects that charm the voluptuary, may be imagined.
The change of dress, with which Mrs. Campbell achieved
such a very startling effect, produced hardly any with
Miss Nethersole, and would have produced none but for
the dialogue; for Mrs. Ebbsmith had been so obviously
concerned all through with the effect of her attitudes,
that one quite expected that she would not neglect her-
self when it came to dressing for dinner. The " Trafal-
gar Squaring " of the Duke, a complete success on Mr.
Hare's part, was a complete failure on Miss Nether-
sole's. Mrs. Campbell caught the right platform tone
of political invective and contemptuous social criticism
to perfection: Miss Nethersole made the speech an
emotional outburst, flying out at the Duke exactly as,
in a melodrama, she would have flown out at the
villain who had betrayed her. My inference is that
Miss Nethersole has force and emotion without sense
of character. With force and emotion, and an
interesting and plastic person, one can play " the
heroine " under a hundred different names with en-

110 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

tire success. But the individualized heroine is another
matter; and that is where Mrs. Patrick Campbell
comes in.

It is usual to describe Mr. Hare as an actor who does
not do himself justice on first nights because he is
nervous. His Duke of St. Olpherts is certainly not
an instance of this. It is still capital; but compared
to his superb performance on the first night, it is
minced in diction and almost off-hand in deportment.
I have come to the conclusion that Mr. Foi'bes Rob-
ertson is only less out of place as Lucas Cleeve than
Miss Jeffreys as Mrs. Thorpe. In contrast to the
cool intensity of Mrs. Campbell, his strong, resolute
manner, slackened as much as he could slacken it, barely
passed muster on the first night as the manner of the
weak neurotic creature described by the Duke. But
with Miss Nethersole, whose Mrs. Ebbsmith is really
not Mrs. Ebbsmith at all, but a female Lucas Cleeve,
even that faint scrap of illusion vanishes, and is re-
placed by a contrast of personal style in flat contra-
diction to the character relationship which is the sub-
ject of the drama. I still do not think " The Notorious
Mrs. Ebbsmith " could be made a good play by any-
thing short of treating Agnes's sudden resolution to
make Lucas fall in love with her as a comedy motive
(as it essentially is), and getting rid of the claptrap
about the Bible, finishing the play with Lucas's dis-
covery that his wife is quite as good a woman as he
could stand life with, and possibly — though on this
I do not insist — with Agnes's return to the political
platform as the Radical Duchess of St. Olpherts. But
I am at least quite convinced now that the play as it
stands would be much more interesting if the other
characters were only half as appropriately imperson-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 111

ated as the Duke of St. Olpherts is by Mr. Hare, or
as Mrs. Ebbsmith was by Mrs. Campbell.

By the way, I have received a sixpenny pamphlet,
by Mr. H. Schutz Wilson, entitled "The Notorious
Mrs. Ebbsmith," published by Messrs. Bickers. My
opinion being thus challenged, I cheerfully acknowl-
edge the pre-eminence of the pamphlet, from my point
of view, as the worst pamphlet I ever read on any sub-
ject whatsoever. That, however, is only a way of say-
ing that I cannot agree with Mr. Schutz Wilson. The
difference may be my fault as well as my misfortune.
He accepts the play as a great " spiritual tragedy,"
and considers that the casting of it at the Garrick
Theatre was perfect in every part. And so, as he says,
" Farewell, Agnes ! and may all good go with you in
the future. After all, you did not burn the book."

Readers who have noticed the heading of this article
may possibly want to know what Lady Macbeth has to
do with it. Well, I have discovered a new Lady Mac-
beth. It is one of my eccentricities to be old-fashioned
in my artistic tastes. For instance, I am fond — un-
affectedly fond — of Shakespeare's plays. I do not
mean actor-manager's editions and revivals ! I mean
the plays as Shakespeare wrote them, played straight
through line by line and scene by scene as nearly as
possible under the conditions of representation for
which they were designed. I have seen the suburban
amateurs of the Shakespeare Reading Society, seated
like Christy minstrels on the platform of the lecture
hall at the London Institution, produce, at a moderate
computation, about sixty-six times as much effect by
reading straight through " Much Ado About Noth-
ing " as Mr. Irving with his expensively mounted and
superlatively dull Lyceum version. When these same

112 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

amateurs invited me to a regular stage performance of
" Macbeth " in aid of the Siddons Memorial Fund, I
went, not for the sake of Sarah the Respectable, whose
great memory can take care of itself (how much fresher
it is, by the way, than those of many writers and
painters of her day, though no actor ever makes a
speech without complaining that he is cheated out of
the immortality every other sort of artist enjoys !), but
simply because I wanted to see " Macbeth." Mind, I
am no admirer of the Elizabethan school. When Mr.
Henry Arthur Jones, whose collected essays on the
English drama I am now engaged in reading, says:
" Surely the crowning glory of our nation is our
Shakespeare; and remember he was one of the great
school," I almost burst with the intensity of my re-
pudiation of the second clause in that utterance. What
Shakespeare got from his " school " was the insane and
hideous rhetoric which is all that he has in common
with Jonson, Webster, and the whole crew of insuffer-
able bunglers and dullards whose work stands out as
vile even at the beginning of the seventeenth century,
when every art was corrupted to the marrow by the
orgie called the Renaissance, which was nothing but
the vulgar exploitation in the artistic professions of
the territory won by the Protestant movement. The
leaders of that great self-assertion of the growing spirit
of man were dead long before the Elizabethan literary
rabble became conscious that " ideas " were in fashion,
and that any author who could gather a cheap stock
of them from murder, lust and obscenity, and formulate
them in rhetorical blank verse, might make the stage
pestiferous with plays that have no ray of noble feel-
ing, no touch of faith, beauty, or even common kind
ness in them from beginning to end. I really cannot

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 113

keep my temper over the Elizabethan dramatists and
the Renaissance; nor would I if I could. The genera-
tion which admired them equally admired the pictures
of Guido, Giulio Romano, Domenichino, and the Car-
racci; and I trust it is not nowadays necessary to
offer any further samples of its folly. A masterpiece
by Carracci — say the smirking Susanna in the Na-
tional Gallery — would not fetch seven pounds ten
at Christie's to-day; but our literary men, always
fifty years behind their time because they never look
at anything nor listen to anything, but go on working
up what they learnt in their boyhood when they read
books instead of writing them, still serve up Charles
Lamb's hobby, and please themselves by observing that
Cyril Tourneur could turn out pretty pairs of lines and
string them monotonously together, or that Greene had
a genuine groatsworth of popular wit, or that Marlowe,
who was perhaps good enough to make it possible to
believe that if he had been born thirty years ago he
might now have been a tolerable imitator of Mr. Rud-
yard Kipling, dealt in a single special quality of
" mighty line." On the strength of these discoveries,
they keep up the tradition that these men were slightly
inferior Shakespeares. Beaumont and Fletcher are, in-
deed, sometimes cited as hardly inferior; but I will not
go into that. I could not do justice to it in moderate
language.

As to this performance of " Macbeth " at St.
George's Hall, of course it was, from the ordinary pro-
fessional standpoint, a very bad one. I say this because
I well know what happens to a critic when he incau-
tiously praises an amateur. He gets by the next post a
letter in the following terms : " Dear Sir, — I am per-
haps transgressing the bounds of etiquette in writing

114 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

privately to you ; but I thought you might like to know
that your kind notice of ray performance as Guilden-
stern has encouraged me to take a step which I have
long been meditating. I have resigned my position as
Governor of the Bank of England with a view to adopt-
ing the stage as a profession, and trust that the result
may justify your too favorable opinion of my humble
powers." Therefore I desire it to be distinctly under-
stood that I do not recommend any member of the
" Macbeth " cast to go on the stage. The three
witches, Miss Florence Bourne, Miss Longvil, and Miss
Munro, were as good as any three witches I ever saw;
but the impersonation of witches, as a profession, is
almost as precarious as the provision of smoked glasses
for looking at eclipses through. Macduff was bad: I
am not sure that with his natural advantages he could
very easily have been worse; but still, if he feels him-
self driven to some artistic career by a radical aversion
to earning an honest livelihood, and is prepared for a
hard apprenticeship of twenty years in mastering the
art of the stage — for that period still holds as good as
when Talma prescribed it — he can become an actor if
he likes. As to Lady Macbeth, she, too, was bad; but
it is clear to me that unless she at once resolutely
marries some rich gentleman who disapproves of the
theatre on principle, she will not be able to keep herself
off the stage. She is as handsome as Miss Neilson ; and
she can hold an audience whilst she is doing everything
wrongly. The murder scene was not very good, because
Macbeth belonged to the school of the Irish fiddler who,
when Ole Bull asked him whether he played by ear or
from notes, replied that he played " by main strength " ;
and you cannot get the brooding horror of the dagger
scene by that method. Besides, Miss Lillah McCarthy

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 115

— that is the lady's name as given in my programme

— is happily too young to conceive ambition and mur-
der, or the temptation of a husband with a sickly con-
science, as realities : they are to her delicious excite-
ments of the imagination, with a beautiful, splendid
terror about them, to be conveyed by strenuous pose,
and flashing eye, and indomitable bearing. She went
at them bravely in this spirit; and they came off more
or less happily as her instinct and courage helped her,
or her skill failed her. The banquet scene and the sleep-
walking scene, which are the easiest passages in the
part technically to a lady with the requisite pluck and
personal fascination, were quite successful ; and if the
earlier scenes were immature, unskilful, and entirely
artificial and rhetorical in their conception, still, they
were very nearly thrilling. In short, I should like to
see Miss Lillah McCarthy play again. I venture on
the responsibility of saying that her Lady Macbeth
was a highly promising performance, and that some
years of hard work would make her a valuable recruit
to the London stage. And with that very rash remark
I will leave " Macbeth," with a fervent wish that Mr.
Pinero, Mr. Grundy, and Monsieur Sardou could be
persuaded to learn from it how to write a play without
wasting the first hour of the performance in tediously
explaining its " construction." They really are mis-
taken in supposing that Scribe was cleverer than
Shakespeare.

116 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

SARDOODLEDOM

Fedora (Herman Merivale's English version). By
Victorien Sardou. Haymarket Theatre, 25 May, 1895.
Gismonda. By Victorien Sardou. Daly's Theatre, 27
May, 1895.

UP to this day week I had preserved my innocence
as a playgoer sufficiently never to have seen
" Fedora." Of course I was not altogether new
to it, since I had seen Diplomacy Dora, and Theodora,
and La Toscadora, and other machine dolls from the
same firm. And yet the thing took me aback. To see
that curtain go up again and again only to disclose
a bewildering profusion of everything that has no busi-
ness in a play, was an experience for which nothing
could quite prepare me. The postal arrangements, tbe
telegraphic arrangements, the police arrangements, tlie
names and addresses, the hours and seasons, the tables
of consanguinity, the railway and shipping time-tables,
the arrivals and departures, the whole welter of Brad-
shaw and Baedeker, Court Guide and Post Office Direc-
tory, whirling round one incredible little stage murder
and finally vanishing in a gulp of impossible stage
poison, made up an entertainment too Bedlamite for
any man with settled wits to preconceive. Even the
murder was arranged, in pure wantonness, flatly con-
trary to common sense. The hero is suspected by the
heroine of having been a Niliilist at a period when mat-
ters were so bad in Russia that refugees who made no
secret of their sympathy with the Terrorists were sym-
pathetically welcomed by the strictest Constitutional-
ists in every* other country in Europe. He completely

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 117

regains her sympathy by proving to her that he is no
Nihilist at all, but a common assassin who has deliber-
ately murdered a man out of jealousy. Surely, if
dramatists are bent on the fundamentally impossible
task of inventing pardonable assassinations, they should
recognize that the man who, for no reward or satis-
faction to his direct personal instincts, but at the risk
of his own life, kills for the sake of an idea, believing
that he is striking in the cause of the general weal,
is at any rate more respectable than the dehumanized
creature who stabs or shoots to slake a passion which
he has in common with a stag. I strongly object to
heroic criminals, whether political or personal; but if
the stage cannot yet get on without its illustrated police
itiews, let us at least shun the most repulsive motives
for the stage crimes we are expected to condone. This
Loris Ipanoff is a vulgar scoundrel as far as he is
credibly human at all; and Fedora, who has at first
the excuse of being the avenger of blood, sinks to his
level when, on learning that her husband preferred an-
other woman to her, she gloats over his murder, and is
disappointed because Loris did not kill his wife on the
spot, too. Why need plays be so brutally, callously,
barbarously immoral as this? I wish Sir Henry Irving
would give us at least a matinee of " The Lady from
the Sea " to show the playgoing public how a humane
gentleman acts when he finds he has had the misfortune
to lose the affection of his wife. Miss Terry as Ellida
w^ould be quite as worthy of the Lyceum Theatre as
N^ance Oldfield as Miss Terry.

It is greatly to Mrs. Patrick Campbell's credit that,
bad as the play was, her acting was worse. It was a
masterpiece of failure. Not, pray observe, that Mrs.
Campbell herself did not succeed. The moment she was

118 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

seen, our reason collapsed and our judgment fled.
Every time the curtain fell there was a delirious roar.
If the play was not tragic, our infatuation was. I
solemnly warn all and sundry that no common man's
opinion of the artistic merits of that performance was
worth a farthing after the first flash of the heroine's
eyes. It was not Fedora; but it was Circe; and I, as
sworn critic, must make the best attempt I can to be
Ulysses.

It cannot, I think, be disputed now that Mrs. Camp-
bell's force, which is intense enough, has only one mode,
and that one the vituperative. This was proved at one
stroke in the first act, when Fedora goes to her hus-
band's bedside and discovers him dead. Mrs. Campbell
uttered a shriek, as any actress would; but it was a
shriek that suggested nothing of grief, or mortally
Wounded tenderness, or even horror. What it did sug-
gest very strongly was that Fedora had surprised the
secret which Loris reveals to her in the third act. In
short, it was a scream of rage. Again, in the second
act, when Loris admitted the killing of Vladimir, her
cry of " Murderer, assassin," might have been any abu-
sive term hurled at a man, appropriately or not, under
an impulse of violent anger. Last week I politely at-
tributed to Mrs. Campbell's sense of character her
catching, as Mrs. Ebbsmith, what Miss Nethersole
misses : namely, the tone of invective in " Trafalgar
Squaring " the Duke of St, Olpherts. But it now ap-
pears that her emotion declines to take any other form
than that of invective. When she is not abusing some-
body, she sits visibly concentrating her forces to re-
strain the vituperative pressure which is struggling to
expand in reckless aggression, the general effect being
that of a magnificent woman with a magnificent temper,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 119

which she holds in or lets loose with exciting uncer-
tainty. This of course means that Mrs. Campbell is
not 3^et mistress of her art, though she has a rare equip-
ment for it. Even her diction is technically defective.
In order to secure refinement of tone, she articulates
with the tip of her tongue against her front teeth as
much as possible. This enters for what it is worth and
no more into the method of every fine speaker; but it
should not suggest the snobbish Irishman who uses it
as a cheap recipe for speaking genteel English; and
once or twice Mrs. Campbell came dangerously near to
producing this mincing effect. For instance, " One ab-
sorbing thought which meeks a sleeve of me," is clearly
not the excess of a genuine refinement of diction, like
Sir Henry Irving's pure vowel method, which would
lead him to say " One ap-sorbing thot which m^ks a
sltfv of me " (the p in absorbing being a German b,
and the italic letters pronounced as in the French
fidele). I am only moderately pedantic in this matter,
and do not object at all to Mrs. Campbell's saying
" Forgimme " for " Forgive me," or the traditional and
ugly " Be 't so " for the correct and pretty " Be it
so " ; but I protest against " hatrid " and " disseived,"
which are pure inaccuracies produced by that Irish
recipe. I make no apology for going into these details ;
for stage usage is one of our few standards of diction ;
and it is rather alarming to hear the extent to which
our younger actresses are left to pick up the stage trick
of speech without in the least understanding the pho-
netic part of it.

The death scene begins like a feeble drawing-room
plagiarism of the murder of Nancy by Bill Sykes,
and ends with the Gilbertian absurdity of the woman,
as she realizes with disgust that her husband actually

120 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

proposes to commit the vulgarity of strangling her,
rising with a dignity which paralyzes him, and saying,
" Oh, if you are determined to behave in that way, I
will poison myself like a lady; and you, I hope, will
look on quietly like a gentleman," or words to that
effect. Here Mrs. Campbell did for a moment produce
the effect which Sardou has so tediously and laboriously
lath-and-plastered up, and produce it in a way which
showed unmistakably that she is quite capable of the
modern equivalents of the whole Bernhardtian range of
sensational effects — effects so enormously popular and
lucrative that, though their production is hardly more
of a fine art than lion-taming, few women who are able
for them can resist the temptation to devote their lives
to them. At every other point, Mrs. Campbell threw
Sardou out of the window and substituted her own per-
sonal magnetism for the stale mechanical tragedy of
Fedora. It was irrelevant ; but it was effective.

Sardou's latest edition of the Kiralfian entertainment
which Madame Bernhardt has for years past dragged
from sea to sea in her Armada of transports, is called
" Gismonda," and is surpassingly dreary, although it is
happily relieved four times by very long waits between
the acts. The scene being laid in the Middle Ages, there
are no newspapers, letters, or telegrams ; but this is far
from being an advantage, as the characters tell each
other the news all through except when a child is
dropped into a tiger's cage as a cue for Madame Bern-
hardt's popular scream; or when the inevitable stale,
puerile love scene is turned on to show off that " voix
celeste " stop which Madame Bernhardt, like a senti-
mental New England villager with an American organ,
keeps always pulled out ; or when, in a paroxysm of
the basest sensationalism, we are treated to the spec-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 121

tacle of Gismonda chopping a man to death with a
hatchet as a preliminary to appearing as a mediaeval
saint with a palm in her hand at the head of a religious
procession. What does it matter whether such an en-
tertainment is called Gismonda, or Theodora, or Venice,
or Constantinople, or The Orient, or Captain Boyton's
water show? Personally, I prefer the water show,
because the sixty-foot header interested me, which
Madame Bernhardt has long ceased to do ; and the
sensation of shooting the chute thrilled me, which
" Gismonda " does not. As a pageant the affair may
pass very well with people who, never having been
touched by the peculiar spiritual beauty of the art of
the Middle Ages, compare the scene-painter's titivated
imitations with the Lord Mayor's Show and the archi-
tecture of Regent Street with the originals ; but it is
no more to be compared to the pageantry of " King
Arthur " at the Lyceum than the clever but thoroughly
shoppy stage business of Madame Bernhardt is to be
compared to the acting of Miss Ellen Terry. I con-
fess I regard with a certain jealousy the extent to
which this ex-artist, having deliberately exercised her
unquestioned right to step down from the national
theatre in which she became famous to posture in a
travelling show, is still permitted the privileges and
courtesies proper to her former rank. It is open to
all actresses to say either, " Give me a dignified living
wage and let me work at my art," or " Give me as much
money and applause as can possibly be got out of me,
and let my art go hang." Only, when the choice is
made, it is the business of the critic to see that the
chooser of the lower level does not take precedence of
the devoted artist who takes the higher one, Madame
Bernhardt has elected to go round the world pretending

122 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

to kill people with hatchets and hairpins, and making,
I presume, heaps of money. I wish her every success ;
but I shall certainly not treat her as a dramatic artist
of the first rank unless she pays me well for it. As a
self-respecting critic I decline to be bought for nothing.
It seems a strange thing to me that we should still
be so little awake to the fact that in these plays which
depend wholly on poignant intensity of expression for
the simple emotions the sceptre has passed to the oper-
atic artist. What surprises me is not that this exhibi-
tion of Madame Bernhardt's should be flagrantly vul-
gar and commercial, or that it should be hackneyed and
old-fashioned, but that we should dream of going to see
it now that we have seen Calve as Carmen and La
Navarraise. In the front ranks of art there is a place
for the methods of Duse, and for the drama in which
emotion exists only to make thought live and move us,
but none for Sarah Bernhardt and the claptraps which
Sardou contrives for her. To me, at least, the whole
affair seems antiquated and ridiculous, except when I
regard it as a high modern development of the circus
and the waxworks. I have seen it, just as I have seen,
in my time, Madame Celeste in " Green Bushes " and
" The Red Woman." Though I always preferred Buck-
stone to Sardou as a tragic dramatist, and still do, I
used to think Madame Bernhardt a greater actress than
Celeste. But I almost believe now that this must have
been a delusion of the departed days when Madame
Bernhardt was so slim that when she went for a trip
in a captive balloon, it was said that her stepping into
the car had the same effect as throwing out ballast.
At all events, I am quite sure that if I had to choose
between seeing Miami and Gismonda again, I should
vote eagerly for Miami, who was at least amusing.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 123

To revert for a moment to Fedora, I hope Mrs.
Campbell will note that Sarah Bemhardt's career can-
not be repeated now — that her art is out of date and
her dramas dead. The proof is that Mrs. Campbell
cannot act Fedora, although to any actress over forty-
five Fedora is more natural than Mrs. Tanqueray. By
the way, I have forgotten to say that Mrs. Bancroft is
in the cast, and is as amusing and skilful as ever. Mr.
Tree, confronted with the impossible Loris Ipanoff, was
forced to take the part seriously, and, with the help
of a Polish make-up, try to pull it through by a
creditably awkward attempt at conventional melodra-
matic acting. Besides, Mrs. Campbell ruined his
clothes. Wherever her beautiful white arras touched
him they left their mark. She knelt at his feet and
made a perfect zebra of his left leg with bars across
it. Then she flung her arms convulsively right round
him ; and the next time he turned his back to the foot-
lights there was little to choose between his coatback
and his shirtfront. Before the act was over a gallon
of benzine would hardly have set him right again. Mr.
Tree had his revenge at the end of the play, when, in
falling on Fedora's body, he managed to transfer a
large black patch to her cheek, which was strikingly
in evidence when she bowed her acknowledgment of the
frantic applause with which the evening ended ; but he
was still so unhinged by the futility of Loris and the
ill-treatment of his garments, that when the audience
called for Mr. Bancroft he informed them that Mr.
Bancroft was prevented from coming forward by mod-
esty, but that Mrs. Bancroft — and here Mrs. Ban-
croft came forward smiling; and the audience naturally
chuckled hugely.

May I suggest that soap and water is an excellent

124 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

cosmetic for the arms, and that it does not mark
coats? Also that this whitewashing malpractice has
become an intolerable absurdity, and that there is at
least one critic who means to try whether ridicule can
kill it.

TWO PLAYS

Macaire: a melodramatic farce in three acts. By
William Ernest Henley and Robert Louis Stevenson.
In the New Review, June, 1895.

La Femme de Claude. By Alexandre Dumas jils.
Drury Lane Theatre, 5 June, 1895.

I SEE that Mr. William Henley has just published
in the New Review the version of " Robert Ma-
caire " which he made in collaboration with the
late R. L. Stevenson. I read the work myself for the
first time before the revival of the old version at the
Lyceum Theatre; and it has always struck me as a
pat illustration of the divorce of the stage from litera-
ture that we should have had, on the one hand, a famous
writer of fiction collaborating with a born master of
verse to rescue a famous old harlequinade from obso-
lescence, and, on the other, a revival of this harlequin-
ade by our leading actor managing our leading theatre;
yet that there was no thought of combining the two
opportunities, the revival at the theatre proceeding con-
tentedly with the old cheap and common dialogue, writ-
ten originally with the idea that the play was a serious
blood-and-thunder melodrama, whilst the new version
circulated quietly in private as a booklet, and finally
appears as a magazine contribution. It is a pity that

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 125

Mr. Henley could not very well print the old version
in his Review side by side with the new, in order to
show, not only that the old is quite unreadable, and
the new so wittily and whimsically turned that every
phrase tickles, but that even the stage technique of the
new is hugely superior to that of the old. Instead of
two elaborate scenes, causing a long interval which a
harlequinade will not bear, and entailing extra labor and
expense, there is one scene all through, enabling the cur-
tain to be dropped for a moment to point the situations
and express conventionally the change from morning
to bedtime, and from bedtime to murder-time, without
perceptibly breaking the continuity of the extrava-
ganza. The incongruous relics of the original folly of
the author are swept away, and the whole brought into
the vein of the fantastic variation by which Lemaitre
rescued the theme from obscurity. The effective situa-
tions are preserved and improved; Macaire retains all
his old business except the creaking snuff-box, in ex-
change for which he acquires an epigrammatic philos-
ophy expressed in lines which a distinguished actor need
not be ashamed to speak ; the ridiculous long-lost wife
disappears ; the gendarme and the innkeeper become
amusing; the murder has the true touch of nightmare:
in short, the two " literary men " have beaten the
bungling stage " author " at his own craft in every
point; outwritten him, outwitted him, outstaged him,
and erased him from all future possibility in the eyes
of every person of ordinary culture and intelligence
who makes the comparison. And yet I have a grim
conviction that actors will feel a mysterious " suit-
ability to the stage " in the old version which is missing
in the new. This divination of mine is not due to my
unaided insight and sympathy, but to the fact that my

126 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

education as a critic has not been confined to West
End theatres. I remember finding myself one evening
in the Whitechapel Road with a company of active-
minded people, including two well-known ladies of dis-
tinguished attainments in oratory and poetry, and a
few gentlemen addicted, like myself, to art, literature,
and politics. Presently we came upon a specimen of
the humblest sort of theatre — a " penny gaff " ; and
as none of us had ever been in one, and we were all
intelligent enough to desire to see the drama of to-day
with its adventitious trappings stripped off, we went in,
raising the receipts at the box-office (so to speak) to
such an extent that the performance, which had been
" just going to begin " for half an hour or so, actually
did begin. First, however, the leading lady, who divided
her attention between the stage and her baby, which
was tucked into the box-seat of the orchestra (an old-
fashioned street organ placed close to the door), re-
sponded to a certain kindly interest on the part of our
poetess in the baby by asking her to warn " her gentle-
man " to cover up his watch chain, as many of the
other gentlemen were " very forgetful." The drama
proved intolerable, except so far as it was complicated
by an optical illusion of the Pepper's Ghost order,
turned on and off at random or at the caprice of a
prompter who was no doubt drunk ; so, as insect life
abounded in the auditorium, we did not wait for the
end. But in the fifteen minutes we spent in that gaff,
I saw the origin of all the associations which the old
actor still misses in the literary man. The conception
of theatrical art as the exploitation of popular super-
stition and ignorance, as the thrilling of poor bumpkins
with ghosts and blood, exciting them with blows and
stabs, duping them with tawdry affectations of rank

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 127

and rhetoric, thriving parasitically on their moral
diseases instead of purging their souls and refining their
senses : this is the tradition that the theatre finds it so
hard to get away from. This is why you have one
version of " Macaire " in the New Review and the
other at the Lyceum — why an artist of the rank of
Coquelin informs his interviewers that there is no author
who understands the stage like the author of " La
Tosca " — why an actor so highly respected as Mr.
Hare produced that genteel edition of the Whitechapel
Road drama at the Garrick Theatre without the least
scruple — why, too, so many fairly intelligent and rea-
sonable people regard a visit to the theatre as an
offence against morality, and o.thers, who go to the
theatre themselves, do not consider that a clergyman
can fitly be seen there.

" Macaire," then, looked at in this light, immedi-
ately betrays innumerable deficiencies. The authors
have brought a policeman on the stage without any
sense of the audience's fear of a policeman and dreadful
joy in seeing some one else arrested; they have intro-
duced a nobleman without allowing his rank to strike
at our servility or his gold at our envy; they have,
with the insensibility of men who have never been hun-
gry, brought wine and choice dishes on the stage with-
out knowing their value when flourished properly in the
faces of needy men; they have passed unconsciously
over the " love " interest, forgetting that half the popu-
lar use of the boards is as a pedestal on which to set a
well-painted, well-dressed woman in a strong light, to
please the man who is tired of the mother of sorrows
and drudgery at home; and they have put murder on
the stage without calculating on the fact that murder
is only a forbidden joy to people who know no other

128 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

reasons than the gallows and the sixth commandment
for not killing those whom they hate or whose property
they covet. When the manager says of a play, " It is
not suited to the stage," and the critic who has been
long enough at his profession to pick up the managerial
point of view follows with his " Ce li'est pas du
theatre "; that is fundamentally what they both mean,
though superficially the matter may have a very dif-
ferent air. And it is because Stevenson and Mr. Henley
substituted for the low cunning and the cynical ex-
perience which makes effective melodramas out of such
calculations, the higher qualities of wit, imagination,
romance, and humor, applied with a literary workman-
ship which is at once curiously skilful and carelessly
happy, that even the Lyceum Theatre dared not rise
to their level.

Now that the collaboration of the authors of " Ma-
caire " is broken up by the death of Stevenson, who
must, I think, be admitted to have gone on without the
managers rather better than the managers have gone
on without him, one wonders whether Mr. Henley will
carry on the business alone. The charm of the pair
was their combination of artistic faculty with a pleas-
ant boyishness of imagination. Stevenson, always the
older of the twain, showed signs of growing up, and
could even, when kept to the point by the collaboration
of his stepson, produce stories that were not obviously
the penny numbers of our boyhood rewritten by a fine
hand. But Mr. Henley defies the ravages of time.
That amusing mixture of pedantry and hero-worship
which marks the schoolboy's cult of athletics survives
unabated and unenlightened in Mr. Henley's cult of
literature. He delights in puerile novels about prize-
fighters, like " Cashel Byron's Profession " ; he has

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 129

Imagination without sense ; he not only adores his liter-
ary and artistic heroes, but is violently jealous for their
sakes of the reputations of all the others ; his attitudes
are reverently traditional ; experience means to him the
works of fiction he has read; at every turn of his pen
he shows that cardinal quality of youth, its incapacity
for apprehending life at first hand as distinguished
from appreciating its presentations and formulations in
art and social or scientific theory. And yet he has the
romantic imagination and the fine gift of poetic speech
which only need some concrete subject-matter — for
really plays cannot, like poems or even articles, be made
out of purely abstract indignation, scorn, defiance, and
so on — to provide " Macaire," " Admiral Guinea,"
and the rest with more than worthy successors.

The appearance of Duse at Drury Lane on Wednes-
day in " La Femme de Claude," is too recent for my
judgment to have recovered from the emotional dis-
turbance produced by such an appeal as she made to
my passion for very fine acting. The furthest extremes
of Duse's range as an artist must always, even in this
greatest art centre in the world, remain a secret be-
tween herself and a few fine observers. I should say
without qualification that it is the best modern acting
I have ever seen, were it not that the phrase suggests
a larger experience of first-rate acting in this depart-
ment than I possess. I have only seen Salvini and Ris-
tori in their historic-heroic parts, or in Shakespeare;
and my experience of Coquelin is limited to Moliere
and such plays of our own day as " Les Surprises de
Divorce." The work of these three great artists seemed
to me (humanly speaking) quite thorough and perfect
in its application to their conception of the parts they
played; and their conception was, for the most part,

130 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

adequate, and more than adequate, to the culture of
their generation. But their incubatory period was the
period before the theatre had advanced to the point
at which Wagner and Ibsen became its master spirits.
Duse is the first actress whom we have seen applying
the method of the great school to characteristically
modern parts or to characteristically modern concep-
tions of old parts. Her style is not, to the attentive
observer of the stage, entirely new: nothing arrives at
such perfection without many tentative approaches to
it. I remember, years ago, when " The Lady of
Lyons " was first produced at the Lyceum, being struck
with two things about it: first, the fact that Henry
Irving, after much striving and, if I may be allowed
the expression, not a little floundering, had at last dis-
covered the method of heroic acting; and, second, that
in the scene where Claude brings Pauline home after
their wedding. Miss Ellen Terry, by a number of deli-
cate touches, slipped into the scene a play of subtle
emotion quite foreign to its traditions, with such effect
that I can conjure up those moments perfectly to this
day, though my utmost effort of memory cannot bring
back the very faintest adumbration of any other scene
in Pauline's part, which was as useless as material for
Miss Terry's peculiar genius as most of those twenty-
three Lyceum heroines — Catherine Duval in " A Dead
Heart," and so forth — of which Mr. Clement Scott
has made a list for my benefit, evidently to make me
cry afresh over the wicked waste of so rare a talent.
Of course the twenty-three parts are not all bad parts
as parts are reckoned conventionally; and equally of
course Miss Terry has not exactly played any of them
badly. But neither is Shakespeare's Cleopatra a bad
part; and neither did Duse exactly play it badly.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 131

Yet who on earth would know that Duse was a great
actress if he had never seen her play anything but
Cleopatra? And who on earth will ever know what
Miss Terry can do if we are never to see her except
in plays that date, in feeling if not in actual compo-
sition, from the dark ages before the Married Women's
Property Act? I can only guess at her powers myself
from my recollections of the old Court Theatre, and
the little interpolations in the Lyceum parts by which
her genius so often instinctively thrusts through the
old play to the new style, only, of course, to be beaten
back by the giving out of the material. Still, just in
these thrustings you could see Duse's style coming.
Long after the " Lady of Lyons " came Miss Janet
Achurch, whose playing as Alexandria, in Voss's play,
came nearer to Duse's work in subtlety, continuity and
variety of detail, and in beauty of execution, than any-
thing I have seen on the English stage. But Duse has
been helped to her supremacy by the fortunate stern-
ness of Nature in giving her nothing but her genius.
Miss Ellen Terry is a woman of quite peculiar and irre-
sistible personal charm. Miss Achurch has been kept
in constant danger of missing the highest distinction in
her art by having, as an extra and cheaper string to
her bow, an endowment of conventional good looks, and
a large share of that power of expressing all the com-
mon emotions with extraordinary intensity which makes
the vulgar great actress of the Bernhardt school. Con-
sequently you have two Miss Achurches: the Miss
Achurch of Nora and Alexandra, and the Miss Achurch
of Adrienne and Forget-me-not; and there are mo-
ments when the two get mixed. But in Duse you
necessarily get the great school in its perfect integrity,
because Duse without her genius would be a plain little

132 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

woman of no use to any manager, whereas Miss Terry
or Miss Achurch, if they had no more skill than can
be acquired by any person of ordinary capacity in the
course of a few years' experience, would always find a
certain degree of favor as pretty leading ladies. Duse,
mith her genius, is so fascinating that it is positively
difficult to attend to the play instead of attending
wholly to her. The extraordinary richness of her are
can only be understood by those who have studied the
process by which an actress is built up. You offer a
part to a young lady who is an enthusiastic beginner.
She reads it devoutly, and forms, say, half a dozen
great ideas as to points which she will make. The diffi-
culty then is to induce her to do nothing between these
points ; so that the play may be allowed at such mo-
ments to play itself. Probably when it comes to the
point, these intervals will prove the only effective
periods during her performance, the points being ill
chosen or awkwardly executed. The majority of ac-
tresses never get beyond learning not to invent new
points for themselves, but rather to pick out in their
parts the passages which admit of certain well worn
and tried old points being reapplied. When they have
learnt to make these points smoothly and to keep quiet
between whiles with a graceful air of having good rea-
sons for doing nothing, they are finished actresses.
The great actress has a harder struggle. She goes on
inventing her points and her business determinedly, con-
stantly increasing the original half-dozen, and con-
stantly executing them with greater force and smooth-
ness. A time comes when she is always making points,
and making them well; and this is the finishing point
with some actresses. But with tlie greatest artists
there soon commences an integration of the points into

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 133

a continuous whole, at which stage the actress appears
to make no points at all, and to proceed in the most
unstudied and " natural " way. This rare consumma-
tion Duse has reached. An attentive study of her
Marguerite Gauthier, for instance, by a highly trained
observer of such things, will bring to light how its
apparently simple strokes are combinations of a whole
series of strokes, separately conceived originally, and
added one by one to the part, until finally, after many
years of evolution, they have integrated into one single
highly complex stroke. Take, as a very simple illus-
tration, the business of Camille's tying up the flowers
in the third act. It seems the most natural thing in
the world; but it is really the final development of a
highly evolved dance with the arms — even, when you
watch it consciously, a rather prolonged and elaborate
one. The strokes of character have grown up in just
the same way. And this is the secret of the extraor-
dinary interest of such acting. There are years of
work, bodily and mental, behind every instant of it —
work, mind, not mere practice and habit, which is quite
a different thing. It is the rarity of the gigantic
energy needed to sustain this work which makes Duse
so exceptional; for the work is in her case highly in-
tellectual work, and so requires energy of a quality
altogether superior to the mere head of steam needed
to produce Bernhardtian explosions with the requisite
regularity. With such high energy, mere personal
fascination becomes a thing which the actress can put
off and on like a garment. Sarah Bernhardt has noth-
ing but her own charm, for the exhibition of which
Sardou contrives love scenes — save the mark. Duse's
own private charm has not yet been given to the public.
She gives you Cesarine's charm. Marguerite Gauthier's

134 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

charm, the charm of La Locandiera, the charm, In
short, belonging to the character she impersonates;
and you are enthralled by its reality and delighted by
the magical skill of the artist without for a moment
feeling any complicity either on your own part or hers
in the passion represented. And with that clue to the
consistency of supreme admiration for the artist with
perfect respect for the woman — a combination so rare
that some people doubt its possibility — I must leave
discussion of the plays she has appeared in this week
to my next article.

DUSE AND BERNHARDT

15 June, 1895.

MR. WILLIAM ARCHER'S defence of the dra-
matic critics against Mr. Street's indictment
of them for their indifference to acting appears
to be falling through. Mr. Archer pleads that whereas
Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt had frequent opportunities of
comparing ambitious actors in famous parts, the mod-
ern dramatic critic spends his life in contemplating
" good acting plays " without any real people in them,
and performers who do not create or interpret char-
acters, but simply lend their pretty or popular persons,
for a consideration, to fill up the parts. Mr. Archer
might have added another reason which applies to
nearly all modern works: to wit, the operation of our
copyright laws, whereby actors and actresses acquire
the right not only to perform new plays but to prevent
any one else from performing them. Nevertheless we

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 135

critics can now at last outdo Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt
if we have a mind to; for we have just had two Mrs.
Ebbsmiths to compare, besides a fourth Fedora, and
Duse and Sarah Bernhardt playing " La Dame aux
Camellias " and Sudermann's " Heimat " against one
another at Daly's Theatre and at Drury Lane. Clearly
now or never is the time for triumphant refutation of
the grievance of the English actor against the English
Press: namely, that hardly any critic knows enough
about acting to be able to distinguish between an
effective part and a well played one, or between the
bag of tricks which every old hand carries and the
stock of ideas and sense of character which distinguish
the master-actor from the mere handy man.

This week began with the relapse of Sarah Bern-
hardt into her old profession of serious actress. She
played Magda in Sudermann's " Heimat," and was
promptly challenged by Duse in the same part at Drury
Iiane on Wednesday. The contrast between the two
Magdas is as extreme as any contrast could possibly
be between artists who have finished their twenty years*
apprenticeship to the same profession under closely
similar conditions. Madame Bernhardt has the charm
of a jolly maturity, rather spoilt and petulant, per-
haps, but always ready with a sunshine-through-the-
clouds smile if only she is made much of. Her dresses
and diamonds, if not exactly splendid, are at least
splendacious ; her figure, far too scantily upholstered
in the old days, is at its best; and her complexion
shows that she has not studied modern art in vain.
Those charming roseate effects which French painters
produce by giving flesh the pretty color of strawberries
and cream, and painting the shadows pink and crim-
son, are cunningly reproduced by Madame Bernhardt

136 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

in the living picture. She paints her ears crimson and
allows them to peep enchantingly through a few loose
braids of her auburn hair. Every dimple has its dab
of pink; and her finger-tips are so delicately incarna-
dined that you fancy they are transparent like her
ears, and that the light is shining through their delicate
blood-vessels. Her lips are like a newly painted pillar
box; her cheeks, right up to the languid lashes, have
the bloom and surface of a peach ; she is beautiful with
the beauty of her school, and entirely inhuman and
increditable. But the incredibility is pardonable, be-
cause, though it is all the greatest nonsense, nobody
believing in it, the actress herself least of all, it is so
artful, so clever, so well recognized a part of the busi-
ness, and carried off with such a genial air, that it is
impossible not to accept it with good-humor. One
feels, when the heroine bursts on the scene, a dazzling
vision of beauty, that instead of imposing on you, she
adds to her own piquancy by looking you straight in
the face, and saying, in effect : " Now who would ever
suppose that I am a grandmother.'' " That, of course,
is irresistible ; and one is not sorry to have been coaxed
to relax one's notions of the dignity of art when she
gets to serious business and shows how ably she does
her work. The coaxing suits well with the childishly
egotistical character of her acting, which is not the
art of making you think more highly or feel more
deeply, but the art of making you admire her, pity
her, champion her, weep with her, laugh at her jokes,
follow her fortunes breathlessly, and applaud her wildly
when the curtain falls. It is the art of finding out all
your weaknesses and practising on them — cajoling
you, harrowing you, exciting you — on the whole, fool-
ing you. And it is always Sarah Bernhardt in her own

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 137

capacity who does this to you. The dress, the title
of the play, the order of the words may vary; but
the woman is always the same. She does not enter into
the leading character ; she substitutes herself for it.

All this is precisely what does not happen in the
case of Duse, whose every part is a separate creation.
When she comes on the stage, you are quite welcome
to take your opera-glass and count whatever lines time
and care have so far traced on her. They are the
credentials of her humanity ; and she knows better than
to obliterate that significant handwriting beneath a
layer of peach-bloom from the chemist's. The shadows
on her face are gray, not crimson; her lips are some-
times nearly gray also ; there are neither dabs nor dim-
ples ; her charm could never be imitated by a barmaid
with unlimited pin money and a row of footlights be-
fore her instead of the handles of a beer-engine. The
result is not so discouraging as the patrons of the bar
might suppose. Wilkes, who squinted atrociously,
boasted that he was only quarter of an hour behind
the handsomest man in Europe: Duse is not in action
five minutes before she is quarter of a century ahead
of the handsomest woman in the world. I grant that
Sarah's elaborate Monna Lisa smile, with the conscious
droop of the eyelashes and the long carmined lips coyly
disclosing the brilliant row of teeth, is effective of its
kind — that it not only appeals to your susceptibili-
ties, but positively jogs them. And it lasts quite a
minute, sometimes longer. But Duse, with a tremor
of the lip which you feel rather than see, and which
lasts half an instant, touches you straight on the very
heart; and there is not a line in the face, or a cold
tone in the gray shadow that does not give poignancy
to that tremor. As to youth and age, who can associ-

138 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ate purity and delicacy of emotion, and simplicity of
expression, with the sordid craft that repels us in age;
or voluptuous appeal and egotistical self-insistence with
the candor and generosity that attract us in youth?
Who ever thinks of Potiphar's wife as a young woman,
or St. Elizabeth of Hungary as an old one? These
associations are horribly unjust to age, and undeserved
by youth: they belong of right to differences of char-
acter, not of years; but they rule our imaginations;
and the great artist profits by them to appear eter-
nally young. However, it would be a critical blunder
as well as a personal folly on my part to suggest that
Duse, any more than Sarah Bernhardt, neglects any
art that could heighten the effect of her acting when
she is impersonating young and pretty women. The
truth is that in the art of being beautiful, Madame
Bernhardt is a child beside her. The French artist's
stock of attitudes and facial effects could be catalogued
as easily as her stock of dramatic ideas: the counting
would hardly go beyond the fingers of both hands.
Duse produces the illusion of being infinite in variety
of beautiful pose and motion. Every idea, every shade
of thought and mood, expresses itself delicately but
vividly to the eye; and yet, in an apparent million of
changes and inflections, it is impossible to catch any line
of an awkward angle, or any strain interfering with
the perfect abandonment of all the limbs to what ap-
pears to be their natural gravitation towards the finest
grace. She is ambidextrous and supple, like a gym-
nast or a panther; only the multitude of ideas which
find physical expression in her movements are all of
that high quality which marks off humanity from the
animals, and, I fear I must add, from a good many
gymnasts. When it is remembered that the majority

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 189

of tragic actors excel only in explosions of those pas-
sions which are common to man and brute, there will
be no difficulty in understanding the indescribable dis-
tinction which Duse's acting acquires from the fact
that behind every stroke of it is a distinctively human
idea. In nothing is this more apparent than in the
vigilance in her of that high human instinct which
seeks to awaken the deepest responsive feeling without
giving pain. In " La Dame aux Camellias," for in-
stance, it is easy for an intense actress to harrow us
with her sorrows and paroxysms of phthisis, leaving
us with a liberal pennyworth of sensation, not funda-
mentally distinguishable from that offered by a public
execution, or any other evil in which we still take a
hideous delight. As different from this as light from
darkness is the method of the actress who shows us how
human sorrow can express itself only in its appeal for
the sympathy it needs, whilst striving by strong endur-
ance to shield others from the infection of its torment.
That is the charm of Duse's interpretation of the stage
poem of Marguerite Gauthier. It is unspeakably touch-
ing because it is exquisitely considerate: that is, ex-
quisitely sympathetic. No physical charm is noble as
well as beautiful unless it is the expression of a moral
charm; and it is because Duse's range includes these
moral high notes, if I may so express myself, that her
compass, extending from the depths of a mere preda-
tory creature like Claude's wife up to Marguerite
Gauthier at her kindest or Magda at her bravest, so
immeasurably dwarfs the poor little octave and a half
on which Sarah Bernhardt plays such pretty canzonets
and stirring marches.

Obvious as the disparity of the two famous artists
has been to many of us since we first saw Duse, I doubt

140 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

whether any of us realized, after Madame Bemhardt's
very clever performance as Magda on Monday night,
that there was room in the nature of things for its
annihilation within forty-eight hours by so compara-
tively quiet a talent as Duse's. And yet annihilation
is the only word for it. Sarah was very charming,
very jolly when the sun shone, very petulant when the
clouds covered it, and positively angry when they
wanted to take her child away from her. And she did
not trouble us with any fuss about the main theme of
Sudermann's play, the revolt of the modern woman
against that ideal of home which exacts the sacrifice of
her whole life to its care, not by her grace, and as its
own sole help and refuge, but as a right which it has
to the services of the females as abject slaves. In fact,
there is not the slightest reason to suspect Madame
Bernhardt of having discovered any such theme in the
play; though Duse, with one look at Schwartze, the
father, nailed it to the stage as the subject of the
impending dramatic struggle before she had been five
minutes on the scene. Before long, there came a stroke
of acting which will probably never be forgotten by
those who saw it, and which explained at once why
those artifices of the dressing-table which help Madame
Bernhardt would hinder Duse almost as much as a
screen placed in front of her. I should explain, first,
that the real name of the play is not " Magda " but
" Home." Magda is a daughter who has been turned
out of doors for defying her father, one of those
outrageous persons who mistake their desire to have
everything their own way in the house for a sacred
principle of home life. She has a hard time of it, but
at last makes a success as an opera singer, though not
until her lonely struggles have thrown her for sym-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 141

pathy on a fellow student, who in due time goes his
way, and leaves her to face motherhood as best she
can. In the fulness of her fame she returns to her
native town, and in an attack of homesickness makes
advances to her father, who consents to receive her
again. No sooner is she installed in the house than
she finds that one of the most intimate friends of the
family is the father of her child. In the third act of
the play she is on the stage when he is announced as
a visitor. It must be admitted that Sarah Bernhardt
played this scene very lightly and pleasantly: there
was genuine good fellowship in the way in which she
reassured the embarrassed gallant and made him under-
stand that she was not going to play off the sorrows
of Gretchen on him after all those years, and that she
felt that she owed him the priceless experience of ma-
ternity, even if she did not particularly respect him for
it. Her self-possession at this point was immense: the
peach-bloom never altered by a shade. Not so with
Duse. The moment she read the card handed her by
the servant, you realized what it was to have to face
a meeting with the man. It was interesting to watch
how she got through it when he came in, and how, on
the whole, she got through it pretty well. He paid his
compliments and offered his flowers; they sat down;
and she evidently felt that she had got it safely over
and might allow herself to think at her ease, and to
look at him to see how much he had altered. Then a
terrible thing happened to her. She began to blush;
and in another moment she was conscious of it, and
the blush was slowly spreading and deepening until,
after a few vain efforts to avert her face or to obstruct
his view of it without seeming to do so, she gave up and
hid the blush in her hands. After that feat of acting

142 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

I did not need to be told why Duse does not paint an
inch thick. I could detect no trick in it: it seemed
to me a perfectly genuine effect of the dramatic imagi-
nation. In the third act of " La Dame aux Camellias,"
where she produces a touching effect by throwing her-
self down, and presently rises with her face changed
and flushed with weeping, the flush is secured by the
preliminary plunge to a stooping attitude, imagination
or no imagination ; but Magda's blush did not admit of
that explanation ; and I must confess to an intense
professional curiosity as to whether it always comes
spontaneously.

I shall make no attempt to describe the rest of that
unforgettable act. To say that it left the house not
only frantically applauding, but actually roaring, is to
say nothing; for had we not applauded Sarah as
Gismonda and roared at Mrs. Patrick Campbell as
Fedora? But there really was something to roar at
this time. There was a real play, and an actress who
understood the author and was a greater artist than he.
And for me, at least, there was a confirmation of my
sometimes flagging faith that a dramatic critic is really
the servant of a high art, and not a mere advertiser of
entertainments of questionable respectability of motive.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 143

LA PRINCESSE LOINTAINE

La Princesse Lointaine. By Edmond Rostand. Daly's
Theatre, 17 June, 1895.

THE romance of chivalry has its good points ; but
it always dies of the Unwomanly Woman. And
M. Rostand's " Princess Far Away " will die of
Melissinde. A first act in which the men do nothing
but describe their hysterical visions of a wonderful
goddess-princess whom they have never seen is bad
enough; but it is pardonable, because men do make
fools of themselves about women, sometimes in an in-
teresting and poetic fashion. But when the woman
appears and plays up to the height of their folly, inton-
ing her speeches to an accompaniment of harps and
horns, distributing lilies and languors to pilgrims, and
roses and raptures to troubadours, always in the char-
acter which their ravings have ascribed to her, what
can one feel except that an excellent opportunity for
a good comedy is being thrown away? If Melissinde
would only eat something, or speak in prose, or only
swear in it, or do anything human — were it even smok-
ing a cigarette — to bring these silly Argonauts to
their senses for a moment, one could forgive her. But
she remains an unredeemed humbug from one end of
the play to the other; and when, at the climax of one
of her most deliberately piled-up theatrical entrances,
a poor green mariner exclaims, with open-mouthed awe,
" The Blessed Virgin ! " it sends a twinge of frightful
blasphemous irony down one's spine. Having felt that,
I now understand better than before why the Dulcinea
episodes in " Don Quixote " are so coarse in compari-

144 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

son to the rest of the book. Cervantes had been driven
into reactionary savagery by too much Melissinde.

It is a pity that the part of M. Rostand's play which
deals with the shipful of enthusiasts did not get over
the footlights better; for it is touched here and there
with a certain modern freedom of spirit, and has some
grace, youth, and imagination in it. But it lacks the
force which comes from wisdom and originality. The
prettiest descriptions of Melissinde are spoiled by the
reflection — inevitable in an audience saturated with
the Bernhardt tradition — that they are only leading
up to the entrance of the star. Besides, they are in the
verse of a rhythmless language. I know that many
English people declare that they appreciate this verse ;
and I know also that they sometimes follow up their
declaration by asking you whether you pronounce
Fedora as Fay'dera or Fido'ra, a question which no
Frenchman could even understand. But to me French
verse is simply not verse at all. I know it as a blind
man knows color: that is, by the current explanations
of it. When I read Alexandrines, I cook them, in spite
of myself, so as to make them scan like the last line of
a stanza in " Childe Harold " : for instance, if I may
illustrate by combining Rostand and Byron :

" Te voyant accoutre d'une maniere telle.
He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell,
Pour porter monseigneur vers sa Dame Lointaine
And fertilize the field that each pretends to gain."

This, I know, is deplorable; but it would be useless
for me to attempt to conceal my hopeless deficiencies
as a linguist. I am very sorry; but I cannot learn
languages. I have tried hard, only to find that men
of ordinary capacity can learn Sanscrit in less time

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 145

than it takes me to buy a German dictionary. The
worst of it is that this disability of mine seems to be
most humiliatingly exceptional. My colleagues sit at
French plays, German plays, and Italian plays, laugh-
ing at all the jokes, thrilling with all the fine sentiments,
and obviously understanding the finest shades of the
language ; whilst I, unless I have read the play before-
hand, or asked somebody during the interval what it is
about, must either struggle with a sixpenny " synop-
sis " which invariably misses the real point of the
drama, or else sit with a guilty conscience and a blank
countenance, drawing the most extravagantly wrong
inferences from the dumb show of the piece. The tor-
ture of this can only be adequately apprehended when
it is considered that in ordinary novels, or plays, or
conversations, the majority of sentences have no defi-
nite meaning at all; and that an energetic intellectual
effort to grapple with them, such as one makes in try-
ing to understand a foreign language, would at once
discover their inconclusiveness, inaccuracy, and empti-
ness. When I listen to an English play I am not
troubled by not understanding when there is nothing
to understand, because I understand at once that there
is nothing to understand. But at a foreign play I do
not understand this; and every sentence that means
nothing in particular — say five out of six in the slacker
moments of the action — seems to me to be a sentence
of which I have missed the meaning through my un-
happy and disgraceful ignorance of the language.
Hence torments of shame and inefficiency, the betrayal
of which would destroy my reputation as a critic at
one blow. Of course I have a phrase or two ready
at the end of my tongue to conceal my ignorance.
My command of operatic Italian is almost copious, as

146 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

might be expected from my experience as a musical
critic. I can make love in Italian; I could challenge
a foe to a duel in Italian if I were not afraid of him;
and if I swallowed some agonizing mineral poison, I
could describe my sensations very eloquently. And I
could manage a prayer pretty well. But these accom-
plishments are too special for modern comedy and ordi-
nary conversation. As to French, I can neither speak
it nor understand it when spoken without an impracti-
cably long interval for reflection; and I am, besides,
subject to a curious propensity, when addressed by
Italian or French people, to reply in fluent German,
though on all other occasions that language utterly
baffles me. On the whole, I come off best at the theatre
in such a case as that of " Magda," where I began
by reading the synopsis, then picked up a little of the
play in French at Daly's Theatre, then a little more in
Italian at Drury Lane, then a little more in German
from the book, and finally looked at Duse and was
illuminated beyond all the powers of all the books and
languages on earth.

I may now return to M. Rostand's play with an easy
conscience, since I have made it plain that my sense
that its versification is a drawback to it may be the
eff'ect of pure ignorance on my part. Certainly it made
it verbose, and destroyed the illusion of the seafaring
scenes by setting all the sailors monotonously bawling
their phrases like street cries, in the manner of M.
Mounet Sully and the Comedie Fran9aise, though of
course they stopped short of the worst declamatory
horrors of that institution. And in some subtle way, it
led on the two troubadours, Joffroy Rudel and Ber-
trand d'Allamanon, to make themselves ridiculous.
About Jofl'roy (M. de Max) there was no mistake

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 147

from the very beginning. As he lay moribund on his
litter, his large dark eyes were fixed in profound pity
for himself; and his lips were wreathed in a smile of
ineffable complacency at the thought of how well his
eyes looked. He smiled all poor M. Rostand's poetry
overboard within a minute of his entrance; and it
then became a question whether Bertrand (M. Guitry)
could raise it from the depths in the second and third
acts, in which Joffroy does not appear. But though
M. Guitry did not smile at all, being, in fact, as serious
a man as any poet could desire, the audience laughed
outright at Bertrand. In vain did Madame Bernhardt
work up his entrance by tearing off her white sleeves
and throwing them out of the window to him, enjoin-
ing him to redden them in the gore of the gigantic
green knight. In vain did he dash in spinning with
the impetus of his charge, whirling his falchion in the
air, and bearing on his brow a gash which suggested
that the green knight, before succumbing, had sliced
the top off his head like the lid of a saucepan. The
audience only laughed. They laughed again when he
fainted; they shrieked when Sorismonde (the inevitable
confidante) said "He is better"; and they might
have ended by laughing the piece off the stage had
he not reminded Melissinde that she had no sleeves on,
whereupon she became conscious of herself, and a blush-
ing silence fell on the house. It was really not M.
Guitry's fault : for the life of me I cannot see what he
could have done other than what he did; but I cannot
pretend that I take a very severe view of the bad man-
ners of the audience in laughing. However, his en-
trance, like several of the exciting events on the ship
in the first act, might have been better stage-managed.
The great modem master of such effects is Richard

148 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Wagner, with regard to whom the French nation is still
in a comparatively benighted condition. The stage
manager who wishes to work up the arrival of a cham-
pion or the sighting of land from a ship had better go
to Bayreuth and watch the first acts of " Lohengrin "
and " Tristan," unless he is content to run the risk of
making modern audiences laugh. But I do not think
very much could be done with M. Rostand's scene lead-
ing up to Bertrand's arrival in any case. Melissinde
and Sorismonde describing the attack from the window
— " Oh, quel superbe elan ! " and so on — is not to be
compared either to Rebecca describing the onslaught
of the black knight to Ivanhoe, or Klingsor's running
commentary to Kundry on the havoc made by Parsifal
among the knights of the flower maidens.

As to Madame Bernhardt's own performance, it is
not humanly possible for an actress to do very much
with a play in which, when the other characters are
not describing what a peerlessly beautiful and won-
derful creature she is, she is herself on the stage ac-
cepting that ridiculous position. But the moment
Madame Bernhardt entered one very welcome reform
was evident. The elaborate make-up which I took the
liberty of describing in some detail in my last article,
and which made Gismonda and Magda so impossibly
like goddesses in a Tiepolesque ceiling, had all but dis-
appeared. Melissinde had a face, not a stucco mask:
she was a real woman, not a hairdresser's shop-window
image. And what an improvement it was ! How
Madame Bernhardt can ever have supposed that her
face is less interesting or attractive than the com-
plexion which she carries in her dressing-bag, or that
she has anything to gain by trying to make herself
look like the silliest sort of lady of fashion, would be

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 149

a mystery to me if it were not only too evident that she
no longer brings to her art the immense pressure of
thought and labor which earns for the greatest artists
that rarest of all faiths, faith in their real selves. She
looked much better; but there was very little thought,
very little work, and consequently very little interest
in her performance. Fortunately for her, she still has
exceptional nervous power ; and she has not altogether
forgotten those situations in her old parts which re-
peat themselves with more or less inessential modifica-
tion in her new ones. This, to so clever a woman, with
such a reputation, is enough to enable her to play the
great actress still. But it should not satisfy London
criticism. Take, for example, the end of the third act
of this " Princesse Lointaine," which she selects as her
opportunity for one of those displays of vehemence
which are expected from her as part of the conventional
Bernhardt exhibition. It is pure rant and nothing else.
When once she begins to tear through her lines at the
utmost pitch and power of her voice, she shows no fur-
ther sense of what she is saying, and is unable to re-
cover herself when, in the final speech, the feeling
changes. As her physical endurance threatens to fail
she tears along the faster, and finally rushes off the
stage in a forced frenzy. I do not deny that there is
something very exciting in a blind whirlwind of roar-
ing energy. I have seen a working-class audience
spring to their feet and cheer madly for three minutes
at it. But then the artist was Mr. John Burns, who
can give Madame Bernhardt a start of several miles
at that particular sort of effect, and beat her easily.
And I am bound to say, in justice to Mr. Burns, that
I have never seen him bring down the curtain in this
fashion until the play was really over, or substitute the

150 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

peroration for the business part of the speech, whereas
Madame Bernhardt does deliberately substitute rant
for the business of the play. Again, Mr. Burns does
it to amuse an election meeting of workingmen who
are tired of sitting still: he does not offer it as serious
political oratory in the House of Commons. I need
hardly say that it is not the sort of effect that im-
proves as the artist grows older, since it can only be
produced by sustained physical violence. It is quite
different from those effects which great players produce
at a dramatic climax by working up the scene, through
sheer force of acting, to the pitch at which, when the
crucial moment comes, the effect makes itself, the
artist's work being then over, though the audience is
persuaded that some stupendous magnetic explosion
has taken place. No doubt some of my readers have
witnessed that scene in which Queen Elizabeth and her
court seemed to vanish miraculously from the stage,
apparently swept into nothingness when Ristori let
loose her wrath as Marie Stuart ; or they may have seen
the same effect produced by Salvini when the king
flies in disorder from the play scene in " Hamlet.'*
But it is only the critic, watching and listening with
the same intensity with which the performer acts, who,
when asked what extraordinary thing Ristori or Salvini
did at that supreme moment to work such a miracle,
is able to reply that they did nothing. Elizabeth and
Claudius ran off the stage with their courts after
them: that was all. Ristori and Salvini simply looked
on, having already wrought the scene to the point at
which the flight of the rest produced the necessary
effect on the imagination of the audience. I need hardly
refer again to the effect made last week by the third act
of Sudermann's " Home," as Duse played it. I only

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 151

ask any one who saw that performance to try to imag-
ine — if he has the heart to do it — such an artistic
scandal as that great actress suddenly throwing her
part to the winds and substituting for it a good two
minutes' rant, like the finish to the third act of " La
Princesse Lointaine." The public should learn to dis-
tinguish in these matters consciously as well as uncon-
sciously. Ranting is not, as it is generally assumed
to be, bad acting. It is not acting at all, but the intro-
duction of an exhibition of force for the sake of force.
And let us not affect to deny that when the performer
has strength enough to raise the pressure to hurri-
cane pitch, a successful rant is attractive and exciting,
provided only the performer is clearly doing it on pur-
pose, and is not an epileptic or a lunatic. But it takes
not only purpose but reason to humanize force and
raise it to the rank of a factor in fine art. It is the
strength that is completely controlled and utilized that
takes the crown : it is your Ristori, your Salvini, your
Duse, with their unfailing hold and yet exquisitely
delicate touch upon their parts, their sleeplessly vigi-
lant sense of beauty of thought, feeling, and action,
and their prodigious industry, that are recognized as
the real athletes of the stage, compared with whom the
ranters are weaklings and sluggards. That, at least,
must be the judgment of London. Artists of interna-
tional fame do not come to this capital of the world for
money, but for reputation; and the London critic
should be jealous above all things of letting that repu-
tation go cheaply. When Duse gives us her best work,
we cannot be too emphatic in declaring that it is
best of the best and magnificent ; so that our hall-mark
may be carried through the nations on a piece of ster-
ling gold. But when Madame Bernhardt gives us pinch-

152 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

beck plays and acting that is poor in thought and lazily
eked out with odds and ends stripped from her old
parts ; when she rants at us and brings down the house
in a London theatre just as she brings it down in a
provincial American one, we must tell her that she can
do better than that, and that we will have nothing less
than her best. When she offers us her reputation in-
stead of first-rate acting, we must reply that we give
reputations instead of taking them, and that we accept
nothing in exchange except first-rate acting down on
the counter, without a moment's credit. Already there
are signs that she is waking up to the situation. The
failure of Gismonda to elicit any expression of the
deep respect which really fine work imposes, even on
those who prefer something cheaper; the sudden and
complete obliteration of her Magda by Duse's first five
minutes in the part; the fatal compliments by which
her most enthusiastic champions have exposed the com-
monness and obviousness of the intellectual material of
her acting: something of all this may have penetrated
to her through the barrier of language and the incense-
clouds of flattery ; for it looked as if on Monday the
disappearance of the Gismonda make-up were only a
symptom of a more serious attitude towards London.
I suggest, now, that the rant should be discarded as
well, and replaced by a genuine study and interpreta-
tion of the passages which are sacrificed to it. I fur-
ther suggest, as a musical critic, that the shallow trick
of intoning which sets so many of my musically neg-
lected colleagues babbling about the " golden voice "
should be discarded too. Miss Rehan, who is coming
next week, will expose the musical emptiness of Madame
Bernhardt's habit of monotonously chanting sentences
on one note, as effectually as Duse has exposed the in-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 153

tellectual emptiness of her Magda. Of course, intoning
is easy — as easy as holding down one key of an ac-
cordion and keeping up a mellifluous smile all the time ;
but it dehumanizes speech, and after some minutes be-
comes maddening, so that a flash of fun or a burst of
rage is doubly welcome because it for a moment alters
that eternal pitch and timbre. Some critics speak of
" the melody " of it, as to which I can only say that
the man who finds melody in one sustained note would
find exquisite curves in a packing case. I therefore re-
spectfully urge Madame Bernhardt to add a complete
set of strings to her lyre before Miss Rehan comes.
Otherwise there will be fresh comparisons of the most
disparaging kind.

MR. DALY FOSSILIZES

The Railroad of Love : a comedy in four acts. Adapted
by Augustin Daly from the German of Frau von
Schonthan. Daly's Theatre, 25 June, 1895.

YET another foreign language — that of Amur-
rica ! And Mr. Augustin Daly again ! What is
to be done with Mr. Daly? How shall we open
his mind to the fact that he stands on the brink of the
twentieth century in London and not with Mr. Vincent
Crummies at Portsmouth in the early Dickens days.?* I
have in my hand the programme of last Tuesday's per-
formance. One character is described as " a polished
relic of wasted energies," another as " not half a bad
sort of parent, and an excellent judge — of Latour
'70." A lady is catalogued as " a goldfish of much ex-

164 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

perience — not to be caught on the fly." This pro-
gramme measures twenty-one inches by seven and a
quarter, and the decorative printing is in blue ink. Why
is it not printed on tissue paper ; why does not the blue
come off on my fingers ; why did I not buy it from an
orange seller outside the theatre? Not, I am sure,
from any desire on Mr. Daly's part to break with the
tradition of my boyhood, but doubtless because the
manufacture of the old playbill is a lost art here. I
picture Mr. Daly, vainly searching London for that
particular sort of tissue paper and that crayon-like
blue ink, trembling lest the public should think him
outlandish and unprofessional without them. Bless
your innocence, dear Mr. Daly, such things have not
been known in London for so long that I am regarded
as an old fogy because they were once familiar to me.
As for the facetious comments on the characters, they
linger, perhaps, in pantomime season, when the clock
goes back fifty years by general consent; but at a
West End theatre at the end of June we stare at them
in polite amazement as we did at the Strand theatre
years ago, when you first came over and bereaved us
of breath by ending up each act of your comedies by
a harlequinade rally in which negro servants entered
and upset each other over the furniture.

Things have changed in many respects since those
old days at the Strand. Mr. Daly, the lessee of one
of the handsomest of our London theatres, is in quite
a different position to Mr. Daly the manager of an
American company making a holiday experiment in a
house not associated with dramatic work of the finest
class. Furthermore, our standard of fineness in dra-
matic work has gone up since then. The German senti-
mental farce in several acts, Americanized by Mr. Daly,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 165

was natural, frank, amusing, and positively lifelike in
comparison with the plays which were regarded as dra-
matic masterpieces in the eighties. " Diplomacy " and
« Peril," " Clancarty " and " Still Waters Run Deep,"
" Our Boys," " New Men and Old Acres," and, by way
of advanced psychological drama dealing with the ques-
tion of the sexes, " Forget-me-not," went not an inch
deeper into life than Mr. Daly's adaptations, and
were, on the whole, less genial and worse acted. Mrs.
Gilbert and Miss Rehan, Mr. Lewis and Mr. Drew,
were individually quite equal to their most formidable
competitors in the days when Mrs. and Mr. Kendal
were at the height of their popularity ; and the combi-
nation of the four in one company was irresistible.

I wonder how far Mr. Daly realizes how completely
that state of things has gone by. When Mr. Char-
rington produced Ibsen's " Doll's House " at the Roy-
alty in 1889, he smashed up the British drama of the
eighties. Not that the public liked Ibsen: he was infi-
nitely too good for that. But the practical business
point is not how people liked Ibsen, but how they
liked Byron, Sardou, and Tom Taylor after Ibsen.
And that is the point that our managers miss. It seems
easy to count the money that the public paid to see
" A Doll's House," and the money it paid to see
" Diplomacy," and to conclude from the huge excess
of the latter sum that there is more money in Sardou
than in Ibsen. But when Mr. Comyns Carr proceeds
to apply this conclusion by producing Sardou's " Delia
Harding," after nine plays of Ibsen's had been seen in
London, he finds it received with open derision, and
with such slender pecuniary results that it would have
paid him better to produce even " Emperor or Gali-
lean," the most impossible, commercially speaking, of

156 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

all Ibsen's works. That does not prove, however, that
the substitution of Ibsen for Sardou is the worldly wise
course for the manager, since Ibsen's work is much
further above the public capacity than Sardou's is be-
low it. What the manager has to do is to measure as
exactly as possible the effect on public taste produced
by the series of artistic experiments, by the Independent
Theatre Society and others, included between Mr. Char-
rington's production of " A Doll's House " and that of
" Arras and the Man " at the Avenue Theatre last year.
Never mind whether these experiments were pecuniary
successes or not: the question is how far they altered
the fashion in pecuniarily successful pieces. A glance
at the contemporary stage shows the difference. Com-
pare "Lady Windermere's Fan," "The Second Mrs.
Tanqueray," and " The Case of Rebellious Susan "
with the repertory whose gems, from the box-office
point of view, were " The Ironmaster " and " A Scrap
of Paper," not to repeat my former instances! The
change is evident at once. In short, a modern manager
need not produce " The Wild Duck " ; but he must be
very careful not to produce a play which will seem in-
sipid and old-fashioned to playgoers who have seen
" The Wild Duck," even though they may have hissed it.
This is the lesson that Mr. Daly has not learnt.
When he first came, there was nothing more old-fash-
ioned about his productions than the archaic playbills,
the horseplay at the ends of the acts, and the doggerel
tags before the final curtain. But nowadays the plays
themselves are old-fashioned with the most dangerous
sort of old-fashionedness : that is, they are ten years
out of date, whereas the playbill smartnesses and the
doggerel, being fifty years out of date, have a certain
rococo quaintness about them which appeals to our in-

DRAIVIATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 157

dulgence. All that can be said for " The Railroad of
Love " now is that it is not an absolute outrage on
the public and on Miss Rehan's genius, as " Dollars
and Cents " was, and that in the third act the part of
Valentine Osprej can still be raised, by a rapture of
over-acting on Miss Rehan's part, to the point of
rescuing the play from utter impossibility. But that
terrible milliterry lewt'nent, with his company manners,
his badinage and repartee, and his dashing manner of
chucking the parlor-maid under the chin, is hard to
bear, especially now that Mr. Drew has left the com-
pany, and no successor can be found with his grace of
style and his apologetic humor. And then the fathers,
with their interminable " preeliminerries " and expla-
nations ! Except when Miss Rehan or Mr. Lewis or
Mrs. Gilbert is on the stage the play is hardly tolerable
— the less so because Mr. Daly's stage management is
of the most fatal kind, being founded throughout on a
boyish sense of fun instead of on a sense of comedy
and character. What he calls acting I should call
larking. For example, the part of Benny Demaresq,
described in the bill as " condemned by the judge and
waiting sentence from the judge's daughter," is taken
by an actor who, though young and not as yet very
proficient, could quite easily do himself credit in the
part under artistic guidance. But he has been appar-
ently encouraged to set about it in the broadly bur-
lesqued, rough-and-ready, physically violent style of the
circus. We do not accept that sort of thing in first-
rate theatres in London; and when Mr. Otis Skinner
made the part agreeable years ago he did it by making
the least, and not the most, of the tomfoolery (the
expression is really unavoidable) laid out for him. The
same criticism, in a greater or less degree, applies to all

158 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

those members of the company who do not know their
business better than Mr. Daly does. The comic negro
servant and the parlor-maid who flirts with the visitors
discharge their duty of destroying the illusion without
adding to the entertainment, with the fellest efficiency,
and, I doubt not, with the warmest approval of the man-
ager. The whole atmosphere of the play is one of stale
pleasantry of a kind for which we are not just now in
the humor.

As to Miss Rehan, without whom the performance
would be a hopeless failure, I should prefer to speak
more fully of her when we have seen the play which
Mr. Daly has founded on Shakespeare's " Two Gentle-
men of Verona " (for Mr. Daly shows himself a thor-
ough disciple of the old school in his conviction that
Shakespeare was a wretchedly unskilful dramatic au-
thor). The scene of Valentine Osprey's entrance and
introduction to the milliterry hero is vulgar beyond
redemption ; and the vulgarity seems less excusable now
than it did at the last performance seven years ago,
when Miss Rehan's personal charm was more capricious
and youthful, and less earnest and womanly than it has
since become. But the misgiving caused by this is only
momentary. She soon shows that she is going to repeat
her old feat in this play of seizing the author's silly
idea, sillily expressed, of a superlatively fascinating
woman, and substituting for it her own sympathetic
idea, beautifully expressed. It is true that as Miss
Rehan's style grows nobler, and takes her further away
from the skittish hoyden of Mr. Daly's dramatic imagi-
nation, it becomes more and more obvious that the part
she acts is not in the play; but the moment you hear
her deliver such lines as "Did you squander it.?" —
referring to the milliterry gentleman's heart — you see

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 159

that she will extract enough feeling from Frau Schon-
than's German sentiment and her adapter's Irish blar-
ney to maintain enough congruity between her Valentine
Osprey and the author's.

The latest successor to Mr. Drew is Mr. Frank
Worthing, who has good looks and a pleasant address
without much grip or individual style. Perhaps, how-
ever, it is unfair to speak of want of grip when there
is so little to get hold of. Mr. Drew always played
these parts with a cold reserve of insincerity under a
pretty varnish of drollery. This was not only amusing
in itself, but saved your respect for him by suggesting
that he thoroughly despised the heroes he represented.
Mr. Worthing takes Lieutenant Everett seriously ; and
the part rather breaks down under the treatment.

It is not just now enlightened critical policy to pay
Mr. Daly compliments. In spite of the effort he made
some time ago to get abreast of the modern movement
by giving Mr. Burnand a commission to write a comedy
with puns in it, he remains behind the times; and the
humane course is to make him aware that unless he
realizes that the public at present wishes to forget
everything he has ever learnt, and will be only too glad
if he forgets it too, he will risk being classed with those
managers who are fit for nothing but to be stuffed and
mounted under glass to adorn the staircase of the Gar-
rick Club. For various reasons, this would be a pity.
His company, his enterprise, his theatre are all excep-
tionally interesting; so that he could pursue a forward
policy with the utmost advantage. Miss Rehan is a
treasure too costly to be wasted on stale farce and old-
world rhetorical drama. And Mr. Daly is virtually
the only manager left us who is not an actor-manager,
except Mr. Comyns Carr, since Messrs. Gatti and Sir

160 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Augustus Harris deal only in popular melodrama and
in opera. It remains to be seen whether he can get
sufficiently into touch with the present decade to take
advantage of all these opportunities. For the last few
years he has been playing the part of Rip Van Winkle ;
and I submit to him that he had better leave that to
Mr. Jefferson.

POOR SHAKESPEARE!

The Two Gentlemen of Verona. Daly's Theatre, 2
July, 1895.

THE piece founded by Augustin Daly on Shake-
speare's " Two Gentlemen of Verona," to which
I looked forward last week, is not exactly a
comic opera, though there is plenty of music in it, and
not exactly a serpentine dance, though it proceeds
under a play of changing colored lights. It is some-
thing more old-fashioned than either; to wit, a vaude-
ville. And let me hasten to admit that it makes a very
pleasant entertainment for those who know no better.
Even I, who know a great deal better, as I shall pres-
ently demonstrate rather severely, enjoyed myself tol-
erably. I cannot feel harshly towards a gentleman who
works so hard as Mr. Daly does to make Shakespeare
presentable: one feels that he loves the bard, and lets
him have his way as far as he thinks it good for him.
His rearrangement of the scenes of the first two acts is
just like him. Shakespeare shows lucidly how Proteus
lives with his father (Antonio) in Verona, and loves a
lady of that city named Julia. Mr. Daly, by taking
the scene in Julia's house between Julia and her maid,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 161

and the scene in Antonio's house between Antonio and
Proteus, and making them into one scene, convinces the
unlettered audience that Proteus and Julia live in the
same house with their father Antonio. Further, Shake-
speare shows us how Valentine, the other gentleman of
Verona, travels from Verona to Milan, the journey be-
ing driven into our heads by a comic scene in Verona,
in which Valentine's servant is overwhelmed with grief
at leaving his parents, and with indignation at the in-
sensibility of his dog to his sorrow, followed presently
by another comic scene in Milan in which the same
servant is welcomed to the strange city by a fellow-
servant. Mr. Daly, however, is ready for Shakespeare
on this point too. He just represents the two scenes as
occurring in the same place ; and immediately the puzzle
as to who is who is complicated by a puzzle as to where
is where. Thus is the immortal William adapted to
the requirements of a nineteenth-century audience.

In preparing the text of his version Mr. Daly has
proceeded on the usual principles, altering, transposing,
omitting, improving, correcting, and transferring
speeches from one character to another. Many of
Shakespeare's lines are mere poetry, not to the point,
not getting the play along, evidently stuck in because
the poet liked to spread himself in verse. On all such
unbusinesslike superfluities Mr. Daly is down with his
blue pencil. For instance, he relieves us of such stuff
as the following, which merely conveys that Valentine
loves Silvia, a fact already sufficiently established by
the previous dialogue:

" My thoughts do harbor with my Silvia nightly ;

And slaves they are to me, that send them flying:
Oh, could their master come and go as lightly,

Himself would lodge where senseless they are lying.

162 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

My herald thoughts in thy pure bosom rest them.
While I, their king, that thither them importune.

Do curse the grace that with such grace hath blessed them,
Because myself do want my servant's fortune.

I curse myself, for they are sent by me.

That they should harbor where their lord would be."

Slaves indeed are these lines and their like to Mr. Daly,
who " sends them flying " without remorse. But when
he comes to passages that a stage manager can under-
stand, his reverence for the bard knows no bounds.
The following awkward lines, unnecessary as they are
under modern stage conditions, are at any rate not
poetic, and are in the nature of police news. There-
fore they are piously retained.

"What halloing, and what stir, is this to-day?
These are my mates, that make their wills their law.
Have some unhappy passenger in chase.
They love me well ; yet I have much to do.
To keep them from uncivil outrages.
Withdraw thee, Valentine : who 's this comes here ? "

The perfunctory metrical character of such lines only
makes them more ridiculous than they would be in
prose. I would cut them out without remorse to make
room for all the lines that have nothing to justify
their existence except their poetry, their humor, their
touches of character — in short, the lines for whose
sake the play survives, just as it was for their sake
it originally came into existence. Mr. Daly, who pre-
fers the lines which only exist for the sake of the play,
will doubtless think me as great a fool as Shakespeare ;
but I submit to him, without disputing his judgment,
that he is, after all, only a man with a theory of dra-
matic composition, going with a blue pencil over the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 163

work of a great dramatist, and striking out everything
that does not fit his theory. Now, as it happens, no-
body cares about Mr. Daly's theory ; whilst everybody
who pays to see what is, after all, advertised as a
performance of Shakespeare's play entitled " The Two
Gentlemen of Verona," and not as a demonstration of
Mr. Daly's theory, does care more or less about the art
of Shakespeare. Why not give them what they ask for,
instead of going to great trouble and expense to give
them something else?

In those matters in which Mr. Daly has given the
rein to his own taste and fancy: that is to say, in
scenery, costumes, and music, he is for the most part
disabled by a want of real knowledge of the arts con-
cerned. I say for the most part, because his pretty
fifteenth-century dresses, though probably inspired
rather by Sir Frederic Leighton than by Benozzo
Gozzoli, may pass. But the scenery is insufferable.
First, for " a street in Verona " we get a Bath bun
colored operatic front cloth with about as much light
in it as there is in a studio in Fitzjohn's Avenue in
the middle of October. I respectfully invite Mr. Daly
to spend his next holiday looking at a real street in
Verona, asking his conscience meanwhile whether a man-
ager with eyes in his head and the electric light at his
disposal could not advance a step on the Telbin (senior)
style. Telbin was an admirable scene painter; but he
was limited by the mechanical conditions of gas illumi-
nation ; and he learnt his technique before the great ad-
vance made during the Impressionist movement in the
painting of open-air effects, especially of brilliant sun-
light. Of that advance Mr. Daly has apparently no
conception. The days of Macready and Clarkson Stan-
field still exist for him; he would probably prefer a

164. DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

watercolor drawing of a foreign street by Samuel Prout
to one by Mr. T. M. Rooke ; and I dare say every relic
of the original tallow candlelight that still clings to the
art of scene-painting is as dear to him as it is to most
old playgoers, including, unhappily, many of the critics.

As to the elaborate set in which Julia makes her
first entrance, a glance at it shows how far Mr. Daly
prefers the Marble Arch to the loggia of Orcagna. All
over the scene we have Renaissance work, in its gen-
teelest stages of decay, held up as the perfection of
romantic elegance and beauty. The school that pro-
duced the classicism of the First Empire, designed the
terraces of Regent's Park and the facades of Fitzroy
Square, and conceived the Boboli Gardens and Ver-
sailles as places for human beings to be happy in,
ramps all over the scenery, and offers as much of its
pet colonnades and statues as can be crammed into
a single scene, by way of a compendium of everything
that is lovely in the city of San Zeno and the tombs
of the Scaligers. As to the natural objects depicted,
I ask whether any man living has ever seen a pale green
cypress in Verona or anywhere else out of a toy
Noah's Ark. A man who, having once seen cypresses
and felt their presence in a north Italian landscape,
paints them lettuce color, must be suffering either from
madness, malice, or a theory of how nature should have
colored trees, cognate with Mr. Daly's theory of how
Shakespeare should have written plays.

Of the music let me speak compassionately. After
all, it is only very lately that Mr. Arnold Dolmetsch,
by playing fifteenth-century music on fifteenth-century
instruments, has shown us that the age of beauty was
true to itself in music as in pictures and armor and
costumes. But what should Mr. Daly know of this,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 165

educated as he no doubt was to believe that the court
of Denmark should always enter in the first act of
" Hamlet " to the march from " Judas Maccabaeus "?
Schubert's setting of "Who is Silvia?" he knew, but
had rashly used up in " Twelfth Night " as " Who 's
Olivia? " He has therefore had to fall back on another
modern setting, almost supernaturally devoid of any
particular merit. Besides this, all through the drama
the most horribly common music repeatedly breaks out
on the slightest pretext or on no pretext at all. One
dance, set to a crude old English popular tune, sundry
eighteenth and nineteenth-century musical banalities,
and a titivated plantation melody in the first act which
produces an indescribably atrocious effect by coming
in behind the scenes as a sort of coda to Julia's curtain
speech, all turn the play, as I have said, into a vaude-
ville. Needless to add, the accompaniments are not
played on lutes and viols, but by the orchestra and a
guitar or two. In the forest scene the outlaws begin
to act by a chorus. After their encounter with Valen-
tine they go oflF the stage singing the refrain exactly
in the style of " La Fille de Madame Angot." The
wanton absurdity of introducing this comic opera con-
vention is presently eclipsed by a thunderstorm, im-
mediately after which Valentine enters and delivers his
speech sitting down on a bank of moss, as an outlaw in
tights naturally would after a terrific shower. Such is
the effect of many years of theatrical management on
the human brain.

Perhaps the oddest remark I have to make about the
performance is that, with all its glaring defects and
blunders, it is rather a handsome and elaborate one as
such things go. It is many years now since Mr. Ruskin
first took the Academicians of his day aback by the

166 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

obvious remark that Carpaccio and Giovanni Bellini
were better painters than Domenichino and Salvator
Rosa. Nobody dreams now of assuming that Pope was
a greater poet than Chaucer, that " Mozart's Twelfth
Mass " is superior to the masterpieces of Orlandus
Lassus and Palestrina, or that our " ecclesiastical
Gothic " architecture is more enlightened than Norman
axe work. But the theatre is still wallowing in such
follies; and until Mr. Comyns Carr and Sir Edward
Burne-Jones, Baronet, put " King Arthur " on the
stage more or less in the manner natural to men who
know these things, Mr. Daly might have pleaded the
unbroken conservatism of the playhouse against me.
But after the Lyceum scenery and architecture I de-
cline to accept a relapse without protest. There is
no reason why cheap photographs of Italian archi-
tecture (six-pence apiece in infinite variety at the book-
stall in the South Kensington Museum) should not res-
cue us from Regent's Park Renaissance colonnades on
the stage just as the electric light can rescue us from
Telbin's dun-colored sunlight. The opera is the last
place in the world where any wise man would look for
adequate stage illusion; but the fact is that Mr. Daly,
with all his colored lights, has not produced a single
Italian scene comparable in illusion to that provided by
Sir Augustus Harris at Covent Garden for " Caval-
leria Rusticana."

Of the acting I have not much to say. Miss Rehan
provided a strong argument in favor of rational dress
by looking much better in her page's costume than in
that of her own sex; and in the serenade scene, and
that of the wooing of Silvia for Proteus, she stirred
some feeling into the part, and reminded us of what she
was in " Twelfth Night," where the same situations are

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 167

fully worked out. For the rest, she moved and spoke
with imposing rhythmic grace. That is as much notice
as so cheap a part as Julia is worth from an artist
who, being absolute mistress of the situation at Daly's
Theatre, might and should have played Imogen for us
instead. The two gentlemen were impersonated by Mr.
Worthing and Mr. Craig. Mr. Worthing charged him-
self with feeling without any particular reference to
his lines ; and Mr. Craig struck a balance by attending
to the meaning of his speeches without taking them at
all to heart. Mr. Clarke, as the Duke, was emphatic,
and worked up every long speech to a climax in the use-
ful old style; but his tone is harsh, his touch on his
consonants coarse, and his accent ugly, all fatal dis-
qualifications for the delivery of Shakespearean verse.
The scenes between Launce and his dog brought out the
latent silliness and childishness of the audience as
Shakespeare's clowning scenes always do: I laugh at
them like a yokel myself. Mr. Lewis hardly made the
most of them. His style has been formed in modern
comedies, where the locutions are so familiar that their
meaning is in no danger of being lost by the rapidity
of his quaint utterance; but Launce's phraseology is
another matter: a few of the funniest lines missed fire
because the audience did not catch them. And with all
possible allowance for Mr. Daly's blue pencil, I cannot
help suspecting that Mr. Lewis's memory was respon-
sible for one or two of his omissions. Still, Mr. Lewis
has always his comic force, whether he makes the most
or the least of it ; so that he cannot fail in such a part
as Launce. Miss Maxine Elliot's Silvia was the most
considerable performance after Miss Rehan's Julia.
The whole company will gain by the substitution on
Tuesday next of a much better play, " A Midsummer

168 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Night's Dream," as a basis for Mr. Daly's operations.
No doubt he is at this moment, like Mrs. Todgers, " a
dodgin' among the tender bits with a fork, and an
eatin' of 'em " ; but there is sure to be enough of the
original left here and there to repay a visit.

TOUJOURS DALY

Madame Sans-Gene. Garrick Theatre, 8 July, 1895.
A Midsummer Night's Dream. Daly's Theatre, 9
July, 1895.

BEFORE Madame Sans-Gene I think it best to re-
tire in good order without committing myself.
I have never seen a French play of which I under-
stood less; and that, for me, is saying a good deal.
Many of the sallies of Rejane which provoke the loud-
est laughter are just those which escape me. Napoleon
is an inscrutable person, as becomes the Man of
Destiny. I do not catch a solitary word he says, no
doubt because of his Corsican accent. With the rest
I can pick my way along sufficiently to be almost as
much bored as if the play were in English. Surely
the twenty minutes or so of amusement contained in
the play might be purchased a little more cheaply than
by the endurance of a huge mock historic melodrama
which never for a moment produces the faintest con-
viction, and which involves the exhibition of elaborate
Empire interiors requiring half an hour between the
acts to set, and not worth looking at when they are
set. Of course I admire the ingenuity with which Sar-
dou carries out his principle of combining the maximum

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 169

of expenditure and idle chatter with the minimum of
drama; but I have admired that so often that it is
beginning to pall on me. And I think something better
could be done with Rejane's talent than this business,
funny as it is for once in a way, of playing the washer-
woman like a real duchess and the duchess like a stage
washerwoman. Rejane, to say the least, is not exacting
as to the quality of her parts provided they are popu-
lar; and it rests with the dramatists to make the best
or worst of her. How Sardou proceeds when he has
carte blanche in that way may be learnt from the pages
of the Sardou-Bernhardt repertory — though please
observe that I do not imply that he ever makes the
worst of anything; because to go to that extreme re-
quires a good deal of conviction, which is just the sort
of force that he lacks. I can no more believe in Madame
Sans-Gene than in Theodora or La Tosca. She is more
amusing: that is all.

" The Two Gentlemen of Verona " has been succeeded
at Daly's Theatre by " A Midsummer Night's Dream."
Mr. Daly is in great form. In my last article I was
rash enough to hint that he had not quite realized what
could be done with electric lighting on the stage. He
triumphantly answers me by fitting up all his fairies
with portable batteries and incandescent lights, which
they switch on and off from time to time, like children
with a new toy. He has trained Miss Lillian Swain in
the part of Puck until it is safe to say that she does
not take one step, strike one attitude, or modify her
voice by a single inflection that is not violently, wan-
tonly, and ridiculously wrong and absurd. Instead of
being mercurial, she poses academically, like a cheap
Italian statuette ; instead of being impish and childish,
she is elegant and affected; she laughs a solemn, meas-

170 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ured laugh, like a heavy German Zamiel; she an-
nounces her ability to girdle the earth in forty minutes
in the attitude of a professional skater, and then be-
gins the journey awkwardly in a swing, which takes her
in the opposite direction to that in which she indicated
her intention of going: in short, she illustrates every
folly and superstition that still clings round what Mr.
Daly no doubt calls " the legitimate." Another stroke
of his is to make Oberon a woman. It must not be
supposed that he does this solely because it is wrong,
though there is no other reason apparent. He does it
partly because he was brought up to do such things,
and partly because they seem to him to be a tribute
to Shakespeare's greatness, which, being uncommon,
ought not to be interpreted according to the dictates
of common sense. A female Oberon and a Puck who
behaves like a pageboy earnestly training himself for
the post of footman recommend themselves to him be-
cause they totally destroy the naturalness of the repre-
sentation, and so accord with his conception of the
Shakespearean drama as the most artificial of all forms
of stage entertainment. That is how you find out the
man who is not an artist. Verse, music, the beauties of
dress, gesture, and movement are to him interesting
aberrations instead of being the natural expression
which human feeling seeks at a certain degree of deli-
cacy and intensity. He regards art as a quaint and
costly ring in the nose of Nature. I am loth to say
that Mr. Daly is such a man ; but after studying all his
Shakespearean revivals with the thirstiest desire to find
as much art as possible in them, I must mournfully con-
fess that the only idea I can see in them is the idea of
titivation. As to his slaughterings of the text, how can
one help feeling them acutely in a play like " A Mid-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 171

summer Night's Dream " in which Shakespeare, having
to bring Nature in its most enchanting aspect before an
audience without the help of theatrical scenery, used all
his power of description and expression in verse with
such effect that the utmost any scene-painter can hope
for is to produce a picture that shall not bitterly disap-
point the spectator who has read the play beforehand?
Mr. Daly is, I should say, one of those people who are
unable to conceive that there could have been any illu-
sion at all about the play before scenery was intro-
duced. He certainly has no suspicion of the fact that
every accessory he employs is brought in at the dead-
liest risk of destroying the magic spell woven by the
poet. He swings Puck away on a clumsy trapeze with
a ridiculous clash of the cymbals in the orchestra, in
the fullest belief that he is thereby completing instead
of destroying the effect of Puck's lines. His " pano-
ramic illusion of the passage of Theseus's barge to
Athens " is more absurd than anything that occurs in
the tragedy of Pyramus and Thisbe in the last act.
The stage management blunders again and again
through feeble imaginative realization of the circum-
stances of the drama. In the first act it should be
clear to any stage manager that Lysander's speech,
beginning " I am, my lord, as well derived as he,"
should be spoken privately and not publicly to Theseus.
In the rehearsal scene in the wood, Titania should not
be conspicuously exhibited under a limelight in the very
centre of the stage, where the clowns have, in defiance
of all common sanity, to pretend not to see her. We
are expected, no doubt, to assume that she is invisible
because she is a fairy, though Bottom's conversation
with her when she wakes and addresses him flatly con-
tradicts that hypothesis. In the fourth act, Theseus

172 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

has to enter from his barge down a bank, picking his
way through the sleeping Lysander and Hermia,
Demetrius and Helena. The four lions in Trafalgar
Square are not more conspicuous and unoverlookable
than these four figures are. Yet Theseus has to make
all his hunting speeches in an impossible unconscious-
ness of them, and then to look at them amazedly and
exclaim, " But soft, what nymphs are these? " as if he
could in any extremity of absence of mind have missed
seeing them all along. Most of these absurdities are
part of a systematic policy of sacrificing the credibility
of the play to the chance of exhibiting an effective
" living picture."

I very soon gave up the attempt to keep a record
of the outrages practised by Mr. Daly on the text.
Every one knows the lines:

" I swear to thee by Cupid's strongest bow.
By his best arrow with the golden head.
By the simplicity of Venus' doves,
By that which knitteth souls and prospers loves," etc.

Mr. Daly's powerful mind perceived at a glance that
the second and third lines are superfluous, as their
omission does not destroy the sense of the passage.
He accordingly omitted them. In the same scene,
Shakespeare makes the two-star-crossed lovers speak
in alternate lines with an effect which sets the whole
scene throbbing with their absorption in one another:

" Lysander: The course of true love never did run smooth.
But either it was different in blood —
Hermia: O cross ! too high to be enthralled to low !
Lysander: Or else misgraffed in respect of years,
Hermia: O spite ! too old to be engaged to young!

DRAI^IATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 173

Lysander : Or else it stood upon the choice of friends,
Hermia : O hell ! to choose love by another's eye !
Lysander: Or if there were a sympathy in choice,
War, death, or sickness did lay siege to it," etc.

With a Hermia who knew how to breathe out these
parentheses, the duet would be an exquisite one; but
Mr. Daly, shocked, as an American and an Irishman,
at a young lady using such an expression as " Oh hell ! "
cuts out the whole antiphony, and leaves Lysander to
deliver a long lecture without interruption from the
lady. At such moments, the episode of the ass's head
rises to the dignity of allegory. From any other man-
ager I should accept the excuse that the effects of
verse for which I am pleading require a virtuosity of
delivery on the part of the actor which is practically
not to be had at present. But Mr. Daly has Miss
Rehan, who is specially famous for just this virtuosity
of speech; and yet her lines are treated just as the
others are. The fact is, beautiful elocution is rare be-
cause the managers have no ears.

The play, though of course very poorly spoken in
comparison with how it ought to be spoken, is tolerably
acted. Mr. George Clarke, clad in the armor of Alci-
biades and the red silk gown of Charley's Aunt, articu-
lates most industriously, and waves his arms and flexes
his wrists in strict accordance, not for a moment with
the poetry, but with those laws of dramatic elocution
and gesture which veteran actors are always willing
to impart to novices at a reasonable price per dozen
lessons. Mr. Lewis as Bottom is not as funny as his
part, whereas in modem plays he is always funnier
than his part. He seemed to me to miss the stolid,
obstinate, self-sufficient temperament of Bottom alto-
gether. There is a definite conception of some par-

174 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ticular sort of man at the back of all Shakespeare's
characters. The quantity of fun to be got out of
Bottom and Autolycus, for instance, is about the same ;
but underneath the fun there are two widely different
persons, of types still extant and familiar. Mr. Lewis
would be as funny in Autolycus as he is in Bottom;
but he would be exactly the same man in both parts.
As to Miss Rehan, her scenes in the wood with
Demetrius were very fine, although, in the passage
where Hermia frightens her, she condescended to ar-
rant clowning. Her treatment of Shakespearean verse
is delightful after the mechanical intoning of Sarah
Bernhardt. She gives us beauty of tone, grace of
measure, delicacy of articulation : in short, all the
technical qualities of verse music, along with the rich
feeling and fine intelligence without which those tech-
nical qualities would soon become monotonous. When
she is at her best, the music melts in the caress of the
emotion it expresses, and thus completes the conditions
necessary for obtaining Shakespeare's effects in Shake-
speare's way. When she is on the stage, the play
asserts its full charm ; and when she is gone, and the
stage carpenters and the orchestra are doing their best
to pull the entertainment through in Mr. Daly's way,
down drops the whole affair into mild tedium. But it
is impossible to watch the most recent developments of
Miss Rehan's style without some uneasiness. I wonder
whether she is old enough to remember the late Barry
Sullivan when he was still in his physical prime. Those
who do will recall, not an obsolete provincial tragedian,
trading on the wreck of an unaccountable reputation,
but an actor who possessed in an extraordinary degree
just the imposing grace, the sensitive personal dignity
of style, the force and self-reliance into which Miss

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 175

Rehan's style is settling. Miss Rehan's exit in the
second act of " A Midsummer Night's Dream," with
the couplet,

" I '11 follow thee, and make a heaven of hell
To die upon the hand I love so well,"

is an exact reproduction of the Barry Sullivan exit.
Again, in the first act, when Miss Rehan, prone on a
couch, raises herself on her left hand, and, with her
right raised " to heaven," solemnly declaims the lines :

" For ere Demetrius look'd on Hermia's eyne
He hailed down oaths, that he was only mine ;
And when this hail some heat from Hermia felt.
So he dissolved, and showers of oaths did melt,"

you are, once more, not forward with Duse, but back
with Barry Sullivan, who would in just the same way,
when led into it by a touch of stateliness and sonority
in the lines, abandon his part, and become for the mo-
ment a sort of majestic incarnation of abstract solem-
nity and magnificence. His skill and intense belief in
himself gave him the dangerous power of doing so with-
out making himself ridiculous; and it was by this
power, and by the fascination, the grace, and the force
which are implied by it, that he gave life to old-
fashioned and mutilated representations of Shake-
speare's plays, poorly acted and ignorantly mounted.
This was all very well whilst the fascination lasted;
but when his voice lost its tone, his figure its resilience
and grace, and his force its spontaneity and natural
dignity, there was nothing left but a mannered, elderly,
truculent, and, except to his old admirers, rather ab-
surd tragedian of the palmy school. As I was a small
boy when I first saw Barry Sullivan, and as I lost

176 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

sight of him before his waning charm had quite van-
ished, I remember him, not as he is remembered hy
those who saw him only in the last ten years of his life,
but as an actor who was in his day much further
superior in pictorial, vocal, and rhetorical qualities to
his next best rival than any actor or actress can easily
be nowadays. And it strikes me forcibly that unless
Miss Rehan takes to playing Imogen instead of such
comparatively childish stuff as Julia or even Helena,
and unless she throws herself into sympathy with the
contemporary movement by identifying herself with
characteristically modern parts of the Magda or Nora
type, she may find herself left behind in the race by
competitors of much less physical genius, just as Barry
Sullivan did. Miss Rehan is clearly absolute mistress
of the situation at Daly's Theatre: nobody can per-
suade me that if she says " Cymbeline," Mr. Daly can
say " The Two Gentlemen of Verona," or that if she
says Sudermann or Ibsen, Mr. Daly can insist on the
author of " Dollars and Cents." But the self-culture
which has produced her superb graces of manner and
diction seems to have isolated her instead of quicken-
ing her sympathy and drawing closer her contact with
the world. Every woman who sees Duse play Magda
feels that Duse is acting and speaking for her and
for all women as they are hardly ever able to speak
and act for themselves. The same may be said of Miss
Achurch as Nora. But no woman has ever had the
very faintest sensation of that kind about any part that
Miss Rehan has yet played. We admire, not what she
is doing, but the charm with which she does it. That
sort of admiration will not last. Miss Rehan's voice
is not henceforth going to grow fresher, nor her dignity
less conscious, nor her grace of gesture less studied and

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 177

mannered, nor her movements swifter and more spon-
taneous. Already I find that young people who see her
for the first time cannot quite agree that our raptures
about her Katherine and her Rosalind are borne out
by her Julia and Helena. Five years hence she will
be still more rhetorical and less real: further ahead I
dare not look with Barry Sullivan in my mind. There
is only one way to defy Time; and that is to have
young ideas, which may always be trusted to find youth-
ful and vivid expression. I am afraid this means avoid-
ing the company of Mr. Daly; but it is useless to
blink the fact that unless a modern actress can and
will force her manager, in spite of his manly prejudices,
to produce plays with real women's parts in them, she
had better, at all hazards, make shift to manage for
herself. With Grandfather Daly to choose her plays
for her, there is no future for Ada Rehan.

THE SEASON'S MORAL

27 July, 1895.

NOW that the theatrical season is over, is there
any moral to be drawn? I do not mean by
literary factions — Ibsenites and anti-Ibsenites
and the like — but by, let us say, a manager with
enough money at stake to make him anxious to get
some guidance for next season. To him, as far as I
can see, the season has been like Ibsen's plays: the
moral is that there is no moral. The outcry against
Ibsen has been deferred to carefully. " Little Eyolf "
has been boycotted; and none of the older plays have

178 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

been touched in English, whilst there has been a plenti-
ful supply of what was described the other day, in
contradistinction to Ibsen's work, as " the drama that
the public likes and the public pays for." Need I add
that in most cases the public has not liked it and
has declined to pay for it. What is a manager to
do.? He responds to the demand for honest, whole-
some, English murder, suicide and adultery, by commis-
sioning M. Sardou to supply those solid native articles;
and lo ! bottomless disaster, worse than the worst
Ibsen ever threatened. He tries the newest English
psychological drama, with an interestingly improper
heroine who throws the Bible into the fire. The press
proclaims a masterpiece — where is that masterpiece
now.? The infallible Mrs. Tanqueray is revived, and
does not draw a sixpence. Mr. Grundy, as an expert
in " construction," with daring views on the great mar-
riage question, is called in ; but his " Slaves of the
Ring" perishes without having enjoyed a seventieth
part of the popularity of " A Doll's House." Even
Henry Arthur Jones, the strong and successful, has
no more than a Norwegian success : the manager might
have produced " The League of Youth " instead of
" The Triumph of the Philistines " without being any
the poorer. What a muddle it all seems! That safe
old hand Sardou, playing the safe old game according
to the safe old rules, fails ignominiously. Those safe
old hands, Pinero, Grundy, and Jones, cautiously play-
ing the new game according to the safe old rules, fail
to retrieve the situation. One must not forget, how-
ever, that performances have to be taken into account
as well as plays. Sardou's contribution, " Delia Hard-
ing," was adequately acted — much better than it de-
served in Miss Marion Terry's case — and may be dis-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 179

missed as having failed hopelessly on its merits. *' Mrs.
Ebbsmith," badly cast and badly acted except for Mrs.
Campbell's Agnes and Mr. Hare's Duke of St. Olpherts,
did not begin to flag until the withdrawal of Mrs.
Campbell brought out all the defects in the perform-
ance. " Slaves of the Ring," though better cast, was
worse acted than " Mrs. Ebbsmith " ; and " The Tri-
umph of the Philistines " never got fairly on to the
stage, the strong and sympathetic parts being just
enough underplayed to take the edge off the perform-
ance. This points to the difficulty which has been
apparent for the last five or six years: namely, that
the public are getting tired of the old-fashioned plays
faster than the actors are learning to make the new
ones effective. The unfortunate new dramatist has,
therefore, to write plays so extraordinarily good that,
like Mozart's operas, they succeeded in spite of inade-
quate execution. This is all very well for geniuses like
Ibsen ; but it is rather hard on the ordinary purveyor
of the drama. The managers do not seem to me yet to
grasp this feature of the situation. If they did, they
would only meddle with the strongest specimens of the
new drama, instead of timidly going to the old firms
and ordering moderate plays cut in the new style. No
doubt the success of " The Second Mrs. Tanqueray "
and " The Case of Rebellious Susan " seemed to sup-
port the view that the new style had better be tried
cautiously by an old hand. But then " Mrs. Tan-
queray " had not really the faintest touch of the new
spirit in it; and recent events suggest that its success
was due to a happy cast of the dice by which the play
found an actress who doubled its value and had hers
doubled by it. For we have this season seen the play
without the actress and the actress without the play,

180 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

with disappointing results in both cases. As to " Re-
bellious Susan " it was, on the outside, an amusing and
naughty comedy, acted by the company which has since
made a success of Mr. Carton's scatterbrained and
conventionally sentimental " Home Secretary." The
fact that " The Triumph of the Philistines," in which
the element of social criticism was pushed well to the
front of the play, and in which the element of amusing
and naughty comedy was confined to one part, only
succeeded in respect of this very part, and did not
hold the stage long, completes the demonstration that
the moral drawn from the success of Mrs. Tanqueray
and Rebellious Susan was the wrong moral, and that
for the present it is dangerous to meddle with plays of
the new type unless they are strong enough to be
" actor proof." Thus it would appear that Mr. Alex-
ander was ill advised to produce " The Triumph of
the Philistines " with such a work as Sudermann's
"Home" ("Magda") up his sleeve. "Home" will
hold as much acting as even Duse can put into it;
but the play was handicapped in Duse's hands by a
language that the audience did not understand. The
general complaints made that the situation in the last
act was strained and weak, were due, I suspect, to the
failure of the audience to catch the meaning, or at least
the full force, of the speech which brings about the
catastrophe. Magda, after many years of work and
finally of great success as an Independent woman, work-
ing as a public singer, becomes reconciled to her father,
a fanatical believer in the old ideals of family honor
and manly supremacy. She has a child whose father
turns up among the intimate friends of the family.
Her father demands that she shall marry this man
as a point of honor. She submits to this and to the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 181

sacrifice of her profession until the man demands also
that she shall part with the child in order to save
appearances. Magda then turns on him and over-
whelms him with scorn. Her father insists. She defies
her father, who attempts to kill her and is struck down
by paralysis in the act. To any one who is only
following in a general way what is happening, this
catastrophe must indeed appear inadequately motived
and over-strained. So would the story of Othello under
the same circumstances. But when the dialogue is fully
understood, there are few strokes of drama more effec-
tive and convincing than the climax of the final scene
between the father and daughter, when she at last asks
him the terrible question, " How do you know that
he was the only one?" After that, the catastrophe
comes quite inevitably ; and there is no reason to doubt
that in an English version it would justify itself fully.
Mr. Alexander could not easily have got Magda played
as Duse played her; but he could have got her played
well enough to make much more effect than those parts
in Mr. Jones's play which missed fire through under-
acting. In truth, Magda is so excellent an acting part
that it would be very hard for an actress of any stand-
ing to fail in it. All this, however, is wisdom after
the event. At the beginning of the season Sudermann
was an unknown quantity; and everything pointed to
the expediency of producing " The Triumph of the
Philistines." Besides, Mr. Alexander had already made
an heroic contribution to the cause of art by ven-
turing on Mr. Henry James's " Guy Domville," and
producing it with great care and unstinted liberality,
though the result was one for which he could hardly
have been quite unprepared. The play, delicately writ-
ten and admirably performed, was too fine for the audi-

182 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ence ; and the gallery first-nighters behaved very badly,
as they did subsequently, more excusably, at " Delia
Harding," though after that they happily pulled them-
selves together, and conducted themselves decently dur-
ing the rest of the season. The production of " Guy
Domville " was an attempt to conquer new territory
by a coup de main; and that sort of enterprise needs
a heavier weapon than Mr. Henry James forges. Then,
too, Mr. Henry James's intellectual fastidiousness re-
mains untouched by the resurgent energy and wilfulness
of the new spirit. It takes us back to the exhausted
atmosphere of George Eliot, Huxley, and Tyndall, in-
stead of thrusting us forward into the invigorating
strife raised by Wagner, Ibsen, and Sudermann. That
verdant dupe of the lunacy specialists. Dr. Max Nor-
dau, would hardly recognize in Mr. Henry James the
" stigmata of degeneration," which no dramatist at
present can afford to be without. Mr. Alexander should
have struck his blow with the arm of Ibsen or Suder-
mann, or else kept to the old ground. And it appears
that neither Mr. Pincro, Mr. Grundy, nor Mr. Jones
could have helped him any better than Mr. Henry
James. Moral, apparently : those who make half revo-
lutions dig their own graves.

But it must be remembered, as a check to the folly
of moralizing, that the plays which belong to no
" movement," and in which the authors have gratified
their fancies without reference to any views, have pros-
pered — at least, they have not been withdrawn. In
" The Passport," " The Prude's Progress," and " The
Strange Adventures of Miss Brown," you have imagi-
nation, humor, and a sense of character within the
limits of good fellowship. These qualities will carry
a good deal of psychology and social doctrine about

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 183

the unhapplness of marriage, the emancipation of
woman, and so forth, if the loading be judiciously
done. But the psychology and the doctrine can be
done without, whereas the imagination, the humor, the
sympathetic sense of character, whether blunt and
vulgar or acute and subtle, are indispensable. It was
the purest snobbery of criticism which this season
reverently hailed " The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith " as
a masterpiece, and saluted " The Prude's Progress "
with a supercilious nod. I rather congratulate myself
on having been polite to the three unpretending suc-
cesses, and on having cut Mrs. Ebbsmith dead at first
sight.

Here again it should be noted that these three suc-
cessful plays, unlike " Mrs. Ebbsmith " and " The
Philistines," are very well cast and very well acted,
" The Passport " especially being played for all it is
worth by an exceptionally strong and well suited com-
pany. Another apparently successful play was Mr.
Carton's " Home Secretary." Mr. Carton, beside the
pleasant gift of lightness of heart, has at least imagina-
tion and humor enough to assimilate the imaginative
and humorous work of other authors, and to make up
a pasticcio of the parts in which a London audience
delights to see certain favorite artists : Mr. Lewis
Waller as Captain Swift, Miss Neilson as the austerely
angelic wife of an erring mortal man, Miss Moore as a
bewitching flirt, Mr. Sydney Brough as a good-hearted
young gentleman with a sympathetically comic love
affair, and Mr. Wyndham as a reformed rake. For
my part, I wish Mr. Wyndham had never reformed.
In the old days, when he sipped every flower and
changed every hour, when he sowed acres of wild oats
and violated every moral obligation, one foresaw that

184 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the pace would not last, and one hoped that he would
presently go deeper into life and art, and do the fullest
justice to his admirable talent as an actor. Unhappily,
instead of doing this, he played the insufferable John
Mildmay, became serious, and gave up acting alto-
gether to exhibit himself as a quiet gentleman, who
can act in the old scandalous fashion if he likes, but
prefers, as a man of heart, to refrain. The refrain
is no doubt impressive; but it is getting tiresome as
a pose, though I should be delighted to see it in a real
part. Rosmer, for instance, would be an excellent
part for Mr. Wyndham in his latest vein.

I now propose to banish the theatre from my mind
for a couple of months at least. Since January I have
devoted to it far too much of what was meant for
mankind. I could hardly have gone back to it even
for the above retrospect had I not been led gently by
Miss Cissie Loftus, whose imitations of popular actors
I studied with much interest at the Palace Theatre the
other evening. Nothing teaches a critic more than a
study of how far a great artist can be imitated. As
a musical critic I learnt a great deal from a comparison
of Miss Nettie Carpenter with Sarasate, and Miss
Szumowska with Paderewski; and I am the wiser now
for seeing how much more of Sarah Bernhardt Miss
Loftus can reproduce than of Miss Rehan. But it is
not as a mimic that Miss Loftus fascinates the public.
The imitation, clever and delicate as it is, is only an
excuse for the reality, which is Miss Loftus herself;
and I shall not analyze the qualities which go to make
up her very attractive personality until I see her on
another stage acting at first hand. Among other
artists whom I saw at the Palace were Miss Clara
Wieland and the illustrious Miss Lottie Collins. Miss

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 185

Wieland is very interesting from the critic's point of
view. Her singing, her dancing, her pantomime, her
ogling, her cleverness, even her plump sort of pretti-
ness, are as smart and artistic as they need be; and
yet it is impossible to detect in her any enjoyment of
what she does, or any sympathetic sense of its charm.
She seems to have observed that such things are eifec-
tive, and to have industriously learnt to do and to be
accordingly. Miss Lottie Collins, on the other hand,
has still her Tarararesque diahle au corps; but all
the music has gone from her singing, because, in her
determination to deliver her lines pointedly, she forgets
to keep up the swing of the tune, and allows her comic-
song singing to decay into mere seventh-rate character
acting. A tune treated in that way is a tune spoilt;
and the words of a music-hall song are never worth
spoiling the tune for. I respectfully^ assure Miss Col-
lins that unless she promptly recaptures the art of
keeping the musical lilt perfectly in step with every
syllable of the words, she will soon find her popularity
degringolading from the summit on which the Tarara
craze exalted it.

ROMEO AND JULIET

Romeo and Juliet. Lyceum Theatre, 21 September,
1895.

HOW we lavish our money and our worship on
Shakespeare without in the least knowing why!
From time to time we ripen for a new act of
homage. Great preparations are made ; high hopes are
raised ; every one concerned, from the humblest persona

186 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

muta on the stage to the sworn first-nighter in the gal-
lery, is full of earnest belief that the splendor of the
Swan will be revealed at last, like the Holy Grail. And
yet the point of the whole thing is missed every time
with ludicrous ineptitude; and often a ruined actor-
manager spends the rest of his life, like the Ancient
Mariner, in telling the tale of what it cost, and how
So-and-So got his (or her) first chance in it, and how
such and such other eminent people declared that noth-
ing like it had ever been done before, and so on and so
forth. Still, there is nothing for it but to try and try
and try again. Every revival helps to exhaust the num-
ber of possible ways of altering Shakespeare's plays un-
successfully, and so hastens the day when the mere
desire for novelty will lead to the experiment of leaving
them unaltered. Let us see what there is to learn from
Mr. Forbes Robertson's revival of " Romeo and Juliet,"
before that goes the way of all the other revivals. I
hardly like to call Mr. Forbes Robertson an artist,
because he is notoriously an Englishman with a taste
for painting, and the two things are usually incom-
patible. Your Englishman always conceives that to be
romantic and to have a susceptible imagination is to
be potentially a painter. His eye for form may be
that of a carpenter, his sense of color that of a haber-
dasher's window-dresser in the Old Kent Road : no mat-
ter, he can still imagine historical scenes — " King
James receiving the news of the landing of William
of Orange " or the like — and draw them and color
them, or he can dress up his wife as Zenobia or Dante's
Beatrice or Dolly Varden, according to her style, and
copy her. I do not level these disparaging observa-
tions at Mr. Forbes Robertson : I only wish to make it
clear that I approach his latest enterprise completely

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 187

free from the common assumption that he is likely to
stage " Romeo and Juliet " better than any one else
because he paints pictures and sends them to the ex-
hibitions occasionally. To be quite frank, I am rather
prejudiced against him by that fact, since I learn in
the days when I criticized pictures that his sense of
color is essentially and Britannically an imaginative
and moral one: that is, he associates low tones (" quiet
colors " they call them in Marshall & Snellgrove's) with
dignity and decency, and white linen with cleanliness
and respectability. I am therefore not surprised to
find the dresses at the Lyceum, though handsome and
expensive, chastened by the taste of an English gentle-
man ; so that the stalls can contemplate the fourteenth
century and yet feel at home there — a remarkable
result, and a very desirable one for those who like it.
" Mrs. Patrick Campbell's dresses," says the pro-
gramme, " have been carried out by Mrs. Mason, of
New Burlington Street." I can only say that I wish
they had been carried out and buried. They belong
to Mrs. Mason, and are her triumph, instead of to
Mrs. Campbell. I know how to value an actress who
is an artist in dressing fashionably, like Miss Gertrude
Kingston; and I delight in one who is an artist in
dressing originally, like Miss Ellen Terry; but a lady
who is dressed by somebody else, according to some-
body else's ideas, like any dressmaker-made woman of
fashion, is artistically quite out of the question; and
I can only excuse the Lyceum Juliet costumes on the
supposition that Mrs. Campbell deliberately aimed at
suggesting by them the tutelage of a girl of fourteen
who is not yet allowed to choose her own dresses.

The scenery is excellent. Mr. William Harford's
" public place in Verona " has only one defect, and that

188 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

a very English one. The sky is too cold, and the
cypresses too pale ; better have painted them with dabs
of warm brown on an actually gold sky in the beautiful
old fashion, than have risked that Constablesque sug-
gestion, faint as it is, of English raininess and chill.
But for the rest, it is easy to imagine that the flood of
the Adige is really hurrying along behind that embank-
ment as Mercutio leans idly over it. Friar Laurence's
cell, too, is good: one can feel the shadowed cloisters
outside, with the sunlight and the well in the middle of
the quadrangle; and though I do not believe that a
simple friar's cell often ran to the luxury of a couple
of frescoes by Giotto, yet the touch is suggestive and
pardonable. Mr. Ryan's corner of Mantua in the last
act would be perfect if the light could only be forced
to Italian pitch: in fact, it surpasses the real thing in
respect of its freedom from the atrocious Mantuan
stenches and huge mosquitoes from the marshes. Mr.
Harker has only one scene, that of Capulet's ball, a
beautiful fourteenth-century loggia; whilst Mr. Har-
ford, having to do another scene in Capulet's house,
has jumped forward to genteelly elegant Renaissance
work in carved white marble, in the manner of the
Miracoli at Venice. It will be inferred, and rightly in-
ferred, that the scenery is enormously in advance of
that to which Mr. Augustin Daly treated us for
"The Two Gentlemen of Verona." No doubt Mr.
Daly paid as much as Mr. Forbes Robertson; but
Mr. Daly's scene-painters copied bad work, and Mr.
Forbes Robertson's have copied good. That makes all
the difference.

Of course, in criticizing the general effect, the play
and the acting cannot be altogether left out of ac-
count, though it would be unfair to lay too much stress

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 189

on them. Perhaps the most difficult character in the
play as far as finesse of execution goes is Mercutio.
We see Mercutio in his first scene as a wit and fantasist
of the most delicate order. In his next, apparently
without any shock to the Elizabethan sense of con-
gruity, he is a detestable and intolerable cad, the exact
prototype of our modern 'Arry. The change gives
such another glimpse into the manners of that time
as you get in " Much Ado " from the astonishment
which Benedick creates by taking to washing his face
every day. By stage tradition, Mercutio is as much a
leading part as Romeo, if not more so. Therefore,
when the manager chooses Romeo, he should be par-
ticularly careful to choose a good Mercutio, lest he
should appear to have that part purposely under-
played. Perhaps this was why Mr. Forbes Robertson
went so far out of his way as to cast Mr. Coghlan
for the part. If so, he overreached himself; for he
could not possibly have made a worse choice. I really
cannot express myself politely on the subject of Mr.
Coghlan's performance. He lounges, he mumbles, he
delivers the Queen Mab speech In a raffish patter which
takes, and is apparently deliberately meant to take,
all beauty of tone and grace of measure out of it.
It may be that Mr. Coghlan has studied the part care-
fully, and come to the conclusion that since the visit of
the Montagues to Capulet's ball is a young bloods' esca-
pade, Mercutio should be represented as coming half
drunk and lolling on the stone seat outside to repeat
a tipsy rigmarole about nothing. In that case I must
express my entire disagreement with Mr. Coghlan's
reading. Shakespeare never leaves me In any doubt
as to when he means an actor to play Sir Toby Belch
and when to play Mercutio, or when he means an actor

190 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

to speak measured verse and when slipshod colloquial
prose.

Far better than Mr. Coghlan's Mercutio, and yet
quite the worst impersonation I have ever seen of a
not very difficult old woman's part, was Miss Dolores
Drummond's Nurse. Tybalt's is such an unmercifully
bad part that one can hardly demand anything from
its representative except that he should brush his hair
when he comes to his uncle's ball (a condition which
he invariably repudiates) and that he should be so
consummate a swordsman as to make it safe for Romeo
to fall on him with absolute abandonment, and annihi-
late him as Jean de Reszke used to annihilate Montariol.
This is one of the great sensations of the play: unless
an actor is capable of a really terrible explosion of
rage, he had better let Romeo alone. Unfortunately,
the " fire-eyed fury " before which Tybalt falls lies out-
side the gentlemanly limits of Mr. Forbes Robertson's
stage instinct ; and it may be that his skill as an actor
is not equal to the task of working-up the audience to
the point at which they will imagine an explosion which
cannot, of course, be real. At all events the duel scene
has none of the murderous excitement which is the whole
dramatic point of it : it is tamed down to a mere formal
pretext for the banishment of Romeo. Mr. Forbes
Robertson has evidently no sympathy with Shake-
speare's love of a shindy: you see his love of law and
order coming out in his stage management of the fight-
ing scenes. Nobody is allowed to enjoy the scrim-
mage: Capulet and Montague are silenced; and the
spectators of the duel are women — I should say ladies
— who look intensely shocked to see gentlemen of posi-
tion so grossly forgetting themselves. Mr. Forbes Rob-
ertson himself fights with unconcealed repugnance: he

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 191

makes you feel that to do it in that disorderly way,
without seconds, without a doctor, showing temper
about it, and actually calling his adversary names, jars
unspeakably on him. Far otherwise have we seen him
as Orlando wrestling with Charles. But there the con-
test was in the presence of a court, with measured
ground and due formality — under Queensberry rules,
so to speak. For the rest, Mr. Forbes Robertson is
very handsome, very well dressed, very perfectly be-
haved. His assortment of tones, of gestures, of facial
expressions, of attitudes, are limited to half a dozen
apiece; but they are carefully selected and all of the
best. The arrangements in the last scene are exceed-
ingly nice: the tomb of the Capulets is beautifully
kept, well lighted, and conveniently accessible by a
couple of broad steps — quite like a new cathedral
chapel. Indeed, when Romeo, contemplating the bier
of Juliet (which reflected the utmost credit on the
undertaker) said:

" I still will stay with thee.
And never from this palace of dim night
Depart again,"

I felt that the sacrifice he was making in doing with-
out a proper funeral was greatly softened. Romeo
was a gentleman to the last. He laid out Paris after
killing him as carefully as if he were folding up his best
suit of clothes. One remembers Irving, a dim figure
dragging a horrible burden down through the gloom
*' into the rotten jaws of death," and reflects on the
differences of imaginative temperament that underlie
the differences of acting and stage-managing.

As to Juliet, she danced like the daughter of
Herodias. And she knew the measure of her lines to

192 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

a hairbreadth. Did I not say, long ago, that MrS(
Tanqueray's piano-playing was worth all the rest of
her? And yet 1 was taken in by Mrs. Tanqueray —
also by Mrs. Ebbsmith, as we all were. Woman's
gr€at art is to lie low, and let the imagination of the
male endow her with depths. How Mrs. Patrick Camp-
bell must have laughed at us whilst we were giving
her all the credit — if credit it were — for our silly
psychologizing over those Pinero parts ! As Juliet she
still fits herself into the hospitable manly heart without
effort, simply because she is a wonderful person, not
only in mere facial prettiness, in which respect she is
perhaps not superior to the bevy of " extra ladies "
in the fashionable scenes in the new Drury Lane play,
not even in her light, beautifully proportioned figure,
but in the extraordinary swiftness and certainty of
her physical self-command. I am convinced that Mrs.
Patrick Campbell could thread a needle with her toes
at the first attempt as rapidly, as smoothly, as prettily,
and with as much attention to spare for doing any-
thing else at the same time as she can play an arpeggio.
This physical talent, which is seldom consciously recog-
nized except when it is professedly specialized in some
particular direction (as in the case, for instance, of
Miss Letty Lind), will, when accompanied by nimble-
ness of mind, quick observation, and livelj' theatrical
instinct, carry any actress with a rush to the front of
her profession, as it has carried Mrs. Patrick Camp-
bell. Her Juliet, nevertheless, is an immature perform-
ance at all the exceptional points, which, please re-
member, are not very numerous, much of Juliet's
business being of a kind that no " leading lady " of or-
dinary ability could possibly fail in. All the conscious
ideas gathered by her from the part and carried out in

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 193

planned strokes of her own are commonplace. There
is not a touch of tragedy, not a throb of love or fear,
temper instead of passion: in short, a Juliet as un-
ftwakened as Richard III, one in whose death you don't
believe, though you would not cry over it if you did
believe. Nothing of it is memorable except the dance
■ — the irresistible dance.

It should never be forgotten in judging an attempt
to play " Romeo and Juliet " that the parts are made
almost impossible, except to actors of positive genius,
skilled to the last degree in metrical declamation, by
the way in which the poetry, magnificent as it is, is
interlarded by the miserable rhetoric and silly logical
•conceits which were the foible of the Elizabethans.
When Juliet comes out on her balcony and, having pro-
pounded the question, " What 's in a name? " proceeds
to argue it out like an amateur attorney in Christmas-
card verse of the " rose by any other name " order,
no actress can make it appear natural to a century
which has discovered the art of giving prolonged and
intense dramatic expression to pure feeling alone, with-
out any skeleton of argument or narrative, by means
'of music. Romeo has lines that tighten the heart or
catch you up into the heights, alternately with heart-
less fustian and silly ingenuities that make you curse
Shakespeare's stagestruckness and his youthful in-
ability to keep his brains quiet. It needs a great flow-
ing tide of passion, an irresistibly impetuous march of
music, to carry us over these pitfalls and stumbling-
blocks, even when we are foolish enough to mistake
the good for the bad, and to reverently accept Mr.
Coghlan as an authority on the subject of Mercutio.
It would be folly to hold out any such hopes of rescue
at the Lyceum. Of the whole company there is only

194 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

one member who achieves artistic respectability as a
Shakespearean player, and that is Mr. Warde as
Capulet. For the most part, one has to listen to the
music of Shakespeare — in which music, I repeat again
and again, the whole worth and charm of these early
plays of his lies — as one might listen to a symphony
of Beethovcjn's with all the parts played on the bones,
the big drum, and the Jew's-harp. But the production
is an unsparing effort, and therefore as honorable to
Mr. Forbes Robertson's management as the highest
artistic success could make it. The more efforts of
that kind we have, the sooner we shall have the artistic
success.

PINERO AS HE IS ACTED

The Benefit of the Doubt: a new and original comedy,
in three acts. By Arthur W. Pinero. Comedy
Theatre, 16 October, 1895.

Poor Mr. Potton: a new and original farce, in three
acts. By Clarence Hamlyn and H. M. Paull. Vaude-
ville Theatre, 10 October, 1895.

THIS time Mr. Pinero has succeeded. " The Bene-
fit of the Doubt" is worth "The Profligate,"
"Mrs. Tanqueray," and "Mrs. Ebbsmith "
rolled into one and multiplied by ten. It is melan-
choly to have to add that it has broken the back of
our London stage, and may even fail through the
sniffing monotony and dreary ugliness of the acting;
but about the merit of the play there can be no ques-
tion. Mr. Pinero, concentrating himself on a phase of
life and sentiment which he thoroughly understands.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 195

has extracted abundant drama from it, and maintained
it at an astonishingly high and even pressure for two
hours, without for a moment being driven back on the
woman with a past, the cynical libertine peer, the angel
of purity, the Cayley Drummle confidant, or any other
of the conventional figures which inevitably appear in
his plays whenever he conceives himself to be dealing
as a sociologist with public questions of which he has
no solid knowledge, but only a purely conventional and
theatrical conceit. In " The Benefit of the Doubt " he
keeps within the territory he has actually explored;
and the result is at once apparent in the higher dra-
matic pressure, the closer-knit action, the substitution
of a homogeneous slice of life for the old theatrical
sandwich of sentiment and comic relief, and the com-
parative originality, naturalness, and free development
of the characters. Even in the machinery by which
the persons of the play are got on and off the stage
there is a marked improvement. It is artificial enough
— Mr. Pinero has not exactly been born again — but
at least there are no intercepted letters, or sendings
of one set of people to France and another to India
in order to enable a lady to arrive unexpectedly or
a gentleman to walk in by night at the drawing-room
window. There certainly is one nocturnal visit through
a window; but it is pardonable; and for the rest, the
people come and go in a normal and respectable man-
ner. The play is of a frivolous widow with three fast,
slangy, pretty daughters, two of them married. An
amiable young gentleman named John Allingham, tor-
mented by a frightfully jealous wife, confides his miser-
ies to one of the married daughters, a Mrs. Eraser
(Eraser being much away from home). The jealous
Mrs. Allingham sues for a judicial separation, and

196 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the play opens at the point where her petition is
refused. Mrs. Fraser, however, only escapes very nar-
rowly, as the Judge comments strongly on her indis-
cretion, and suggests nothing more complimentary for
her than " the benefit of the doubt." When Mr. Fraser
comes home, he acts on this suggestion so very grudg-
ingly that Mrs. Fraser rushes off to throw herself
upon the more sympathetic Allingham. But that ill-
starred example of the perils of excessive good-nature
has meanwhile succumbed to his wife's appeal for a
reconciliation, she being nearly as violent in her re-
morse as in her jealousy, and much less reasonable.
There you have your drama: first, in the suspense
of awaiting the verdict, ended by the return of Mrs.
Fraser from the divorce court to face out her disgrace
before her family and be driven to desperation by the
rebuff from her husband; and second, her arrival at
Allingham's house just as the demon of jealousy has
been reinstalled there on the domestic throne. In
handling all this Mr. Pinero is never at a loss. He
knows what pretty daughters and frivolous mothers
are like in those circles which used to be called demi-
mondaine before that distinction was audaciously an-
nexed by people who are not mondaine at all; he
knows what the divorce court and the newspapers mean
to them; he knows what a jealous woman is like; and
he has dramatized them with an intensity never attained
by him before. Consciously or unconsciously, he has
this time seen his world as it really is : that is, a world
which never dreams of bothering its little head with
large questions or general ideas. He no longer at-
tempts to dress up Mrs. Ponsonby de Tompkins like
Mrs. Besant, and to present the ridiculous result as
a portrait of a typical modern " advanced " woman :

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 197

he sticks to the B ay swater- Kensington genre, of which
he is a master. He does not even adulterate it with
conventional stage sentiment: for instance, none of
Mrs. Emptage's fast and rather raffish daughters burst
into tears at the thought of the holy purity of their
sixteenth year, when they could look angels in the face
unashamed, as Paula Tanqueray did. His early weak-
nesses have disappeared along with his late affecta-
tions; and the happy issue is the best serious play
he has yet produced.

The subject of the acting is almost too painful to
face. The second act, which lasts, for more than an
hour, is pervaded by the violently jealous wife. She
only leaves the stage to give place to her wearied and
desperate rival, who ends by drinking champagne-cup
to save herself from fainting, and, having fed on noth-
ing all day but excitement, naturally gets tipsy and
hysterical. Such scenes, however moving and interest-
ing they may be, and however skilfully written, can
only be made tolerable by sheer beauty of execution.
Tact and experience — the best substitutes our un-
fortunate stage can offer — may do something to steer
the performance clear of positive offensiveness ; but
tact and experience are not enough: unless the lines
are spoken by voices of which the ear never tires, with
gestures and action which never lose their fascination,
the result can be no better than a disagreeable ex-
perience, drawing a crowd and holding it only as a
street accident does. The reason why the second act
made the audience uneasy was that long before the end
of it we had had enough, and more than enough, not of
the play, but of the performers. We all know the
melodramatic style which grew up in the days when
actors who played " emotional " parts habitually got

198 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

themselves into the requisite maudlin condition by mak-
ing themselves half drunk. This was the true origin
of the detestable veiled voice and muzzy utterance which
no longer produce any illusion except that of the odor
of spirits. The actor of the past will not walk across
the stage to open the door: he plunged headlong at
the handle, and, when he had safely grasped it, rolled
his eye round to give some pretence of dramatic sig-
nificance to an action which really expressed nothing
but his doubts as to his ability to walk straight. He
hung over the furniture, leant against the staircase,
wallowed, collapsed tragically when he sat down, did
everything, in short, to conceal his condition and cover
up the absence of that clear, sober, elegant speech
and movement which mark the self-possessed and ac-
complished artist. The old drunken habits have nearly
passed away — at least, I hope future generations of
critics will not often have to write sympathetic obituary
notices deploring the " breakdown in health " of actors
and actresses who notoriously drank themselves first off
the stage and then out of the world — but the style of
acting that arose in the days when everybody drank
remains with us as a senseless superstition, and is still
laboriously acquired and cultivated by perfectly sober
actors. Unhappily for Mr. Pinero's play, Mr. Leonard
Boyne, who probably has no suspicion of the real ori-
gin of the traditional style of play of which he has
made himself, next to Mr. Charles Warner, the most
popular exponent, played John Allingham as he would
have played an Adelphi or Drury Lane hero. Miss
Lily Hanbury, as the jealous Mrs. Allingham, soon
proved the weakness of our system of promoting young
ladies to leading parts on the strength of good looks
and general intelligence and address. Miss Hanbury

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 199

acted as acting is understood on the London stage.
That is, she expressed emotion by catching the left side
of her under lip between her front teeth, and twisting
the right corner as much out of its natural place as
possible. She cried, and declared that she was " bad,"
meaning that she was mad. Her voice, which careful
cultivation might by this time have made a very agree-
able one, still has all its girlish, nasal character. Five
minutes of Mr. Boyne and Miss Hanbury, doing some
light and pleasant work in an ordinary play, would
leave the impression that they were charming and clever
people, and encourage our fatuous satisfaction with the
most incompetent profession in the world; but half an
hour with them — such a half-hour as Mr. Pinero has
set them — may I never spend such another ! They did
their best; but they were hopelessly overparted. As
to Miss Winifred Emery, she received boundless ap-
plause; but as it burst out in all its enthusiasm in
the first act, before she had uttered a word or made
a gesture, it may safely be discounted. All the same.
Miss Emery played astonishingly well, considering that
she is virtually a beginner at work so difficult as that
cut out for her by Mr. Pinero. She was, of course,
powerfully aided by her natural charm, and by the
confidence in it which experience has given her. The
champagne scene and the passages of querulous lassi-
tude were frankly realistic ; and I rather doubt whether
a less pretty and popular lady dare have treated them
so without greater art to help her. Even as it was.
Miss Emery sometimes lost her style and allowed her
intonation to become decidedly disagreeable. But for
the most part, and especially in the first act, she got
far beyond any point I have seen her reach before, and,
indeed, beyond any point that is commonly reached by

200 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

our London " leading ladies." She evidently only wants
plenty of that sort of work to make her, within the
limits of her temperament, a highly accomplished
actress.

Miss Rose Leclercq, not this time condemned to play
the usual caricature of herself, had a real part, and
played it with real distinction. The other parts are of
the usual type; that is to say, they require a certain
professional habit for their effective presentation, but
involve little knowledge of the art of acting. The best
of them are in the hands of Miss Esme Beringer, Mr.
Cyril Maude, and Mr. Aubrey Fitzgerald. Mr. Pinero,
always a bad hand at casting a play, has not fitted
Miss Beringer very happily — more 's the pity, as she
is one of the few young actresses now on the stage
who have studied their profession, or even realized
that there is anything to study in it.

" Poor Mr. Potton," at the Vaudeville, is called a
farce, even a new and original farce; but it is hardly
more than a romp. However, it is tolerably good fun
of its kind, childish fun mostly as regards the action,
clever fun occasionally as regards the lines. The
scenes, especially the last act, are not at all ill-planned :
there is a certain incongruity between the jejune flimsi-
ness of the general notion of the play and the compara-
tive solidity and intelligence with which it is put to-
gether. Probably this is a natural consequence of the
collaboration between Mr. Clarence Hamlyn and Mr.
Paull. From the critical point of view the play is
chiefly interesting as an example of the extent to
which brutality and silliness are still in demand in our
theatres, just as the performance is an example of the
impudent artlessness with which long scenes can be
gabbled through on the London stage without provok-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 201

ing as much criticism as a company of children per-
forming in a nursery would receive from their parents.
The brutality is, of course, unconscious, though that
is an excellent reason for a critical attempt to induce
some consciousness of it. The fun of the play lies
in the engagement of Mr. Potton (Mr. Weedon Gros-
smith) to an elderly and several times widowed heroine
(Miss Gladys Homfrey). Miss Gladys Homfrey is a
lady of very ample proportions. I shall not attempt
to estimate the excess of her weight over that of Mr.
Weedon Grossmith with precision : let me put it roughly
and safely at not less than fifty pounds. Need I add
that the main joke in " Poor Mr. Potton " is the
spectacle of Miss Homfrey throwing herself ponder-
ously on Mr. Grossmith's neck, and being petted and
kissed and courted by him. I am obliged to make the
strange confession that I do not enjoy this sort of
stage effort; though I admit that the guffaws which
it invariably elicits show that London audiences do not
agree with me. Mr. Gilbert quite understood his public
when he furnished his operas so carefully with stout
and mature ladies for the express purpose of making
fun of their age and figure. Such fun has always re-
volted me; and I am waiting for the time when it will
revolt the public too. I have by me a book called
" The Elizabethan Hamlet," by Mr. John Corbin, pub-
lished by Mr. Elkin Mathews, in which the author suc-
ceeds in fully driving home the fact, not of course
hitherto unknown, but certainly hitherto underesti-
mated, that Hamlet first became popular on the stage
as a madman: that is, as a comic person according
to the ideas of that time. I say of that time as a
matter of politeness to my contemporaries, though any
one who has ever seen a village idiot at large must have

202 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

seen also a crowd of villagers teasing him, encouraging
him to make uncouth sounds and cut deplorable capers,
and laughing at him with gross enjoyment as at one
of Nature's primest jokes. It has always been so, I
am afraid. The old-fashioned king's jester was not a
clever, satirical, able person like Dumas's Chicot: he
was a zerny, a poor idiot, a butt, not a wit. Fortu-
nately we have at last reached a point at which the old
Hamlet play is out of the question, whilst the master-
piece which Shakespeare built on it is the most popular
play we have. But is there any distinction, except in
degree of atrocity, between the old brutal laughter at
*' Hamblet's " madness and murderous cunning, and our
laughter to-day at the Lady Janes of Mr. Gilbert, and
at certain comedians and music-hall artists who are
commercially fortunate enough to be abnormally small
or grotesque in appearance.'' And if Shakespeare, in
a much coarser age, could take subjects which were
reeking with the vilest stage traditions, and lift them
at one stroke to the highest tragic dignity, is it too
much to ask that our modern dramatists should ha-
bitually assume that " the British public " consists of
humane persons with developed sympathies, and not of
rowdy undergraduates and street Arabs? I presume
that Miss Gladys Homfrey has an honorable ambition
to distinguish herself in the art of acting, as Mrs.
Stirling and Mrs. Gilbert have distinguished them-
selves. Why then should she be condemned to merely
exhibit herself as a fat lady? I am not pretending
to ignore the fact that personality is an element in
the qualification of an actor or actress as well as
skill, and that our stage affords so little training that
practical dramatic authorship has become the art of
exploiting the personalities of popular favorites in-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 203

stead of setting tasks to the executive skill of accom-
plished artists. If a young author were to come to
me and announce his intention of striving to win fame
by creating an imaginary heroine who should survive
millions of real women as Imogen and Gretchen have,
I should, in the paternal character of a man of the
world, immediately reply, " Bless your innocence, you
must n't do that. You must vamp up a serious part
that will fit Mrs. Patrick Campbell, and a serio-comic
part that will fit Miss Fanny B rough, bearing care-
fully in mind that neither of these ladies ever acts
anybody but herself, nor indeed dare to do it, since
the public goes to the theatre to see them playing
themselves and not to enjoy dramatic poetry or fine
acting." Still, there are limits even to the compulsory
cynicism of dramatic authorship. The author may be
forced to exploit a lady's temperament and appearance
because she cannot act ; but he need not condescend
to exploit her circumference. Characters like Falstaff
are not added to dramatic literature by any process
so cheap as the simple making game of the stoutest
member of the profession.

Two parts in " Poor Mr. Potton " are well played.
Mr. Weedon Grossmith succeeds in making Potton
perfectly real, and quite a different person from the
other characters of his creation. His perplexed con-
viction, the apparent unconsciousness with which he
allows his funniest points to make themselves, the art
with which he takes care that they shall make them-
selves, and the adroitness of his execution, leave noth-
ing for the critic to say except that the part is as
well done as it can be done. Miss Haydon, as Mrs.
Potton, makes a charming old lady, preserving her
own dignity and that of her art, as well as the veri-

204 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

similitude of the play, without losing a scrap of comic
effect. I will not say that none of the rest were amus-
ing; but they certainly were often quite as annoying
as amusing, gabbling and guying as if the play were
being performed for their entertainment much more
than for that of the audience. Accustomed as I am
becoming to see important parts given to clowning
novices and to young women whose flippant personal
vanity, bad manners, vulgarly titivated costumes, and
slipshod carelessness of speech and action would not be
tolerated from a parlor-maid by the people who are
expected to pay half a guinea for a seat at the theatre,
it hardly now seems worth while to complain of an
outrage more or less in this direction. The Vaudeville
company, apart from Mr. Grossmith and Miss Haydon,
is neither better nor worse than I expected to find it.
The exceptions were Miss Beet, who gave a capital
sketch of an irritable general servant, and Mr. Tom
Terriss, whose father has endowed him handsomely
with an admirable voice and an attractive figure and
face, disinheriting him only in the matter of his chin,
which is a comparatively unfamiliar figure. If Mr.
Terriss's part was not a very exacting one, he at least
got a thorough grip on it, and would have pleased the
audience even if his name had been an unknown one.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 205

THE CHILI WIDOW

12 October, 1895.
The Chili Widow. Adapted by Arthur Bourchier and
Alfred Sutro from Monsieur le Directeur, by MM.
Bisson and Carre. Royalty Theatre.

ON paying a somewhat belated visit to " The Chili
Widow " the other evening, I was astonished to
find that Mr. Bourchier has not only taken the
Royal Theatre — many have done that before him, and
some have repented it — but has actually founded
there, with apparent success, a new school of stage
art. At least it is new to the regular professional
stage, though not to the country house or the university
dramatic club. It is the school of the romping, gleeful
amateur, not he with the contracted brow, the Eliza-
bethan imagination, and the patent method of voice pro-
duction, but the facetious undergraduate who dresses
up for a lark, the awfully jolly girl who can act like
anything, and the funny man with accomplishments,
including the banjo. I am not intolerant of such
sportiveness : the majesty of criticism can unbend
on occasion and enjoy a bit of fun, served up with
ridiculous home-made art, as much as the humblest
member of the domestic staff admitted to the drawing-
room to see the daughters of the house in their stage
glory. Even at the Royalty Theatre I do not object
to it: only, it is my duty to be perfectly explicit with
the public as to the nature of the entertainment. Let
me therefore explain.

The accomplishments which distinguish the trained
actor from the amateur are not the same as the quali-

206 DRAJMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ties which distinguish great actors from ordinary ones.
Take, first, the difference between the trained actor and
the man in the street — the layman. When the layman
walks, his only object is to get to Charing Cross; when
he makes a gesture, it is to attract the attention of a
cab-driver or bus-conductor; when he speaks, it is to
convey or demand information, or tell a lie, or other-
wise further his prosaic ends ; when he moves his hands,
it is to put up his umbrella or take out his handker-
chief. On the stage these merely utilitarian purposes
are only simulated: the real purpose is to produce an
effect on the senses and imagination of the spectator.
The actor's walk is addressed to the spectator's sense
of grace, dignity, or strength of movement, and his
voice to the listener's sense of expressive or beautiful
tone. Impersonations even of ugly or deformed crea-
tures with harsh voices have the same artistic character,
and are agreeably disagreeable, just as the most ex-
treme discords in a symphony or opera are distinctly
musical, and perfectly different to the random ca-
cophonies which arise from the tuning of the orchestra.
Now, the power of complying with artistic conditions
without being so preoccupied by them as to be incapable
of thinking of anything else is hard to acquire, and can
be perfected only by long practice. Talma estimated
the apprenticeship at twenty years. The habit can
never become as instinctive as keeping one's balance,
for instance, because failure in that for even an in-
stant means a fall, so that the practice in it is lifelong
and constant ; whereas the artistic habit lapses more or
less in the absence of an audience, and even on the
stage can be forgotten for long periods without any
worse consequences than a loss of charm which noth-
ing may bring to the actor's attention. The real safe-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 207

guard against such lapses is a sense of beauty — the
artistic sense — cultivated to such a degree of sensi-
tiveness that a coarse or prosaic tone, or an awkward
gesture, jars instantly on the artist as a note out of
tune jars on the musician. The defect of the old-
fashioned systems of training for the stage was that
they attempted to prescribe the conclusions of this
constantly evolving artistic sense instead of cultivating
it and leaving the artist to its guidance. Thus they
taught you an old-fashioned stage-walk, an old-fash-
ioned stage-voice, an old-fashioned stage way of kneel-
ing, of sitting down, of shaking hands, of picking up
a handkerchief, and so on, each of them supposed to
be the final and perfect way of doing it. The end of
that was, of course, to discredit training altogether.
But neglect of training very quickly discredits itself;
and it will now perhaps be admitted that the awaken-
ing and culture of the artistic conscience is a real
service which a teacher can render to an actor. When
that conscience is thoroughly awakened and cultivated,
when a person can maintain vigilant artistic sensitive-
ness throughout a performance whilst making all the
movements required by the action of a drama, and
speaking all its dialogue graphically without preoccu-
pation or embarrassment, then that person is a tech-
nically competent artistic actor, able to play a part
of which he hardly comprehends one line, in a play
of which he knows nothing except his own words and
speeches and the cues thereto, much more intelligibly
and effectively, as well as agreeably, than a statesman
with ten times his general ability could. He can only
be beaten, in fact, by the professional rival who has
equal skill in execution, but has more numerous and
valuable ideas to execute. The finest actors — Jeffer-

208 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

son, Coquelin, Salvini, Duse — carry this technical skill
to such a point that though they act so beautifully that
you cannot take your eyes off them even when you do
not understand what they are saying, yet the beauty
seems so spontaneous and inevitable that it is gen-
erally quite impossible to persuade their admirers that
there is any art or study in their acting at all.

The effect on an ordinary man of making him sud-
denly conscious of the artistic aspect of his movements
and speech is to plunge him into a condition of terror
and bewilderment in which he forgets how to do any-
thing. It gives him stage fright, in short. Take a
humble tradesman who has demolished his boiled mut-
ton and turnips for half a century without misgiving.
Invite him to meet a peer or two at dinner in Grosvenor
Square, and he will refuse dish after dish because he no
longer feels sure of how he ought to eat it. Take a
lady who habitually talks the heads off all her acquaint-
ances, and put her on a platform to make the simplest
statement to an audience, and she will be struck dumb.
The nervous agonies of the young have caused more
discomfort in the world than the torments of the
Inquisition. If this happens on the large stage of the
world to people who have all had at least some social
training, what must be the anguish of the wretch who,
with his face absurdly painted, and dressed in out-
landish costume that does not fit him, is thrust on
a stage for the first time in his life to speak Elizabethan
stage English as Rosencrantz or Guildenstern, or even
to stand a mute courtier and look on at some fellow
creature making the like horrible exhibition of himself !
All this, however, presupposes that the victim has an
artistic conscience, only just born and still blind.
There are plenty of people who have either no artistic

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 209

conscience at all or else one which is very easily satis-
fied. Just as you have soldiers who are not frightened
under fire because they have not imagination enough to
conceive their danger, whilst your imaginative Napo-
leon or Nelson turns pale, and your serene Goethe sees
yellow, so there are debutters, both on the social and
theatrical stage, who get through their ordeal easily
because they are only imperfectly conscious of it. And
there are happy people whose artistic conscience has
always been awake, and to whom sufficient conscious
grace and beauty to begin with are second nature.
There is also the person with high animal spirits, a
strong sense of fun, and a turn for mimicry. He, with
an utterly unawakened artistic conscience, will flourish
greatly at private theatricals, and sometimes also at
public ones. With a good ear for musical pitch and
tune and measure, and some physical agility, he will
do excellently at the music-halls ; but he very often
has no ear to speak of; and then, incapable of sing-
ing, dancing, fine diction or graceful movement, he de-
lights himself with tomfoolery, and is hugely pleased
with himself when the people laugh. And since the
people do laugh, there Is a constant tendency to sub-
stitute tomfoolery for artistic comedy on the stage,
since artistic comedians are in the nature of things
much scarcer than buffoons. Then it is that the skilled
critic must act as the watchdog of art, and begin to
bark vigorously. Unfortunately, he can only bark: It
is the manager who must bite. The artistic manager, as
distinguished from the man who merely takes a theatre
and puts up a play, is also a critic, and, knowing the dif-
ference between finished stage execution and mere lark-
ing, picks and drills his company accordingly. That is
how theatres come to have styles as weU as individuals.

210 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

The nature of my criticism of the Royalty perform-
ance will now be intelligible. I do not deny that it is
amusing — sometimes ; but I do most emphatically
deny that the performance, as a whole, has any artistic
character. I go further: I sorrowfully profess my
conviction, based on an attentive examination of the
stage business, that the performers have been not only
encouraged, but positively ordered, to clown as much
as possible so as to keep the fun going and make the
play lively. The back drawing-room has never pro-
duced a company of comedians so intensely and osten-
tatiously conscious of their own funniness. Squawk-
ing voices, grinning faces, foolish antics, pervade the
play to such an extent that though, as I have admitted
(very magnanimously, believe me), the second act
amused me, yet I could not face the third, having lost
my old robust schoolboy appetite for large doses of
that sort of merriment. The jar on my nerves began
in " Harmony," a little play by Mr. Henry Arthur
Jones, one of his early pieces, in which you can plainly
see the feeling, imagination, and humor of the future
author of " The Crusaders " and " Rebellious Susan,"
along with the stage asides and soliloquies of a cruder
period. The gentleman who played the youthful lover
in this nearly drove me out of my senses with his
determination to be breezy and not to let the play
down. His voice rattled and his figure bounded, until
I gave up trying to imagine that I was looking at a
scene in a primitive country parish, and fell to wonder-
ing what quality over and above a cheerful effrontery
can be needed to make any able-bodied young gentle-
man into an actor in three weeks nowadays. Mr. King-
home hardly improved matters by doing his business
as the blind organist in the safest of old stage styles,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 211

piling it on and working it up tremendously, and never
touching nature at any point. And Miss Ettie Wil-
liams, pretty, self-possessed, and resolutely metropoli-
tan, gave the final blow to the illusion. But it was
not until " The Chili Widow " came on that I began
to suspect that breeziness, and rattle, and intense comic
consciousness were parts of the managerial policy.
Mr. Bourchier seemed determined that there should be
no mistake about our being there to make a regular
evening of it; and it is possible that the profound de-
pression into which this attitude naturally threw me
— as I think it would any reasonable person — may
have made me somewhat captious. At all events, I soon
felt that I could willingly mow down the whole of that
stage Home Office staff with a Maxim gun. It was
not mere extravagance of caricature that annoyed me;
for Mr. Blakeley and Miss Larkin, who are hardened
veterans in broad caricature, managed their business
smoothly and easily, and at least did not play the part
of the audience as well by laughing at their own per-
formances; whilst Miss Phillips clowned only when a
silly part absolutely forced her to, and made the most
of the rest. What was wrong with the performance
was its persistent Philistinism. It is fortunate for Mr.
Bourchier and for Miss Violet and Miss Irene Van-
brugh that they are such very pleasant people, and
that the play is such an amusing play. Mr. Bourchier
is a born comedian : he has ease, humor, geniality, and
plenty of natural grace of speech and manner. Happy
in these endowments, he insists on sharing the fun him-
self, and is evidently quite persuaded that if all the
others will only rattle along in the same careless way,
the result will be as pleasant in their case as in his.
He enjoys himself so robustly that the audience can-

212 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

not help feeling good-humored. The very thoughtless-
ness of his performance is an element in its popularity :
one feels that a thoroughly healthy person never thinks.
Miss Violet Vanbrugh is very attractive; but she is
much more conscious of Miss Violet Vanbrugh than of
her part: in other words, she lacks conviction. The
fact is, she is not a comedian: all this man-killing
archness does not belong to her: one sees that it is
only her fun, not her nature; and the result is, not
an artist at work, but a pretty lady at play, a spec-
tacle always agreeable, but not to the purpose of the
connoisseur in dramatic art. Miss Irene Vanbrugh has
more genuine comic force, and is better fitted in her
part; but as far as I saw the play she only appeared
in the first act, which might with great advantage be
cut out. Mr. Kinghorne plays the office-keeper much
more naturally than the organist in the first piece, and
much more entertainingly. The others funnify their
parts more or less blatantly, the whole ill-concerted
attempt to produce a facetious atmosphere without any
reference to the finer artistic conditions being, as I
have said, discordant and amateurish. Even the audi-
ence struck me as a somewhat unsophisticated, not to
say chuckleheaded one; but I am glad to be able to
add that it was numerous and well pleased. It had the
air of having at last discovered a play which was better
fun than a smoking concert.

On a point of pronunciation may I be allowed to
say that Ballymacklerush, with a strong stress on the
rush, is a credible Irish name, but that Bally McKill-
rush, with the stress on the kill, is impossible. The
only safe rule about the pronunciation of an Irish
name is that whatever way comes naturally to an Eng-
lishman is quite certain to be the wrong way.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 213

MORE MASTERPIECES

The Rise of Dick Hallward: a new play in three acts.
By Jerome K. Jerome. Garrick Theatre, 19 October,
1895.

WITH every possible disposition to tolerate all
views of life on the stage, I cannot quite keep
my patience with the pessimism of Mr. Jerome
K. Jerome and his school. I can endure, for a strictly
limited time, the splenetic, cynical pessimist, who lashes
and satirizes the abundant follies and weaknesses of
mankind to excuse himself for giving it up as a bad
job. But your maudlin pessimist who, like Mr. Jerome
K. Jerome, says, " We are all hopeless scoundrels ; so
let us be kind and gentle to one another " : him I find
it hard to bear. Mr. Jerome's hero, Dick Hallward, is
called Dick because that is a less harsh term than
Richard. A judge might say, " Richard Hallward:
after a patient trial, and upon evidence which must
convince every reasonable person of the justice of the
verdict, you have been found guilty of one of the
meanest frauds that has ever come before a court of
law. By selling your professional honor and robbing
your friend at one stroke, you have shown yourself
void alike of character in your public capacity and
of feeling in your private relations. You are a dis-
honest and worthless fellow; and the sentence of the
court is," etc., etc. Not thus Mr. Jerome K. Jerome.
He grasps the culprit's hand, and, in a voice husky
with emotion, says : " Dick, old chap, not another word
about that money. Not a man of us but would have
done just as you did, Heaven help us, if we got the

214 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

chance. You were tempted, and you fell; but you
sent £5 to your sisters when you were poor ; you never
had a hard word for the housemaid at your chambers ;
and in the sterling simplicity of your heart you hid
your pipe and slippers in the coal-scuttle when you had
lady visitors. How many of us would do as much.?
You have sinned; but you have suffered; and it was
love that led you astray. Let the cold world say what
it will, you shall have a happy ending, Dick, dear old
man. God bless you, Dick, God bless you. Go and
live happily ever after. It 's unmanly to — dash it,
I think I '11 go and smoke a pipe outside, if you don't
mind, Dick." Ibsen might have been a rich man to-day
if he had only taken that view of things. Perhaps,
however, it is only fair that it should bring dramatic
authors money; for it will assuredly not bring them
anything else.

A criminal is not necessarily a despicable person.
The man who is strongly, ably, egotistically and there-
fore self-respectingly wicked may be crowned or hung,
as the case may be, according to his failure or success;
but he is not despised. The only one insufferable and
unpardonable thing for a criminal to do is to confess
before he is found out. When a man goes to a
police station and gives himself up for an undiscovered
murder, the first uncontrollable impulse of every
healthy person is one of impatient exasperation with
a fool who cannot bear his cross and hold his tongue,
but must tear open a healed wound for the sake of hav-
ing his miserable conscience soothed by the hangman.
Mr. Jerome K. Jerome, by way of carrying to its
possible extreme his pessimistic theory that the baser
a man is, the more intensely human and sympathetic
he is, completes the infamy of Dick Hallward by mak-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 215

ing him volunteer a quite exceptionally gratuitous and
dastardly confession at the moment when he believes
he is going to commit suicide by taking his father's
patent headache cure. Under such circumstances a
man with any decency left in him would surely make a
stage will leaving his property to the person he had
robbed of it, and then slip quietly overboard, so to
speak. But Hallward cannot deny himself a dram of
sympathy at the price of leaving everybody disgusted,
ashamed, and miserably uncomfortable. He pours the
headache cure into a tumbler (by the way, it is quite
a genuine cure, and may be relied on not only for
headache, but for ailments of all kinds — nineteen drops
of hydrocyanic acid), and summons to his presence
his two most intimate friends, one of whom, it is
hardly necessary to say, is the youth whose inheritance
he has stolen. His own betrothed and that of the
young man are also sent for. He then baldly con-
fesses ; and the play immediately collapses like a punc-
tured tire, Mr. Jerome's stagecraft collapsing visibly
with it. For the unhappy four witnesses of the con-
fession are so totally unequal to the occasion that they
simply drift off the stage one after another flabber-
gasted, only one of them having the presence of mind
to explain that he must go and think about it a little
before committing himself. Fortunately for Mr.
Jerome, the five parties to this unexampled stage
effect were artists no less popular than Miss Marion
Terry, Miss Annie Hughes, Mr. Willard, Mr. Esmond,
and Mr. Barnes. If Mr. Jerome will try it at the
Independent Theatre with five comparatively unknown
performers, he will probably be made acutely conscious
of his own originality. When the disabled quartet had
melted from the gaze of a dumbfounded audience. Hall-

216 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ward proceeded to bid the world farewell and raise the
headache cure to his lips. We all remembered how, in
" The Dancing Girl," when Mr. Tree was in the like
extremity. Miss Norrejs slid down the banisters and
seized the fatal goblet at the last moment. We were
therefore not surprised to see Miss Marion Terry come
back. Since it was Miss Terry's objection to marrying
a man with less than five thousand a year that had
given Dick his excuse for his crime, the attitude of pure
derision in which we should otherwise have contemplated
the heroine's reappearance was suspended in view of
the possibility that the play might after all end heroi-
cally by the lady insisting on sharing the poison, and
the two dying together by their own condemnation,
Rosmersholmwise. But Mr. Jerome knew better than
that. Miss Terry did her duty according to Mr.
Jerome's lights — the footlights. She weaned her lover
from his fell purpose, and promised to go across the
seas with him and begin a new life regardless of income.
At which unspeakable crisis of Mr, Jerome's attempt to
hold the mirror up to nature, the curtain fell.

I find it very hard to believe that Mr. Jerome in
writing this play, or Mr. Willard in producing it, had
any other object than to make money in the cheapest
possible way. So hard, in fact, that I shall not try
to believe it. No doubt I shall be told that

" The drama's laws the drama's patrons give ;
And those who live to please must please to live."

But you cannot get out of an argument by simply tell-
ing a lie in a heroic couplet. The drama's laws the
drama's patrons do not give, nor ever can give: that is
the prerogative of the dramatist, and of the dramatist
alone. Nor need anybody " please to live " : on the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 217

contrary, the person who is willing to do anything to
please everybody is a universally and deservedly de-
spised and disastrous person. The public cannot do
without the theatre; and the actor and the dramatist
are therefore in a position to insist on honorable terms.
The managers who are at present flinging all profes-
sional honor and artistic faith to the winds by com-
peting with one another as to who shall secure the
vulgarest and foolishest play are no more under any
compulsion to do so than Sir Henry Irving is to
swallow swords, balance straws on his nose, or bounce
up through star-traps. Suppose Sir Henry were to
join the ignoble scramble after big pecuniary successes,
and to abandon the comparatively high ground on
which he is now securely planted, what would be the
result? Only that on the low ground he would be
easily beaten by the music-halls; so that he would
debauch his audiences only to lose them. That is just
what too many of our managers are doing at the
present time. They deliberately select melodramas of
the Surrey and Marylebone types, and engage first-
rate performers to present them at west end houses
at west end prices. In due course these pieces are
sent " on tour " through the provinces. Now " the
provinces " include suburban London ; and at this very
moment the people who like shoddy melodrama are
waking up to the fact that if they do their playgoing
at the suburban houses, they can see, at reasonable
prices, exactly the same plays as they are now paying
exorbitant prices to see worse acted at west end houses.
Take this play of Mr. Jerome's, " The Rise of Dick
Hallward." The part of Dick, from its ridiculous invo-
cation of Mephistopheles in the first act to its sham
farewell to earth in the last, is arrant fustian, better

218 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

than the fustian of twenty years ago, no doubt, but
still, judged by the literary and artistic standards of
to-day, very sorry fustian. Mr. Willard does not play
it more effectively than a strong transpontine leading
man would: he plays it less effectively. As to Miss
Marion Terry, I could name half a dozen young ladies,
not to be compared to her for a moment in artistic
power and accomplishment, who might replace her with
advantage as the heroine. The part in her hands is
only a bad misfit. Miss Hughes, Mr. Esmond, and the
rest are equally, if less grotesquely, thrown away on
their parts. " The Prude's Progress " was far more
successfully represented, not only because it was a
better play, but because it had a weaker cast. When
"The Rise of Dick Hallward " is performed by actors
just fit for the class of people to whose level the play
has been written down, it will go ten times better than
it does at the Garrick, although the sums paid to the
leading performers will be less by about five-sixths.

In Mr. Oscar Wilde's " Ideal Husband " there was
a remarkable scene in which the fraudulent Cabinet
Minister reproached his wife with idealizing and wor-
shipping his moral virtues instead of loving his very
self as he loves her. This so exactly suits Mr. Jerome's
sentimental pessimism that he flourishes it in a crude
state all over his love scenes. The lady reproves Dick
for loving her in spite of her demerits: he replies by
laboriously explaining Mr. Oscar Wilde's point to her,
thereby very effectually reducing it to absurdit3\ For-
tunately for the play, Mr. Jerome has a vein of shrewd
fun, and has discovered that in working the familiar
but safe stage trick of denouement by coincidence, the
long arm cannot be too long, in spite of the certainty
that the critics will immediately fill up their notices

DRAIVIATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 219

with futile complaints of improbability. So what with
Mr. Jerome's jokes, and his manipulation of a camera
and a microscope, the play passes the time. But it
is as much inferior to " The Prude's Progress " as that
play, I hope, will prove to Mr. Jerome's next.

THE NEW MAGDALEN AND THE
OLD

The New Magdalen. By Wilkie Collins. (Revival.)
Theatre Metropole, 28 October, 1895.

THE rise of the suburban theatre into artistic im-
portance is a phenomenon which I have been
expecting for many years. If the suburban
population went to the theatre with anything like the
assiduity with which it goes to church and chapel, I
should not have had so long to wait. Even now there
are districts of London, larger than many German
towns which have their theatre and their grand ducal
opera-house, where the inhabitants must come to the
Strand district to find a theatre tolerable by people
of the most moderate culture. But the signs of change
in this respect are thickening. Whilst west end man-
agement is getting more and more desperately pre-
carious, theatres like the Grand at Islington, the Lyric
at Ealing, and the Metropole at Camberwell appar-
ently prosper steadily. Still, until this week, I had
never been invited by a suburban manager to a first
night, because the suburban manager has usually noth-
ing to show except a piece already produced and criti-
cized at a west end theatre. Now, however, Mr.

220 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

MulhoUand, the manager of the Metropole, has taken
a step forward by producing a play on his own ac-
count, the said play being no less a work than Wilkie
Collins's " New Magdalen," in which the late Ada
Cavendish became famous twenty years ago. " It is
a curious fact in connection with the recent craze for
problem and sex plays," says Mr. MulhoUand, in a little
manifesto circulated last Monday night in his theatre,
" that the bold initiation of Wilkie Collins in this re-
spect has been practically ignored. The existence alike
of such a work as ' The New Magdalen,' and the cre-
ation of Mercy Merrick in this relation, has never
been adequately acknowledged. It is in some sense
with a view to showing the influence of this work on the
so-called * new movement ' in dramatic literature, and
placing dramatic facts in their true perspective, that
the present revival has been undertaken."

On that let me say, respectfully but firmly, that
" The New Magdalen " is no more a modern " sex
play " than Mercy Merrick is a real Magdalen, or, for
the matter of that, a real woman. Mercy is the old-
fashioned man made angel-woman. She is only techni-
cally a liar, an impostor, and a prostitute ; for the loss
of her reputation occurs through no fault of her own;
and the fraud by which she attempts to recover her
place in society is so contrived as to seem quite harm-
less when she enters on it. Mercy is interesting, not
because she is specifically feminine, or what Lombroso
calls " sexually psychopathic," but because certain
ideally and nobly human impulses are personified in
her ; so that she gains our sympathies in spite of incon-
sistent and improbable circumstances. To invent such
an ideal figure ; to thrust her into a refuge by a string
of novelist-manufactured accidents, and then bring on

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 221

a Christian Socialist clergyman to raise her up and
hail her as " the noblest of God's creatures " before
an audience perfectly well aware that the typical
women in our refuges are not in the least like her
except in point of the susceptibility to sentimental
sermons and the superficially amiable emotional facility
which are only the symptoms of their weakness of char-
acter — to do all this was not to anticipate " the new
movement," but to provoke it. Where Wilkie Collins
really struck the new movement was in his sketch of
the Reverend Julian Grey, who might have been a
stagey forecast of the Reverend Stewart Headlam,
though he was probably a reminiscence of some earlier
pioneer of Christian Socialism. You will find hundreds
of such parsons now: in fact, the Guild of St. Matthew
is a Guild of St. Julian Grey. The scene in which
Julian Gray describes all the little sallies by which he
horrifies his bishop already falls flat because by this
time the bishop himself might perpetrate them all, and
worse, without scandalizing anybody.

The stage has moved as well as the world since Ada
Cavendish created Mercy Merrick. Then " The New
Magdalen " was a fashionable and well-made piece :
to-day its innumerable asides and soliloquies, each more
absurd and impossible than the last, are quite out of
the question. In other respects it is still a strong play
as plays go, hugely superior to the modern work of
Messrs. Carton, Frith, and Jerome, but presenting the
fatal disqualification from the point of view of the
west end manager of to-day that it requires acting,
and powerful acting, too. It is a significant fact that
the return of " The New Magdalen " to the London
stage has involved the return of Miss Janet Achurch,
the only tragic actress of genius we now possess. After

222 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

seeing Miss Achurch in the third act of " The New
Magdalen," I quite understand why she has not re-
cently been let loose in modern plays. The other
evening even the comparatively quiet and adaptable
talent of Miss Marion Terry, in spite of all her tact
and charm, nearly knocked " Dick Hallward " to pieces ;
and I hardly expect to see Miss Terry on the stage
again except on occasions when the supply of ladies
who can be depended on not to act runs short. Miss
Winifred Fraser, the English creator of Ibsen's Hedwig
Ekdal, was cautiously admitted on that occasion as a
Temple laundress, in which capacity she could hardly
do much harm. What would happen to a play of the
"Dick Hallward" class with Miss Achurch in it is
hardly to be imagined — it is like trying to conceive
a successful gunpowder plot. The supreme test of
tragic acting is that indescribable disturbance of soul
in which the spectator finds himself when the curtain
comes down, a sensation from which I have usually
found myself perfectly safe in London theatres except
when Duse is at large here. How Miss Achurch man-
aged to produce it with the execrable support she had, I
do not know — it is hardly too much to say that in the
most difficult scenes every speech of hers was followed
by some ineptitude or obvious blunder which reduced
the whole play to absurdity until she rescued it again
— but she certainly did produce it. Three magnificent
strokes in particular remain vividly in my memory : the
gleam of rage through the hungry tenderness of her
demand to Horace Holmcroft whether his love for her
would stand the test of the loss of her social position ;
her annihilation of Grace Roseberry with the contemp-
tuous "mad, you 're mad," the words striking the woman
in the fact like a hammer; and the superb movement

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 223

with which she swept herself to the feet of Julian Grey
as the penitent Magdalen. This last would have been
a fine piece of art even if there had been anything
resembling a Julian Grey on the stage. As there was
nothing but an unfortunate gentleman who was not
within a fortnight of knowing his part, and not within
five years of being able for it, the feat was all but
miraculous. Miss Achurch actually persuaded the
audience, between her efforts to prompt him, that he
was acting rather well ; and after one memorable scene,
during which she had borne him with a strong hand
through a troubled ocean of forgetfulness, unprepared-
ness, inexpertness, and general ignominy and confusion,
he received a hearty round of applause from an audi-
ence which rightly felt that he had been taking part
in a very powerfully acted scene. Comparing Miss
Achurch's play in this third act, and in the first act
at the point where the possibility of impersonating
Grace Roseberry first strikes her, with the few squalls
of temper which made Mrs. Tanqueray's reputation, I
am compelled to admit that our playgoing digestion
has been rather weak of late.

For all that, the New Magdalen is not her old self
at the Metropole, and never can, perhaps, be her old
self again. When Ada Cavendish made her great suc-
cess in it, she did no violence to the author. She gath-
ered sympathy, first as the good hospital nurse on the
battlefield, and then as the nice young lady at Mable-
thorpe House, quite as Wilkie Collins meant her to.
Even the memorable fit of hysterics which swept away
the audiences of the seventies with the undercurrent of
rich, passionate, indignant emotion which was Ada
Cavendish's chief gift, was ladylike in its form and con-
ventional in its symptoms. But Miss Achurch belongs

224 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

to an age which has little sympathy with the doves,
soiled or unsoiled, of the age of Wilkie Collins. Mercy
Merrick and Tom Hood's drowned young lady " fash-
ioned so slenderly ; young, and so fair " were not rebels
against society: they were its victims, always convey-
ing a faint suggestion that they were probably the
daughters of distressed clergymen. And as victims,
they were pitied. What has happened since is that we
have changed sides to a great extent; and though we
may not all care to say so, yet it is the rebel against
society who interests us ; and we want to see the rebel
triumphant rather than crushed or reconciled, conven-
tional society being just now in the pillory as a col-
lective fool with whom we have lost patience. Miss
Achurch, as might be expected from an actress who
became famous as Nora Helmer in " A Doll's House,"
presents Mercy Merrick as rebel rather than victim.
Middle-aged playgoers will still remember the deep con-
viction and pathos of Ada Cavendish's " I can't get
back: I can't get back" (into society), when she
told her story at the beginning of the play. Miss
Achurch made no such effect in this line: the effort of
trying to imagine a woman in the honorable employ-
ment and heroic activity of Florence Nightingale,
yearning like the Peri at the gate of paradise for a
permanent situation as parlormaid in a respectably
prejudiced family, was too much for her; and the
once famous line came out almost with suppressed im-
patience and contempt. I can as easily conceive a
tigress settling down in a dairy as Miss Achurch's
Mercy Merrick domesticating herself with Lady Janet
Roy, and receiving an offer of marriage from such a
sample of good form as Mr. Horace Holmcroft. She
has dignity and charm, but not the dignity and charm

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 225

that Lady Janet would have recognized or liked: she
has tenderness, but not quite the tenderness that soothes
the fevered brow of the wounded soldier of the stage.
She reproduced for me an old experience of the days
when, as a musical critic, I gained from contact with
great works and a living art the knowledge I am now
losing and the finely trained sense I am now blunting
in our silly and vulgar theatres. Just as Giula
Ravogli first, and then Calve, in the exuberance of
their dramatic talent, wrecked an innocently pretty
opera by suddenly springing upon the delicate romance
of Bizet's and Prosper Merimee's fancy the worthless,
fierce, sensual, reckless, rapscallionly Carmen of real
life, so, precisely, has Miss Achurch taken this inno-
cent old figment of Wilkie Collins's benevolent and
chivalrous imagination, and played into it a grim truth
that it was never meant to bear — played it against the
audience, so that the curious atmosphere of reluctance
and remonstrance from which Calve used to wring the
applause of the huge audiences at Covent Garden when
the curtain fell on her Carmen, arose more than once
when Miss Achurch disturbed and appalled us at mo-
ments when Ada Cavendish, looking at the part from
an older point of view, would have soothed and pleased
us. Only, Miss Achurch, unlike Calve in Carmen, pre-
served the heroic element in Mercy's character. The
clergyman's line, when her betrothed repudiates her,
" Horace : I pity you," had its full value.

This incongruity between the New Woman and the
Old was accentuated in an irresistibly comic way by
the representative of Grace Roseberry, an actress with
apparently no idea of any part but that of the heroine
of a popular melodrama. Grace Roseberry is, from the
professional point of view, an excellent part. Detest-

226 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

able as she is made to appear by her utter lack of
charity, this odious defect of hers is dramatically so
important at the crisis of the play, that an actress who
plays the part forcibly and faithfully can make her-
self remembered as surely as Mercy Merrick herself
can. Unfortunately the Grace Roseberry at the Metro-
pole, a young lady with a promising appearance and
temperament, to which she has added nothing except a
presentable diction and a meaningless mannerism or
two, proved so deficient in dramatic intelligence as
actually to play for the sympathy of the audience,
thereby not only destroying her own opportunity, but
disabling the play at its most critical points to an
extent which would have ensured a disastrous failure
if Miss Achurch had not been sufficiently powerful to
create the illusion which her incompetent colleague was
feebly contradicting. The effect at the end of the
second act (counting the prologue as the first), when
Miss Achurch was not on the stage, nearly upset the
whole performance. Grace Roseberry, instead of enter-
ing so as to make every one hate her instinctively at
once, thereby excusing her cool reception by Lady
Janet, came in pale, slow, and pathetic, only needing
a patch of snow on her cloak, and a sentimental strain
from the band, to draw tears from the gallery as the
long-lost, cruelly wronged heroine. As it was, they
waxed indignant at Lady Janet's inhuman coldness to
this sweet young creature. The curtain descended on
Grace Roseberry, the one unsympathetic female char-
acter in the play, as its heroine, and all the sympathetic
characters as brutal and uppish conspirators against
an innocent maiden's happiness. She was loudly ap-
plauded amid the suppressed convulsions of the critics
who knew the play, and what was coming in the next

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 227

act. But it must have been extremely poor fun for
Miss Achurch, who had to fight her way all through
her great act against this silly blunder, instead of hav-
ing its most powerful situation perfectly prepared for
her, and needing only the touch of the match to the
gunpowder, as Ada Cavendish always had.

Miss Ada Neilson as Lady Janet, and Mr. Herbert
Pearson as Horace Holmcroft, knew their parts, and
got steadily and competently, if not very brilliantly,
through them. But the play was in a desperately un-
prepared condition. In spite of a busy prompter, and
considerable activity in that direction by Miss Achurch,
appalling and irretrievable omissions occurred. A
stupid cut in the first act, spoiling the introduction of
Mercy's narrative, was, I am afraid, intentional. The
stage-manager managed to get the curtain up and down
punctually ; but that was all. Grace Roseberry had to
wait a long and weary time for the shell that was to
strike her down; and when, after loud and long re-
monstrances by the authorities behind the scenes, the
catastrophe at last came tardily off, the window was
blown in first, and the shell exploded afterwards. I
hope I have made it clear that my disposition towards
the suburban theatre is altogether friendly.

228 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

TRILBY AND "L'AJMI DES FEMMES'*

Trilby: an entertainment in four acts based by Paul
Potter on Du Maurier's novel. Haymarket Theatre,
SO October, 1895.

The Squire of Dames. Adapted from " L'Ami des
Femmes " of Dumas fils by R. C. Carton. Criterion
Theatre, 5 November, 1895.

1 OBSERVE that some of my honored colleagues in
dramatic criticism, not having read " Trilby," ex-
plain that they were not lazy, but that they felt
bound to present their minds in the condition of a tabula
rasa to the Haymarket performance. Now I am lazy;
and I never read anything ; yet I have read " Trilby "
and enjoyed it greatly. It is a no mere novel with illus-
trations ; it is a homogeneous work of art in which the
master, like a composer who sets his own poem to
music, shows us his people by the art of the draughts-
man, and tells us their story by the art of the fabulist.
What Thackeray, with his enslaved mind and clumsy
hand, tried to do in vain, is here brought happily off
by the pleasantest of free-thinkers and the most charm-
ing of artists. Oddly enough, the successful artist has
taken the unsuccessful one for his model, greatly im-
proving on him in every respect save one: to wit,
honesty. Thackeray saved his reputation and forced
his oppressive books like sentences of penal servitude
on the reading public by telling the truth in spite of
himself. He may protest against it, special plead
against it, exaggerate the extenuating circumstances,
be driven into pessimism by it ; but it comes raging and
snivelling out of him, all the same, within the limit of

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 229

his sense of decency. He exhausts all his feeble pathos
in trying to make you sorry for the death of Colonel
Newcome, imploring you to regard him as a noble-
hearted gentleman instead of an insufferable old fool,
developing into a mischievous old swindler ; but he gives
you the facts about him faithfully. Nothing can be
more pitiable than Thackeray chuckling over his poor
little stroke of genius in making Becky Sharp admire
Rawdon Crawley when he assaults Lord Steyne, in
which stroke he shows about as much knowledge of
Becky-Sharpness as Prosper Merimee's dragoon did
when he went to Carmen to boast how he killed her
hateful old husband-proprietor in single combat by a
clever knife thrust. " You fool," said Carmen : " your
thrust is all stuff. Why couldn't you buy me
honestly? He'd have sold me for fifteen shillings,"
Rawdon Crawley's figure would have been higher; but
he would have sold Becky for all that. Still worse is
Thackeray's exultation over the success with which
Major Pendennis quells the rebellion of his wretched
valet ; and there is something pathetically foolish in
his attempt to convince himself that his pulses stirred
at the thought of Waterloo, and in his absolutely sin-
cere sense of the international gravity of a newspaper
paragraph stating that a certain letter written from
abroad was, "strange to say, on club paper" (im-
plying the unspeakably awful accusation against a west
end clubman of putting a quire of that commodity into
his portmanteau). But he tells you no lies ; and if you
want to know Rawdon Crawley and Major Pendennis
as they appeared to their own set, and their servants
as they appeared to their masters, there they are, as
no artist-author could ever give them to you.

Mr. du Maurier, on the other hand, has all the

230 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

artist's charm, and all his dishonesty. His Taffy is an
attempt at the Colonel-Newcome-Dobbin sympathy
catcher; but Mr. du Maurier does not tell you the
truth about Taffy, except for a moment when his pro-
fessional point of honor is touched, when he is con-
strained to confess that Taff}' was an impostor in art.
There is not a character in the book which is not
obviously drawn to please the author's imagination.
For all we know, George Eliot may have been the
original of Trilby: at all events, if she really had
been, he would have altered her age and her face and
her circumstances and profession in just the same way
to please himself and please us. If I want to respect
Thackeray, I must think of his veracity and forget his
workmanship: if I would respect Mr. du Maurier, I
must think of his workmanship and forget his veracity.
I know well that there never was any such person as
Trilby — that she is a man's dream ; but I am a man
myself, and delight in her. Happily, truth and good-
nature do not always clash. I am convinced as well
as touched by Little Billee with the dead heart, going
about and making himself affectionately agreeable in
his remorse for being secretly unable to care for any-
body. And I like an imagination without gall, to
which poor Svengali is not a villain, but only a poor
egotistical wretch who provokes people to pull his nose,
although he has better grounds for egotism than any
one else in the book except Little Billee and Trilby (I
must except the adorable Trilby). Besides, the philos-
ophy of the book is humane and enlightened: Mr. du
Maurier is not afraid to write of religion and morals
and the nude in art just as he would speak of them in
the society of people whom he respects.

" Trilby " is the very thing for the English stage

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 231

at present. No need to act or create character : noth-
ing to do but make up after Mr. du Maurier's familiar
and largely popular drawings, and be applauded before
uttering a word as dear old Taffy, or the Laird, or
darling Trilby, or horrid Svengali. Mr. Paul Potter
has done his business with considerable knowledge of
what was wanted of him, especially by the actor-man-
ager. Nearly all the favorite pictures and passages
from the book are worked in, without violence, if possi-
ble, but at all events worked in. Thus, though the play
ends with Trilby's death, Gecko is allowed to have his
" Ich habe geliebt und gelebet " in the third act. Still,
let nobody suppose that the play gives any idea of
the book. Imagine Trilby, the incarnation of womanly
sympathy, with Baratier and Besson and old Monsieur
Penque cut out of her record for the sake of making
a correct young English girl of her! Imagine Little
Billee pared down and painted up into the most futile
of "juvenile leads"! Imagine, above all, Svengali
taken seriously at his own foolish valuation, blazed
upon with limelights, spreading himself intolerably over
the whole play with nothing fresh to add to the first
five minutes of him — Svengali defying heaven, declar-
ing that henceforth he is his own God, and then tum-
bling down in a paroxysm of heart disease (the blas-
phemer rebuked, you see), and having to be revived by
draughts of brandy. I derived much cynical amuse-
ment from this most absurd scene; but if I were Mr.
du Maurier, I should ask whether the theatre is really
in such an abject condition that all daintiness and
seriousness of thought and feeling must be struck out
of a book, and replaced by vulgar nonsense before it
can be accepted on the stage. I grant that the public
deserves nothing better from Mr. Tree. It has done

232 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

its silly best to teach him that it wants none of his
repeated and honorable attempts to cater for people
with some brains. But surely even the public would
just as soon — nay, rather — have the original Sven-
gali, the luckless artist-cad (a very deplorable type of
cad, whom Mr. du Maurier has hit off to the life), un-
derstanding neither good manners nor cleanliness, al-
ways presuming, and generally getting snubbed and
nose-pulled and bullied, but taking Trilby's headache
into his own elbows and making a great artist of her.
Mr. Tree began excellently with this : why, then, should
he absurdly decline into the stagey, the malignant, the
diabolic, the Wandering-Jewish, and vainly endeavor to
make our flesh creep, besides making the play one act
too long? No doubt Mr. Potter, familiar with the
ways of the American actor-manager, wrote the part
for Mr. Tree as he thought Mr. Tree would like it.
But he spoiled the book and very nearly spoiled the
play in doing it.

With the exception of the sham serious episodes,
" Trilby " is very bright and pleasant. There is no
acting in it to speak of: Miss Rosina Filippi alone
gets in a stroke of genuine art in the ouvreuse scene.
Miss Baird's Trilby is a very pretty performance by
a very pretty girl ; but it is no more possible to base
an estimate of her future on it than it was on the
early performances of Miss Mary Anderson or Miss
Dorothy Dene. The older ladies in the audience, dat-
ing from the age of reclining boards and straight backs,
were of opinion that Miss Baird carried herself too
creepily; and I will not deny that there may be some
truth in this. As to Mr. Tree, I should no more dream
of complimenting him on the Svengali business than Sir
Henry Irving on " A Hero of Waterloo." The studio,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 233

the quadrille, Zouzou and Dodor, and all the rest of it,
are great fun; and although the whole affair not only
adds nothing to the merit of Mr. du Maurier's original
production of the book and the drawings, but steals a
good deal from it, I imagine that every one will enjoy
a visit to the Haymarket just now. Let me, however,
warn musicians that they will find Schubert represented
by the notoriously spurious " Addio."

At the Criterion Mr. Wyndham has resumed his
exhibitions of acting, an art now become so rare that
people flock to see him, no matter what the play may
be. This time, however, he has a tolerably good part
— that of De Ryons in " L'Ami des Femmes," trans-
muted by Mr. Carton into Mr. Kilroy in " The Squire
of Dames." " L'Ami des Femmes " is a bad play with
good material in it. The material is what we now call
Ibsenite: the technique is that of Scribe. In it, ac-
cordingly, we have serious characters philosophically
discussing themselves and one another quite undra-
matically in long speeches, and at the same time sense-
lessly carrying on an irrelevant comedy of intrigue of
the old kind in five " well-made " acts. The dialogue
and characterization of " Emperor or Galilean " tacked
on to the action of " Cheer, boys. Cheer " would
not be a whit more incongruous. De Ryons is a high-
minded, chivalrous, delicate gentleman-philosopher in
theory, in practice a busy-body and go-between —
Benedick and Figaro in one. De Montegre talks like
Hernani, and behaves like the weak, vain fop in
Thackeray's "Vanity Fair" (Osborne, if I recollect
aright), who was shot at Waterloo. And so on. Mr.
Carton had therefore not merely to adapt the piece
from French to English life, but to get rid of its
incongruities and make a fairly homogeneous, compact

234 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

drama of It. Necessarily, he has done this by discard-
ing the serious side of the characterization, and re-
taining only that which is proper to the ignoble and
commonplace action, since if he had taken the alterna-
tive course, he must have provided the piece with a
different action — in short, written a new play, which
was not what he was commissioned to do. He has not
done his work consistently — Mr. Carton never does
anything consistently : a certain pleasant scatter-brain-
edness is of the very essence of his talent. He has
retained a good deal that belongs to the side of the
play which he has discarded, and has discarded some
things (in Leverdet's part, for example) which would
strengthen the side which he has retained. This incon-
sequence has landed him in four acts where three would
have sufficed; in dull and vague parts for Miss Mary
Moore and Mr. Bernard Gould; and here and there
in a speech producing an effect belonging to the origi-
nal play and not to the adaptation. Occasionally he
does not take the trouble to adapt: he translates
literally. In the original, Jane tells De Ryons that
she detests him, to which he replies coolly, " ^a pas-
sera," the equivalent of which, I take it, is " Ah, you
will get over that." Mr. Carton has made Mr. Wynd-
ham say " That will pass," a perfectly impossible
speech for an Englishman, except when giving his
opinion of a doubtful coin. Another speech of Mr.
Wyndham, in his great scene with Zoe Nuggetson,
"What game are we playing at?" is an excellent
school-girl translation of " Queljeujouons-nous, made-
moiselle? " but it is not what an Englishman would say
under such circumstances.

The acting is a good deal better than most theatres
provide at present. Mr. Wyndham's success as De

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 235

Ryons Kilroy is genuine and unprepared. No books
have been written about his part; no pictures of his
make-up and attitudes have been circulated; no pre-
liminary conversations between the other characters
give the audience's imagination its cue. Mr. Wynd-
ham goes to work as the curtain rises, and creates his
character by pure acting. There was no leaning on
stage tricks and effects which any experienced actor
could produce, nor any of that feeble need of being
constantly played to by the rest, which is so often put
down to the vanity of the actor-manager, though it is
really due to his incompetence. Mr. Wyndham is al-
ways playing to somebody, and getting double value out
of it, for himself as actor and artist, by making the
most of his own part, and for himself as manager by
getting the most out of the fellow-artist whose salary
he pays. Everybody acts better at the Criterion than
at most other theatres ; and yet Mr. Wyndham,
whether he has the worst part in the piece, as in
" The Home Secretary," or the best, as in the present
instance, comes out further ahead than the actor-
managers who obviously dread competition. Miss
Mary Moore, though much on the stage, has no part
and no chance. The proud, half Greek Jane de Sime-
rose, so ill prepared for marriage that she is shocked by
it into driving her husband into the arms of another
woman, and so fine witted that she is able to deal her
jealous Hernani lover such strokes as, " I suppose,
when I have answered all your questions — when I
have proved to you that I am an honest woman, you
will then demand that I shall cease to be one to prove
that I love you " — this distinguished person becomes
the merest cipher in " The Squire of Dames." Frau-
lein Hackendorf survives very healthily in an American

236 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

millionairess, played by Miss Fay Davis, who made an
unmistakable hit in the part. The part of the lovesick
schoolgirl Balbine, originally played by Chaumont, be-
comes a mere piece of tomfoolery in English. Miss
Beatrice Ferrars amuses herself with it laughably
enough. Chantrin, the hero of the beard, is more
fortunate. He has survived the Channel passage with-
out alteration; so that the part is as dangerous in
English as in French: that is, it remains the part of
a bore who actually is a bore, and not an unconscious
humorist. Mr. De Lange, however, averted the peril
with great art and was very funny and very finished
at the same time, a combination rather scarce on our
stage. Mr. Bernard Gould was in the same difficulty
as Miss Moore: his part was not very intelligible, and
led to nothing but a paltry piece of spite, unrelieved
by the tragic pretension with which, in the original, it
is contrasted, Ibsen fashion, by Dumas fils. Neverthe-
less Mr. Gould, always persona grata, but hitherto
one of the most experimental of amateurs, begins to
show signs of serious formation as an artist with a
definite style. As Sir Douglas Thorburn (Montegre)
all he could do was to tow the wreck of his part into
harbor without a catastrophe. Mr. Frank Fenton did
precisely what was wanted as the husband. A man
so abjectly in love with his wife is hardly a decent
spectacle; but it is the actor's business to supply
sentiment when the drama demands it, and Mr. Fenton
certainly rose to the occasion, under no easy condi-
tions, with remarkable efficiency. Mr. Alfred Bishop
and Miss Granville are also in the cast ; but their parts
have been adapted into unredeemed commonplace.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 237

THE CASE FOR THE CRITIC-
DRAMATIST

16 November, 1895.

A DISCUSSION has arisen recently as to whether
a dramatic critic can also be a dramatic author
without injury to his integrity and impartiality.
The feebleness with which the point has been debated
may be guessed from the fact that the favorite opinion
seems to be that a critic is either an honest man or
he is not. If honest, then dramatic authorship can
make no difference to him. If not, he will be dishonest
whether he writes plays or not. This childish evasion
cannot, for the honor of the craft, be allowed to stand.
If I wanted to ascertain the melting-point of a certain
metal, and how far it would be altered by an alloy of
some other metal, and an expert were to tell me that
a metal is either fusible or it is not — that if not, no
temperature will melt it; and if so, it will melt any-
how — I am afraid I should ask that expert whether
he was a fool himself or took me for one. Absolute
honesty is as absurd an abstraction as absolute tem-
perature or absolute value. A dramatic critic who
would die rather than read an American pirated edition
of a copyright English book might be considered an
absolutely honest man for all practical purposes on
that one particular subject — I say on that one, be-
cause very few men have more than one point of honor ;
but as far as I am aware, no such dramatic critic
exists. If he did, I should regard him as a highly
dangerous monomaniac. That honesty varies inversely
with temptation is proved by the fact that every addi-

23S DR.AJSIATIC OPIXIOXS -\XD ESSAYS

tional penny on the income-tax yields a less return
than the penny before it, showing that men state their
incomes less honestly for the purposes of taxation at
serenpence in the pound than sixpence. The matter
may be tested by a simple experiment. Go to one of
the gentlemen whose theory is that a man is either
honest or he is not, and obtain from him the loan of
half-a-crown on some plausible pretext of a lost purse
or some such petty emergency. He will not ask you
for a written acknowledgment of the debt. Return
next day and ask for a loan of £500 without a promis-
sory note, on the ground that you are either honest or
not honest, and that a man who will pay back half-a-
crown without compulsion will also pay back £500.
Yon will find that the theory of absolute honesty will
collapse at once.

Are we then to believe that the critic-dramatist who
stands to make anything from five hundred to ten thou-
sand pounds by persuading a manager to produce his
plays, will be prevented by his honesty from writing
about that manager otherwise than he would if he had
never written a play and were quite certain that he
never should write one? I can only say that people who
believe such a thing would believe anything. I am my-
self a particularly flagrant example of the critic-dra-
matist. It is not with me a mere case of an adaptation
or two raked up against me as incidents in my past.
I have written half-a-dozen " original " plays, four of
which have never been performed ; and I shall presently
■write half-a-dozen more. The production of one of
them, even if it attained the merest success of esteem,
would be more remunerative to me than a couple of years
of criticism. Clearly, since I am no honester than other
people, I should be the most corrupt flatterer in London

DR-\3I-\TIC OPINIONS ASD ESSAYS 289

if ihere -^ere Ec:>.:r:g bu: hoz-ihtj :: r-^s-.r^in ire. Hjh-

*^- C5-"' -

come from me and from mj feUov critic-drs-atists,
and that the most serrile puffery emnes from vritei^
whose ererj sentence proves that thej hare nothing
to hope or fear from anr manager? Tliere are a good
many answers to this question, one of the most ob^oos
being that as the respect inspired bj a good criticisn
is peimanoit, whilst the irritation it causes is tem-
porarr. and as, on the other hand, the pleasure given
bj a Tenal criticism is temporary, and the emtempt
it inspires permanent, no man really secures his ad-
Tanoemoit as a dramatist by ""^^f^g lii— iJf despised
as a critic Tbe thing has be^ tried extensively dar-
ing the last twenty years; and it has failed. For ex-
ample, the late Frank Marshall, a dramatist and an
extravagantly enthusiastic adndm* of Sir Hienry Irr-
inir's genius, followed a fashion which at one tine made
T im Theatre a sort of ooort farmed by a rrtinne
..rv goitlemai. I need not qnestaoii ather thor
sin.'^critT or the superJoritj of Canute to thor idndatrj:
:r prodooed thor plays: "Bobert
!!_._.... ..L.^ :_-.e rest of their mastn^eees remam

unacted to this day. It may be said that tius brings

i5ck to honesty as the best policy; but bomestj

,.-.„, to do with it: plenty of the men vdio

ey can get al(wg fasto- ^^ita^ than

cr.^^.ir.^, r" htmest than the first Xapokon

«^5.?. N: -' fJl coorage, impKes any other

v:r--.? 1 ^ rantee for a critic's int^jrity

: : force ci xhe critical mstinct itself. To

-•- — - > ---^^? by p«nta^ out to

. ves of pnAag k like

trrir - . r^^ «■ *he sta^

240 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

by pointing out the superior pecuniary advantages of
stockbroking. If my own father were an actor-man-
ager, and his life depended on his getting favorable
notices of his performance, I should orphan myself
without an instant's hesitation if he acted badly. I
am by no means the willing victim of this instinct. I
am keenly susceptible to contrary influences — to flat-
ter}', which I swallow greedily if the quality is suffi-
ciently good; to the need of money, to private friend-
ship or even acquaintanceship, to the pleasure of giving
pleasure and the pain of giving pain, to consideration
for people's circumstances and prospects, to personal
likes and dislikes, to sentimentality, pity, chivalry, pug-
nacity and mischief, laziness and cowardice, and a dozen
other human conditions which make the critic vulner-
able; but the critical instinct gets the better of them
all. I spare no effort to mitigate its inhumanity, tr}-
ing to detect and strike out of my articles anything
that would give pain without doing any good. Those
who think the things I say severe, or even malicious,
should just see the things I do not say. I do my best
to be partial, to hit out at remediable abuses rather
than at accidental shortcomings, and at strong and re-
sponsible people rather than weak and helpless ones.
And yet all my efforts do not alter the result very much.
So stubborn is the critic within me, that with every
disposition to be as good-natured and as popular an
authority as the worst enemy of art could desire, I
am to all intents and purposes incorruptible. And that
is how the dramatist-critic, if only he is critic enough,
" slates " the actor-manager in defiance of the interest
he has in conciliating him. He cannot help himself,
any more than the ancient mariner could help telling
his story. And the actor-manager can no more help

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 241

listening than the wedding guest could. In short, the
better formula would have been, that a man is either a
critic or not a critic ; that to the extent to which he is
one he will criticize the managers in spite of heaven or
earth; and that to the extent to which he is not, he
will flatter them anyhow, to save himself trouble.

The advantage of having a play criticized by a critic
who is also a playwright is as obvious as the advan-
tage of having a ship criticized by a critic who is also
a master shipwright. Pray observe that I do not speak
of the criticism of dramas and ships by dramatists and
shipwrights who are not also critics ; for that would be
no more convincing than the criticism of acting by
actors. Dramatic authorship no more constitutes a
man a critic than actorship constitutes him a dramatic
author; but a dramatic critic learns as much from
having been a dramatic author as Shakespeare or Mr.
Pinero from having been actors. The average London
critic, for want of practical experience, has no real con-
fidence in himself: he is always searching for an imagi-
nary " right " opinion, with which he never dares to
identify his own. Consequently every public man finds
that as far as the press is concerned his career divides
itself into two parts : the first, during which the critics
are afraid to praise him ; and the second, during which
they are afraid to do anything else. In the first, the
critic is uncomfortably trying to find faults enough to
make out a case for his timid coldness: in the second,
he is eagerly picking out excellences to justify his
eulogies. And of course he blunders equally in both
phases. The faults he finds are either inessential or are
positive reforms, or he blames the wrong people for
them: the triumphs of acting which he announces are
stage tricks that any old hand could play. In criticiz-

242 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ing actresses he is an open and shameless voluptuary.
If a woman is pretty, well dressed, and self-satisfied
enough to be at her ease on the stage, he is delighted;
and if she is a walking monument of handsome incom-
petence, so much the better, as your voluptuary rarely
likes a woman to be cleverer than himself, or to force
him to feel deeply and think energetically when he only
wants to wallow in her good looks. Confront him with
an actress who will not condescend to attack him on
this side — who takes her work with thorough serious-
ness and self-respect — and his resentment, his humilia-
tion, his sense of being snubbed, break out ludicrously
in his writing, even when he dare not write otherwise
than favorably. A great deal of this nonsense would
be taken out of him if he could only write a play and
have it produced. No dramatist begins by writing
plays merely as excuses for the exhibition of pretty
women on the stage. He comes to that ultimately per-
haps ; but at first he does his best to create real char-
acters and make them pass through three acts of real
experiences. Being a critic who has done this face to
face with the practical question of selecting an actress
for his heroine, and he suddenly realizes for the first
time that there is not such a galaxy of talent on the
London stage as he thought, and that the handsome
walking ladies whom he always thought good enough
for other people's plays are not good enough for his
own. That is already an immense step in his education.
There are other steps, too, which he will have taken
before the curtain falls on the first public representa-
tion of his play; but they may be summed up in the
fact that the author of a play is the only person who
really wants to have it well done in every respect, and
who therefore has every drawback brought fully home

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 243

to him. The man who has had that awakening about
one play will thenceforth have his eyes open at all other
plays ; and there you have at once the first moral with
the first technical qualification of the critic — the de-
termination to have every play as well done as possible,
and the knowledge of what is standing in the way of
that consummation. Those of our critics who, either
as original dramatists or adapters and translators,
have superintended the production of plays with pater-
nal anxiety, are never guilty of the wittily disguised
indifference of clever critics who have never seen a
drama through from its first beginnings behind the
scenes. Compare the genuine excitement of Mr.
Clement Scott, or the almost Calvinistic seriousness
of Mr. William Archer, with the gaily easy what-does-
it-matterness of Mr. Walkley, and you see at once how
the two critic-dramatists influence the drama, whilst
the critic-playgoer only makes it a pretext for enter-
taining his readers. On the whole there is only as much
validity in the theory that a critic should not be a
dramatist, as in the theory that a judge should not
be a lawyer nor a general a soldier. You cannot have
qualifications without experience ; and you cannot have
experience without personal interest and bias. That
may not be an ideal arrangement; but it is the way
the world is built; and we must make the best of it.

244 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

MANXSOME AND TRADITIONAL

The Manxman: in four acts. Adapted from Hall
Caine's celebrated novel. Shaftesbury Theatre, ]18
November, 1895.

The Rivals: a revival of Sheridan's comedy. Court
Theatre, 11 November, 1895.

IN the bill " The Manxman " is described as " adapted
from HALL CAINE'S celebrated novel." Who is
Hall Caine.'' How did he become celebrated.? At
what period did he flourish.'' Are there any other Manx
authors of his calibre.'' If there are, the matter will
soon become serious; for if that gift of intolerably
copious and intolerably common imagination is a na-
tional characteristic in the Isle of Man, it will swamp
the stage with Manx melodramas the moment the
islanders pick up the trick of writing for the stage.

Whether the speeches in " The Manxman " are inter-
polated Wilson Barrett or aboriginal Hall Caine I can-
not say, as I have not read the celebrated novel, and
am prepared to go to the stake rather than face the
least chapter of it. But if they correctly represent the
colloquial habits of the island, the Manx race are with-
out a vernacular, and only communicate M'ith one an-
other by extracts from Cassoll's National Library, the
Chandos Classics, and the like. In the Isle of Man
you do not use the word " always " : you say " Come
weal come woe, come life come death." The most useful
phrases for the tourist are " Dust and ashes, dust and
ashes," " Dead sea fruit," " The lone watches of the
night," " What a hell is conscience ! " " The storm
clouds are descending and the tempest is at hand," and

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 245

so on. The Manx do not speak of a little baby, but of
a baby " fresh from God." Their philosophy is that
** love is best — is everything — is the cream of life —
better than worldly success " ; and they conceive wo-
man — or, as they probably call her, " the fair sex "
— as a creature " giving herself body and soul, and
never thinking what she gets by it. That 's the glory
of Woman ! " And the Manxworaan rather deserves
this. Her idea of pleasantry is to sit on a plank over
a stream dangling her legs ; to call her young swain's
attention to her reflection in the water; and then, lest
he should miss the coquetry of the exhibition, to cut off
the reflected view of her knees by wrapping her skirt
round her ankles in a paroxysm of afl'ected bashfulness.
And when she sprains her ankle, and the gentleman ten-
ders some surgical aid, she requests him to turn his
head the other way. In short, tlie keynote of your
perfect Manxman is tawdry vulgarity aping the heroic,
the hearty, the primevally passionate, and sometimes,
though here the show of vigor in the affectation tumbles
into lame ineptitude, the gallant and humorous.

Even when I put my personal distaste for " The
Manxman " as far as possible on one side, I cannot
persuade myself that it is likely to live very long,
although no device is spared to move the audience, from
a cascade of real water to a poor little baby, which is
exploited as shamelessly as if it had been let out on
hire to an organ-grinder or a beggar. Thirty years
hence, no doubt, we shall have some newly risen star
telling the interviewers of a first appearance as the
baby in " The Manxman " ; but that interesting possi-
bility cannot reconcile me to the meanness of such ways
of fishing for sympathy. In the great " Doll's House "
itself, where children are introduced with so serious a

24.6 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

purpose that no one can have any sense of their being
unworthily used, I always feel that I should prefer
the baby to be an amateur. At the Shaftesbury melo-
drama, where there was no serious purpose, but only
an ostentatious cradling and cuddling and dandling
and bless-its-little-hearting in order to work up the
greatest possible quantity of sentiment on the cheapest
possible terms, I felt thoroughly ashamed of the busi-
ness. What with the real water, the infant, and the
well-worn incident of the fond and simple-hearted hus-
band returning home to find his wife gone, the drama
passes the time tolerably up to the end of the second
act. The rest of it is as null and dull as the most
cautious manager could desire. The third act is noth-
ing but a " front scene " bulked out to fill up the even-
ing; and the fourth act, with its offensively noisy
street music, does not produce a moment's illusion. The
play, originally designed for an actor-manager who
played Quilliam, has evidently been a good deal botched
in altering it to fit another actor-manager who plays
Christian ; but it never can have been a good play, be- 1

cause it is not really a drama at all, but an active
narrative. Any competent playwright could make the
third act effectively dramatic if only he were released
from all obligation to consult " the celebrated novel." i

As it is, it is a chapter in a story, not an act in a J

drama. 1

As to the acting, most of the sixteen parts are so
indefinite in spite of their portentous names — Black
Tom, Ross Christian, Jemmy y Lord, and so on —
that there is nothing to act in them. Mr. Cockburn
is just the man for Pete Quilliam, a rather fortunate
circumstance for him, as there is little art and no hus-
bandry in his acting, though his natural equipment is

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 247

first-rate of its kind. Miss Kate Phillips, with much
greater skill, divided the honors with him. There were
no other personal successes. Mr. Fernandez, in one of
those characters which the celebrated Hall Caine ap-
parently copies very vilely from Sir Walter Scott,
mouthed texts of Scripture in a manner which ex-
posed him to the most serious risk of being described
as " a sound actor." Professional methods were also
illustrated by Mr. Hamilton Knight as the Manxsorae
governor. He, having to leave the stage with the inno-
cent words, " Come and see us as soon as you can,"
showed us how the experienced hand can manufacture
an effective exit. He went to the door with the words
*' Come and see us as soon." Then he nerved himself;
opened the door ; turned dauntlessly ; and with raised
voice and sparkling eyes hurled the significant words
" as you can " in the teeth of the gallery. Naturally
we were all struck with admiration, because it was just
the thing that none of us would have thought of or
known how to do.

Mr. Lewis Waller managed to get a moment of real
acting into the end of the first act, and then relapsed
into nonsensical solemnity for the rest of the evening.
I do not know what he was thinking of; but it can
hardly have been of the play. He delivered his lines
with the automatic gravity of a Brompton Cemetery
clergyman repeating the burial service for the thou-
sandth time. He uttered endless strings of syllables;
but he did not divide them into words, much less
phrases. " Icannotlwillnotlistentothislwonthearofit,"
was the sort of thing he inflicted on us for three mortal
acts. As to Miss Florence West, if she persists in
using her privilege as the manager's wife to play melo-
dramatic heroines, she will ruin the enterprise. Some

248 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

years' hard and continuous work might make her an
accomplished performer in artificial comedy or in the
Sardou-Bernhardt line of sensational drama. At pres-
ent she is obviously a highly civilized modern London
lady, whose natural attitude towards melodramatic
sentiment is one of supercilious incredulity. There is
about as much sense in casting her for Kate Cregeen
as there would be in casting Mr. Waller himself for
Tony Lumpkin.

Of " The Rivals " at the Court Theatre, I can only
say that Mrs. John Wood's Mrs, Malaprop is so good
that it almost atones for the atrocity of the rest of
the performance. I am sorry to say that the short-
comings are not all due to " the traditions," insuffer-
able as they are. In more than one instance, a leading
part has been deliberately given to a mere pupil,
coached up to the requisite business gesture by gesture
and phrase by phrase. Most of the rest of the acting
is forced, noisy, and tiresome beyond description. The
cackling, boisterous, mirthless laughter; the racketing
and swaggering; the ostentatious consciousness of
Sheridan's reputation; the tomfoolish stage business,
which might have been invented by Pierce Egan, and
would not now be tolerated in a modern play at any
leading theatre: all this wearies me, disgusts me, jars
on me unbearably. I will do Mr. Sidney Brough the
justice to admit that he tries to dehumanize himself, in
the manner unhappily expected of him, without being
offensive, and succeeds as far as that is possible; and
that Mr. Brandon Thomas plays Sir Lucius agreeably
and even with dignity, mainly by not doing what is
expected of him. But the others fall an unresisting
prey to the traditions, which, as far as the stage busi-
ness is concerned, are simply the coarse methods and

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 249

Mohawk manners of Sheridan's day thrust on to our
stage. Mr. Farren, as Sir Anthony Absolute, is one
of the worst offenders. He does not succeed in making
the part live for a moment. Mr. Farren can play Sir
Peter Teazle adequately, because any polished elderly
actor of comedy has only to repeat Sheridan's lines
intelligently to be Sir Peter. But Sir Anthony, a well-
marked choleric character type, demands a genuine feat
of impersonation; and this Mr. Farren does not give
us. Of course, he is applauded in the part — I am con-
vinced that if he had substituted the lines and costume
of the ghost in " Hamlet " for Sir Anthony's, every-
body would have gone into the customary raptures
sooner than venture to use their own judgment when
Mr. Farren and Sheridan were in question — but to me
there was no Sir Anthony there, nothing but an obso-
lete formula for old comedy worked out with plenty of
technical address, but without verisimilitude or rele-
vance to the peculiar temperament indicated in the
play. Mrs. John Wood's sincerity, and the genuine
comic effect it produced, ought to have convinced the
rest that her policy of never laughing at herself, or
at Sheridan, or to persuade the audience that old
comedy is immensely funny, was the right policy; but
the lesson was quite lost on them.

The band played a maddening string of old English
airs all the evening. If Mr. Edward Jones will cut
them all out except his variation on " The Banks of
Allan Water," which is effective and ingenious, all
musicians will be grateful to him. Old English airs
are all very well; but a couple of hundred of them
on end is more than any reasonable person can be
expected to endure at one sitting.

250 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

THE DIVIDED WAY

The Divided Way: an original play in three acts. B7
H. V. Esmond. The Misogynist: an original one-act
play. By G. W. Godfrey. St. James's Theatre, 23
November, 1895.

" )i T last a noble deed," says Hedda Gabler. " At
/■% last a charming play," I was able to exclaim
at the St. James's, last Saturday, after weeks
of splenetic denunciation of the theatre and everything
connected with it. " The Divided Way " is a roman-
tically tragic love drama, written with a delicate fresh-
ness of feeling, and here and there a pardonable and
even pleasant touch of exaggeration and indiscretion,
which gives the work an air of boyish genius and sur-
rounds it with an atmosphere of hope. That the
author, Mr. Esmond, is youthful in appearance, we all
know. Whether he is a young man really, I have no
idea. I have known men just like Mr. Esmond, and
treated them as children of genius — Chattertons, in
fact — for fifteen years, during which period their ap-
pearance has not altered in the least, only to be finally
invited by them to celebrate the tenth birthday of their
second eldest grandchild. Consequently until I see Mr.
Esmond's certificate of birth, I shall suspend my judg-
ment as to whether his years are those of Cayley
Drummle or Little Billee. Fortunately age is not a
matter of years only, but of evolution. A man of
forty-eight is younger in body than a dog of twelve;
and in the same way one man at sixty is sometimes
younger in mind than another at twenty : at all events

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 251

it is certain that any one who chooses his friends from
among the brightest spirits of his time will soon become
familiar with fathers who are younger than their sons
and mothers who are younger than their daughters.
Therefore when I say that Mr. Esmond's charm is a
youthful one, I imply neither patronage nor disparage-
ment: I am perfectly prepared to learn that he is old
enough to be my father, and to venerate him in private
life whilst envying him in his public aspect.

I call " The Divided Way " tragically romantic be-
cause it ends with death, in unquestioning obedience to
the law of the realm of romance, that love is strong as
death and jealousy cruel as the grave. In real life
this law does not hold. As I have already had to
point out in criticizing romantic dramas, love can be
more easily baffled and jealousy more safely braved than
any of the other passions, in spite of the fact that both
social discipline and criminal law are sentimentally re-
laxed to an alarming degree in favor of people who act
on the romantic theory, even to the extent of com-
mitting murder. In Mr. Esmond's play a young lady
falls in love with a young gentleman named Gaunt
Humeden, who goes to Africa and gets killed. There-
upon the lady, acting on the celebrated view of the
Grand Duchess of Gerolstein, that if you cannot have
the man you love you must love the man you have,
marries Jack, brother to the deceased. This is no
sooner settled than the deceased comes back from
Africa to contradict the news of his death, and settles
down at Humeden Grange with the rest of the famJly.
He allows the old flirtation to pass as a joke; and so
does the lady, each believing that the other no longer
cares. Enter to them one day Jay Grist, not, as one
would expect, an unscrupulous American financier, but

252 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

an African traveller. To the lady he reveals the fact
that Gaunt, whilst dying in the African desert, raved
continually of her: to Gaunt, who explains that the
lady no longer cares for him, and that he is pretending
not to care for her, he puts the question, " How do you
know that she is not pretending also? " Then all the
fat is in the fire. The lady takes a practical view of
the case, the gentleman an idealistic one. She says,
" I agreed to spend my life with Jack under the im-
pression that you were not available. Now that it
appears you are available, I propose to spend my life
with you. If I stay with Jack I shall make him miser-
able, make you miserable, and be miserable myself.
Clearly it is better economy to make Jack miserable
and make you and myself happy." Gaunt is too con-
ventionable to be able to explain to her that this is
the logic of romance, not of life, and that a broken
heart is a much more healthy complaint than she
imagines. He threatens to run away to the East again.
She trumps that card by threatening to follow him.
He then says, " Very good : I shall poison myself ; and
you can follow me there if you like." This is the logic
of romance with a vengeance. Vanquished, she declines
the ordeal; and it is agreed that he is to return to
the East and that she is not to follow him, but to go
home like a good wife. At this point Jack comes in;
and for some reason which escaped me at the per-
formance, and which I confess I can trace neither in
the logic of romance nor life, is informed of the whole
situation. The lady, seeing that this makes the future,
romantically speaking, impossible for her, suddenly
drinks the poison and ends the play. The moral, ap-
parently, is that which the French assassin offered on
the scaffold as the lesson of his experience : " Never

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 253

confess." But of course the ending, being a romantic
ending, exists for its own sake, and not as a peg to
hang a moral on.

Like all romantic plays which create a strong illu-
sion, this one irresistibly raises the question how its
final situation would do for the starting-point of a
realistic play. All Ibsen's later plays, from " Pillars
of Society " to " Little Eyolf," are continuations of
this kind, a fact which wrought so powerfully with Mr.
Austin Friars that he actually wrote and put on the
stage the drama which lies implicit in the exposition of
" Rosmersholm," perhaps the most singular dramatic
exploit of modern times, and one which, whether it was
intended merely to teach Ibsen the right place to begin,
or, as I believe, out of a perfectly genuine impulse to
put the pathos of the story of Mrs. Rosmer on the stage
without the merciless philosophy of Ibsen behind it, had
its value as an object lesson. It seems to me that if
Mr. Esmond would reverse the procedure of Mr. Austin
Friars, and, having already brought Gaunt Humeden
to life after killing him, were to bring Mrs. Gaunt to
life also, we should have a remarkably interesting
realistic play on top of the romantic one. Any one
who has attentively watched the world for some years
past must by this time be aware that conventional solu-
tions of such situations are growing extremely dan-
gerous and unstable in practice, and that unconven-
tional ones are growing more practicable than they
used to be. What exceptional people do in one genera-
tion average people are generally found doing in the
next. About twenty-six years ago a somewhat similar
dilemma to that in Mr, Esmond's play arose between
three persons no less famous than Wagner, Hans von
Bulow, and Liszt's daughter, Cosima von Bulow.

254 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Madame von Bulow preferred to spend her life with
Wagner, just as Mrs. Humeden in the play preferred
to spend her life with Gaunt. The change was effected
with the happiest results : at least I am not aware that
anybody was a penny the worse — certainly not Ma-
dame Wagner, who holds her court at Bayreuth with
a dignity which many actual princesses might, and
probably do, envy. Far be it from me to suggest
anarchical violations of our marriage laws rather than
an orderly agitation for constitutional reform of them
in harmony with the higher morality of our own times ;
but I do venture to remark that people who decline
to carry obedience to that law too far are at least
as interesting dramatically as people who forge and
murder, and that the notion that the consequences of
such disobedience, when carried out in good faith by
respectable people (George Eliot, for example) are
necessarily so awful that suicide is the more reason-
able alternative, is a piece of nonsense that might as
well be dropped on the stage. No human institution
could stand the strain of the monstrous assumptions on
which our existing marriage laws proceed if we were
really sincere about them ; and though there is much to
be said for our English method of maintaining social
order by collectively maintaining the sacredness of our
moral ideas whilst we individually mitigate their se-
verity by evasion, collusion, and never seeing anything
until our attention is compelled by legal proceedings,
yet the abuse of this system of toleration by people
whose conduct we are not prepared to excuse, but who
cannot very well be exposed if the excusable people are
to be spared, is landing us in looser views than we ever
bargained for. Already we have an aimlessly rebellious
crusade against marriage altogether, and a curious

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 255

habit of circumspection on the part of the experienced
man of the world, who, when newly introduced to an
English household, picks his way very cautiously until
he has ascertained whether the husband and wife really
would be husband and wife in France or Germany or
South Dakota, and, if his conclusion is unfavorable,
which friend of the family is Mr. Gaunt Humeden, so
to speak. Not that the domestic situations which are
not white are all necessarily jet black or even disagree-
ably gray; but the fact that under the English law
a mistake in marriage cannot be effectively remedied
except by the disgrace of either party — that is to say,
cannot be remedied at all by decent people, divorce
being thus a boon reserved to reward the dissolute —
is continually producing a supply of cases not at all
dissimilar to that which is the subject of Mr. Esmond's
play. Most of them are settled, not by suicide, nor by
flights into Egypt, but by the parties drifting along,
nobody doing anything wrong, and nobody doing an}^-
thing right, all seeing enough of one another to make
them contented faute de mieux, whilst maintaining their
honor intact. Whether this customary and convenable
solution is really better — say in its effect on the chil-
dren who grow up observing it — than the violent
method of open scandal and collusory divorce, involving
the public announcement of cruelties and adulteries
which have never been committed, is an open question,
not admitting of a general answer. Obviously, the ideal
husband and wife who give all their affection to one
another, and maintain a state of cold indifference to
every one else, would be executed without benefit of
clergy as a couple of heartless monopolists ; for the
idealist may be safely challenged to produce a single
instance of a thoroughly happy marriage in which the

256 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

affection which makes the marriage happy does not
extend to a wide circle of friends. Just as good mothers
and fathers love all lovable children, so good wives and
husbands love all lovable husbands and wives. People
with this gift of heart are not prevented from marrying
by Don Juan's difficulty: they can be faithful to one
without being unfaithful to all the rest. Unfortu-
nately, they are no more common than the domestic
terrors who are utterly incapable of living with any-
body on tolerable terms. Family life may mean any-
thing between these two extremes, from that of the
southern countries where the guide-book warns the Eng-
lish tourist that if he asks a man after his wife's health
he will probably be challenged to fight a duel, or that
of the English stage, where the same evil construction
is maintained on the same pretence of jealousy of pri-
vate morality and the honor of womanhood, to the moat
cultivated sections of English and American society,
where people think of our existing marriage law much
as Matthew Arnold thought about Tennyson, and un-
fortunately keep their opinion to themselves with equal
" good taste." The practical result is, superhuman
pretension, extravagant hypocrisy, tolerance of every
sort of misconduct provided it is clandestine, and, of
course, a conspiracy of silence. On the whole I think
Mr. Esmond might do worse than treat his theme over
again, this time as a realist instead of a romanticist.

Even in the romantic version it strikes one as odd
that it does not occur to the husband that if there is
to be any poison taken, he is the man to take it. It
seems to me that the natural attitude for a husband
whose wife prefers another man is a purely apologetic
one; though I observe that on the stage he seems to
take it for granted that he is an injured person as well

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 257

as an unfortunate one. No doubt my moral sense has
not been properly trained on such points ; so possibly
I shall alter my opinion when I get married, though I
confess I regard that as an additional reason for not
getting married. Howbeit, taking the play, as it is, I
find it continuously engaging and pleasant, showing us
a humane and villainless society in which naturally
sympathetic intercourse replaces the ostentatiously
motived communications and revelations of the ordinary
play (as if people never told their sorrows to one an-
other spontaneously), and with parts in it that the
actors can really feel and study. Miss Millard as Lois
is not the somewhat romantic figure, passionate and
tragic, that Mr. Esmond conceived: she has made
Lois a real woman, more fascinating and interesting
than any man-made woman could possibly be. Her
serious, thoughtful charm, so beautifully sober and
dignified, has at last found a part in which it is not
disastrously wasted. The moment she enters it is evi-
dent that she has created Lois, who lives all through
the play, silent or speaking, and makes it her own story.
One or two of Mr. Esmond's more strained passages —
notably the " Ring out the old, ring in the new," busi-
ness at the end of the second act — were out of the
character as she created it ; but that was so much the
worse for the passages. None of the others achieved
anything like the same success, though Mr. Vernon
would perhaps have got upon the same artistic level
if his part had given him the chance. He played
admirably as far as his opportunity went. For the
rest, Mr. Alexander gave us a finished impersonation
of Mr. George Alexander; Mr. Aynesworth was as
popular as ever as Mr. Allan Aynesworth; and Mr.
Waring played Mr. Herbert Waring to perfection.

258 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Mr. Vincent disguised himself to some extent as an
Irish doctor, educated at Rugby, where he had acquired
an accent something between that of a Ringsend coal-
heaver and a Sligo drover, as an Irish gentleman
naturally would at an English public school. The
play is handsomely staged; and though two unfortu-
nate gentlemen in the gallery rent the air with com-
fortless lamentations at being defrauded of a happy
ending, the rest of the house was enthusiastic in its
appreciation.

" The Misogynist," by Mr. G. W. Godfrey, precedes
" The Divided Way." It is an elaborately serious
background for a joke about a duke and a music-hall
singer, which was so amazingly unexpected that it
swept the house away. I grieve to say that Mr.
Alexander, fired by the vogue of the Hero of Waterloo,
dodders through the piece as an old man, croaking
and piping and exhibiting his tongue so as to produce
an effect of having false teeth. The sole merit of the
performance is that it deceives nobody. Mr. Alexander,
fortunately for himself and us, does not clong to the
race ox ^ .llweeds, who, born decrepit, m play old
men at nineteen. However, we owe ]\ Alexander
much; and if it pleases him once in a y to paint
his face and talk like that under the imj ession that
he is giving a lifelike illustration of one of the Seven
Ages, he can depend on us all to keep our counte-
nances and praise him to the skies. Miss Ellice Jeffries,
as Kitty Denison, played with a very marked increase
of sincerity and artistic courage. If she maintains that
rate of improvement her position will finally justify
Mr, Pincro's choice of her for a leading part in *' Mrs.
Ebbsmith."

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 259
TOLD YOU SO

7 December, 1895.

Mrs. Ponderbury's Past: a farcical comedy in three
acts, adapted by F. C. Burnand from Madame Mon-
godin. By Ernest Blum and Raoul Toche.
A Dangerous Ruffian: a comedy in one act. By W. D.
Howells. Avenue Theatre.

NO truly magnanimous soul ever indulges in the
mean triumph of " I told you so." Exhibitions
of magnanimity, however, are not the business
of a critic any more than of a general in the field : for
both alike the pursuit is as important as the victory,
though it may be a barbarous, murderous, demoralizing
cavalry business of cutting down helpless fugitives. It
was Lessing, the most eminent of dramatic critics (so
I am told by persons who have read him), who was
reproached by Heine for not only cutting off his
victims' heads but holding them up afterwards to show
that there were no brains in them. The critical pro-
fession, in fact, is cruel in its nature, and demands for
its efficient discharge an inhuman person like myself.
Therefore nobody need be surprised if I raise an ex-
ultant and derisive laugh at the clouds of defeat, dis-
appointment, failure, perhaps ruin, which overhang the
theatre at present. Where is your Manxman now, with
his hired baby and his real water .f* Has the desperate
expedient of fitting " Her Advocate " with a new act
and a new hero saved it from destruction.? What of
the adipose humors of "Poor Mr. Potton"? — do its

260 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

authors still believe that the cheaper the article the
wider the consumption ; or are they mourning with Mr.
Jerome K. Jerome and Mr. Willard over the ingratitude
of an imaginary public of idiots to whose level they
have condescended in vain? I am not, I hope, an ex-
acting critic : I have been reproached from my own
side for approving of " Miss Brown " and disapproving
of " Mrs. Ebbsmith " ; and although I should have
advised, and been right in advising Mr. Lewis Waller
to produce Ibsen's hitherto unacted and impossible
" Emperor or Galilean " rather than " The Manx-
man," since it would have secured him at least a fort-
night's business, not to mention a lifetime of artistic
credit, yet something as enjoyable as " The Passport "
or " The Prude's Progress " would have quite satisfied
me. I graciously tolerated these plays; and they
flourished : I frowned on the others ; and they withered
from the stage. In this I acted as most sages do,
making an easy guess at what was going to happen,
and taking care to prophesy it. " Dick Hallward,"
" Her Advocate," and " The Manxman " were nothing
but lame attempts to compete with the conventicle by
exploiting the rooted love of the public for moralizing
and homiletics. Nobody, I hope, will at this time of
day raise a senseless braying against preaching in the
theatre. The work of insisting that the church is the
house of God and the theatre the house of Satan may
be left to those poor North Sea islanders who have been
brought up to believe that it is wrong to enter a
playhouse. The theatre is really the week-day church ;
and a good play is essentially identical with a church
service as a combination of artistic ritual, profession
of faith, and sermon. Wherever the theatre is alive,
there the church is alive also : Italy, with its huge,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 261

magnificent, empty churches, and slovenly, insincere
services, has also its huge, magnificent, empty theatres,
with slovenly, insincere plays. The countries which
we call Scandinavian (to the exasperation of all true
Norwegians, somehow) produce saints and preachers,
dramatists and actors, who influence all Europe. The
fundamental unity of Church and Theatre — a neces-
sary corollary of the orthodox doctrine of omni-
presence — is actually celebrated on the stage in such
dramas as *' Brand," and in the " Parsifal " perform-
ance at Bayreuth, which is nothing less than the Com-
munion presented in theatrical instead of ecclesiastical
form. Indeed, the matter comes out in a simpler way.
Some time ago I had occasion to deliver a public ad-
dress on the Problems of Poverty in Bristol. Follow-
ing the custom of those who understand such problems,
I put up at the most expensive hotel in the town, where
I arrived the night before that appointed for my own
performance. After dinner I went into the hall of the
hotel to study the theatrical announcements exhibited
for the convenience of playgoing visitors. There,
among bills of pantomimes and melodramas, I found,
in carved wooden frames of " ecclesiastical " gothic de-
sign, and with capital letters suggestive of the ten
commandments, the announcements of the churches,
with the hours of service, and details of the musical
arrangements, as to which " special attention " was
guaranteed. Leaving all theological and sectarian con-
siderations out of account, I have no doubt whatever
that the Bristol churchgoer has a better time of it, in
point of comfort, decency, cheapness, music, interest,
adification, rest and recreation than the Bristol play-
goer. I sometimes believe that our playgoers in London
are simply stupid people who have not found out those

262 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

great " draws," the services in St. Paul's and West-
minster Abbey. Certainly, when I recall some of the
evening services I have attended in cathedrals, and
compare them with the dull drudgery of sitting out
the Manxman, even in a complimentary stall (what
must it be in the shilling gallery?) I begin to under-
stand why it is that only the weaklings, the sentimen-
talists, the unbusinesslike people go to the theatre,
whilst the solid, acquisitive, industrious, safely selfish
Englishman who will have the best value for his money,
sticks to the church.

In the face of these facts it cannot be pretended
that either our late experiments in melodrama or any
other enterprises of the kind in England have ever
failed through preaching and sermonizing. The British
public likes a sermon, and resents an exhibition of
human nature. If you bring on the stage the English-
man who lives in a single-room tenement, as many
Englishmen do, and who beats his wife, as all English-
men do under such circumstances except when their
wives beat them, you will be denounced as the author
of a " problem play." If you substitute an actor-
preacher who declares that " the man who would lift
his hand to a woman save in the way of kindness," etc.,
it will be admitted on all hands that your feelings do
your credit. Your popular Adelphi actor may lack
every qualification save one — pious unction. And his
most popular act is contrite confession, just as the
most popular " evangelist " is the converted collier or
prizefighter, who can delight his hearers with the
atrocities he committed before his second birth, whilst
sanctifying the wicked story with penitent tears and
sighs of gratitude for his redemption. I have followed
the revivalist preacher through many an incarnation ;

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 263

and now he cannot elude my recognition by merely
taking refuge in a theatre. In vain does he mount
the stage in a barrister's wig and gown and call his
familiar emotional display acting. I am not to be
deceived: in his struggles with his mock passion for
the leading lady I recognize the old wrestle with the
devil: in his muddy joy and relief at having won a
verdict of acquittal for her I detect the rapture of the
sinner saved. I see him at a glance in Dick Hallward,
in Pete Quilliam, in Governor Christian. Mr. Cart-
wright, well schooled at the Adelphi, has his trick to
tte life; Mr. Willard spoils him by trying to act;
Mr. Lewis Waller utterly destroys him by treating him
in the High Church manner; but, spoiled or unspoiled,
there he is, all over the stage; and there, too, in the
auditorium, is the hysterical groan and sniff which
passes with simple souls as evidence of grace abound-
ing. Why, then, has he been so unsuccessful of latcf*
The answer is easy: he has failed to carry conviction.
The congregation has said to itself, " This is not Spur-
geon, it is Stiggins ; and his lying lips are an abomina-
tion. The whole thing is put on to make money out
of us. Does he take us for fools, with his babies and
cradles, his policemen and criminal trials, his bottles
of poison and slow music? " That attitude is fatal.
Any gospel or anti-gospel will succeed as long as the
author and the audience are making for the same end,
whether by affirmation and praise, or by satire and
negation. But when an author is openly insulting his
patrons in the gallery by flattering their conscious
hypocrisy, and complimenting them on what he con-
ceives to be their weaknesses and superstitions, and
what they themselves equally conceive to be their weak-
nesses and superstitions, he is predestined to damna-

264. DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

tion. To be publicly and obviously played down to
is more than human nature can bear.

" The New Boy " and " The Strange Adventures of
Miss Brown," on the other hand, are genuine appeals
to our sense of fun. The authors frankly do their
best to tickle us; and we are under no obligation to
laugh if they fail, as we are to say Amen to the
hypocrisies of the melodramatist. When they do not
fail, they prove that they possess some humorous
faculty, however schoolboyish it may be; and they
seldom pretend to anything more. The danger of the
" Miss Brown " business is that it leads actor-managers
— Mr. Kerr, for instance, if I may judge from a re-
port of his speech at the Playgoers' Club — into the
wild error that people want to be amused and pleased,
and go to the theatre with that object. As a matter
of fact, they want nothing of the sort. They want to
be excited, and upset, and made miserable, to have their
flesh set creeping, to gloat and quake over scenes of
misfortune, injustice, violence, and cruelty, with the
discomfiture and punishment of somebody to make the
ending " happy." The only sort of horror they dislike
is the horror that they cannot fasten on some individual
whom they can hate, dread, and finally torture after
revelling in his crimes. For instance, if Ibsen were to
rewrite " Ghosts," and make Mrs. Alving murder her
husband, flog Regina, burn down the orphanage pur-
posely, and be killed with a hatchet by Engstrand just
a moment too late to save Oswald from filially taking
her guilt on himself and then, after drinking poison to
escape the scaffold, dying to slow music in the act of
being united to Regina by Pastor Manders, the play
would have an immense vogue, and be declared full of
power and pity. Ibsen, being apparently of opinion

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 265

that there is quite enough horror in the ordinary
routine of respectable life without piling Pelion on
Ossa, sends away his audience with their thirst for
blood and revenge unsatisfied and their self-compla-
cency deeply wounded. Hence their murmurs against
him. What is the secret of the overwhelming repu-
tation of Edmund Kean among the English actors of
this century? Hazlitt reveals it thus: "Mr. Kean's
imagination appears not to have the principles of joy
or hope or love in it. He seems chiefly sensible to
pain or to the passions that spring from it, and to
the terrible energies of mind or body which are neces-
sary to grapple with it." I know that some of our
theatrical experts believe that the truly popular trait
for a stage hero nowadays is the sort of maudlin good-
nature that is an essential part of the worthlessness of
the average Strand bar-loafer. But I have never seen
much evidence in favor of this idea; and my faith in
it is not increased by the entire concurrence of the
public in my view of Dick Hallward and the barrister
in " Her Advocate." What the public likes is a villain
to torment and persecute the heroine, and a hero to
thrash and baffle the villain. Not that it matters much,
since what the public likes is entirely beside the question
of what it can get. When the popular tribune demands
" good words " from Coriolanus, he replies, " He that
will give good words to thee will flatter beneath ab-
horring " ; and no great play can ever be written by
a man who will allow the public to dictate to him.
Even if the public really knew what it likes and what
it dislikes — a consummation of wisdom which it is as
far from as any child — the true master-dramatist
would still give it, not what it likes, but what is good
for it.

266 DRAIMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

This brings me to the announcement of the last
nights of " The Benefit of the Doubt." A run of two
months, though not brilliant in comparison with that
of " Charley's Aunt," is not bad for an entirely serious
work of art, especially when it is considered that some
of the most important parts are so bad!}' acted that
I had to point out after the first night that they might
possibly lead to the failure of the piece. The sympa-
thetic part of the play is original and unconventional,
so that the sympathy does not flow in the old ready-
made channels. Now it is only by a poignant beauty
of execution that new channels can be cut in the ob-
durate rock of the public's hardened heart ; and the
best stage execution that Mr. Pinero could command
was for the most part ugly and clumsy. We shall
presently have him sharing the fate of Ibsen, and hav-
ing his plays shirked with wise shakes of the head by
actor-managers who have neither the talent to act them
nor the brains to understand them. Why was I bom
into such a generation of duffers !

By the way, I have discovered, quite by accident, an
amusing farcical comedy. Somebody told me that
there was a farce by Mr. W. D. Howells at the Avenue
Theatre. I looked in the daily paper, but could find
no mention of the name of Mr. Howells. However, it
was evidently quite possible that the management had
never heard of Mr. Howells, just as they had appar-
ently never heard of me. So I went, and duly found
the name " Howels " on the programme. The little
piece showed, as might have been expected, that with
three weeks' practice the American novelist could write
the heads off the poor bunglers to whom our managers
generally appeal when they want a small bit of work
to amuse the people who come at eight. But no doubt

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 267

it is pleasanter to be a novelist, to have an intelligent
circle of readers comfortably seated by their firesides
or swinging sunnily in hammocks in their gardens, to
be pleasantly diffuse, to play with your work, to be
independent of time and space, than to conform to the
stern conditions of the stage and fight with stupidity
before and behind the curtain. Mr. Howells' piece was
followed by a harmlessly naughty and highly entertain-
ing adaptation by Mr. Burnand of a certain French
play unknown to me, entitled " Madame Mongodin,"
by Ernest Blum and Raoul Toche. In it Mr. Charles
Hawtrey is irresistibly droll; and Miss Lottie Venne
does some clever and funny acting in addition to her
old repertory of laughtraps and the inevitable though
obsolescent comic song. A Miss Oliff, whom I do not
remember to have seen before, comes very near making
an artistic success in the title part, only missing it by
a few unhappy lapses into clowning at the crucial pas-
siiges, according to the tradition of the English stage,
•where people are always so carefully taught by the
sVage-manager to force the fun and spoil it. If Miss
Cliff would only try the effect of playing the part with
absolute sincerity throughout, and, without slackening
her grip, absolutely refuse to give away her handsome
style at any moment for the sake of raising a silly
heehaw by a grimace or an ugly sound or gesture, she
would distinguish herself considerably. Miss Ada Mal-
lon and Mr. W. F. Hawtrey help the performance ma-
terially ; and the rest, though they act very indiffer-
ently, do not hinder it.

268 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

THE OLD ACTING AND THE NEW

The Comedy of Errors. Performance by the Eliza-
bethan Stage Society in Gray's Inn Hall, 7 December,
1895.

FOR a delightful, as distinguished from a commer-
cially promising first night, the palm must be
given this season to the Elizabethan Stage So-
ciety's performance of " The Comedy of Errors " in
Gray's Inn Hall this day week. Usually I enjoy a
first night as a surgeon enjoys an operation: this time
I enjoyed it as a playgoer enjoys a pleasant perform-
ance. I have never, I hope, underrated the importance
of the amateur; but I am now beginning to cling to
him as the savior of theatrical art. He alone among
the younger generation seems to have any experience of
acting. Nothing is more appalling to the dramatic
author than the discovery that professional actors of
ten years' standing have acquired nothing but a habit
of brazening out their own incompetence. What is an
actor nowadays, or an actress.'' In nine cases out of ten,
simply a person who has been " on tour " with half-a-
dozen " London successes," playing parts that involve
nothing but a little business thoughtlessly copied from
the performances of their London " creators," with
long intervals spent between each tour in the ranks of
the unemployed. At the end of a lifetime so spent, the
*' actor " will no doubt be a genuine expert at railway
travelling, at taking lodgings, and at cajoling and
bullying landladies ; but a decent amateur of two years'
standing, and of the true irrepressible sort, will beat
him hopelessly at his art. What a fate is that of

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 269

these unhappy young professionals, sick to desperation
of a provincial routine compared to which that of a
conunercial traveller is a dream of romance, longing
for a chance which they have not skill enough to turn
to account even if some accident thrust it upon them,
and becoming less interesting and attractive year by
year at a profession in which the steady increase of
personal fascination should have no limit but positive
senility and decrepitude ! I remember, years ago,
when the Playgoers' Club was in its infancy, hearing
Mr. Pinero, in the course of an address to that body,
break into an enthusiastic eulogium on the actor of the
past, produced by the old stock-company system, versa-
tile, a singer, a dancer, a fencer, an elocutionist, ready
to play any part at a day's notice, and equally expert
in comedy, drama, melodrama, Christmas pantomime,
and " the legitimate." There is some German novel in
which a crowd of mediaeval warriors, fired by the elo-
quence of Peter the Hermit, burns with a Christian
longing to rush to the Holy Land and charge in serried
ranks on the Paynim hosts — all except one man, who
is obviously not impressed. Indignant at his coldness,
they demand what he means by it. " I 've been there,'*
is his suflScient explanation. That is how I felt when
I was listening to Mr. Pinero. Having been brought
up on the old stock-company actor, I knew that he was
the least versatile of beings — that he was nailed help-
lessly to his own line of heavy or light, young or old,
and played all the parts that fell to him as the repre-
sentative of that line in exactly the same way. I knew
that his power of hastily " swallowing " the words of
a part and disgorging them at short notice more or
less inaccurately and quite unimprovably (three months*
rehearsal would have left him more at sea than three

270 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

hours') was incompatible with his ever knowing his part
in any serious sense at all. I remembered his one ab-
surd " combat " that passed for fencing, the paltry
stepdance between the verses of his song in the panto-
mime that constituted him a dancer, the obnoxiousness
of utterance which he called elocution and would im-
part to pupils for a consideration, the universal readi-
ness which only meant that in his incorrigible remote-
ness from nature and art it mattered nothing what he
did. Mr. Pinero madly cited Sir Henry Irving as an
example of the product of the stock-company training;
but the fact is, when Sir Henry first attempted classical
acting at the Lyceum, he did not know the A B C of
it, and only succeeded by his original and sympathetic
notions of the X Y Z. Nobody who is familiar with
the best technical work of the Irving of to-day, its
finish, dignity, and grace, and the exactitude of its
expression of his thought and feeling, can (unless he
remembers) form any idea of what our chief actor had
to teach himself before he could carry veteran play-
goers with him in his breach with the tradition of
superhuman acting of which Barry Sullivan was, as
far as I know, the last English exponent (need I say
that the great Irish actor was born in Birmingham?).
Barry Sullivan was a splendidly monstrous performer
in his prime: there was hardly any part sufficiently
heroic for him to be natural in it. He had deficiencies
in his nature, or rather blanks, but no weaknesses, be-
cause he had what people call no heart. Being a fine
man, as proud as Lucifer, and gifted with an intense
energy which had enabled him to cultivate himself
physically to a superb degree, he was the very incarna-
tion of the old individualistic, tyrannical conception of
a great actor. By magnifying that conception to sub-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 271

limity, he reduced it to absurdity. There were just two
serious parts which he could play — Hamlet and
Richelieu — the two loveless parts in the grand reper-
tory. I know that some people do not like to think
of Hamlet as loveless, and that the Irving Hamlet has
his heart in the right place, and almost breaks it in
the scene with Ophelia ; but this I take to be the actor's
rebuke to Shakespeare rather than an attempt to fulfil
his intentions. Sir Henry Irving has never thought
much of the immortal William, and has given him more
than one notable lesson — for instance, in " The Mer-
chant of Venice," where he gave us, not " the Jew
that Shakespeare drew," but the one he ought to have
drawn if he had been up to the Lyceum-mark. Barry
Sullivan, with his gift of lovelessness, was Hamlet, and
consequently used to put his Ophelias out of counte-
nance more than it is easy to describe. In Hamlet, as
in Richelieu, it was right to create a figure whose utter
aloofness from his fellows gave him an almost super-
natural distinction, and cut him off from all such
trifling intimacy with them as love implies. And it
was his success in producing this very curious and very
imposing effect that made for Barry Sullivan, in his
best days (I am not now speaking of the period after
1870 or thereabout), a unique provincial and Aus-
tralian reputation which carried him over parts he
could not play at all, such as Othello, through which he
walked as if the only line in the play that conveyed any
idea to him was the description of Othello as " per-
plexed in the extreme," or Macbeth, who was simply
Gibber's Richard (a favorite part of his) in mutton-
chop whiskers. No doubt his temperament, with its
exceptional combination of imaginative energy with
coldness and proud timidity of the sympathetic pas-

272 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

sions, accentuated the superhuman pretension in the
style of acting which he practised ; but his predecessor,
Macready (if I may judge from that extremely de-
pressing document, his diary) must have been much
more like him than like Sir Henry Irving. At all
events, both Macready and Sullivan had abominable
tempers, and relied for their stage climaxes on effects
of violence and impetuosity, and for their ordinary
impressiveness on grandiose assumption of style. Once,
when my father mentioned to me that he had seen
Macready play Coriolanus, and I asked him what it
was like, he replied that it was like a mad bull. I do
not offer this as evidence that my critical faculty is an
inherited one — clearly there must have been some
artistic method in the bull's madness to have gained
such a reputation — but I feel quite sure that when Sir
Henry Irving fulfils his promise to appear as Corio-
lanus, no father will describe him to his son as my
father described Macready to me. Barry Sullivan, then,
represented the gradiose and the violent on its last
legs, and could do nothing for the young Irving but
mislead him. Irving's mission was to re-establish on
the stage the touching, appealing nobility of sentiment
and affection — the dignity which only asserts itself
when it is wounded; and his early attempts to express
these by the traditional methods of the old domineer-
ing, self-assertive, ambitious, thundering, superb school
led him for a time into a grotesque confusion of style.
In playing villains, too, his vein of callous, humorous
impishness, with its occasional glimpses of a latent
bestial dangerousness, utterly defied the methods of
expression proper to the heaven-defying, man-quelling
tyrant, usurper, and murderer, who was the typical
villain of the old school, and whose flavorless quintes-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 273

sence will be found by the curious distilled into that
instructive Shakespearean forgery, Ireland's " Vor-
tigern." In short, Irving had to find the right ex-
pression for a perfectly new dignity and a perfectly
new indignity ; and it was not until he had done this
that he really accomplished his destiny, broke the old
tradition, and left Barry Sullivan and Macready half-
a-century behind. I will not say that he also left
Shakespeare behind : there is too much of the " not
for an age but for all time " about our bard for that ;
but it is a pity that the new acting was not applied
to a new author. For though Sir Henry Irving's act-
ing is no longer a falsification of the old style, his
acting versions are falsifications of the old plays. His
Hamlet, his Shylock, his Lear, though interesting in
their own way, are spurious as representations of
Shakespeare. His Othello I have never seen: his Mac-
beth I thought fine and genuine, indicating that his
business is with Shakespeare's later plays and not with
his earlier ones. But he owes it to literature to con-
nect his name with some greater modern dramatist
than the late Wills, or Tennyson, who was not really
a dramatist at all. There is a nice bishop's part in
Ibsen's — but I digress.

My point is that Sir Henry Irving's so-called train-
ing under the old stock-company system not only did
not give him the individuality of his style — for to that
it did not pretend — but that it failed to give him
even those generalities of stage deportment which are
common to all styles. The stock actor, when the first
travelling companies came along, vanished before them,
unwept, unhonored, and unsung, because the only senti-
ment he had inspired in the public was an intense desire
for some means of doing without him. He was such an

2T4 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

unpresentable impostor that the smart London person,
well dressed and well spoken, figuring in plays in-
geniously contrived so as to dispense with any greater
powers of acting than every adroit man of the world
picks up, came as an inexpressible relief. Dare I now
confess that I am beginning to have moments of regret
for him? The smart nullity of the London person is
becoming intolerably tedious ; and the exhaustion of
the novelty of the plays constructed for him has
stripped them of their illusion and left their jingling,
rickety mechanism patent to a disgusted public. The
latest generation of " leading ladies " and their heroes
simply terrify me: Mr. Bourchier, who had the good
fortune to learn his business as an amateur, towers
above them as an actor. And the latest crop of plays
has been for the most part deliberately selected for
production because of the very abjectness and venality
which withered them, harvestless, almost as soon as they
were above ground.

And yet there is more talent now than ever — more
skill now than ever — more artistic culture — better
taste, better acting, better theatres, better dramatic
literature. Mr. Tree, Mr. Alexander, Mr. Hare, have
made honorable experiments; Mr. Forbes Robertson's
enterprise at the Lyceum is not a sordid one; Mr.
Henry Arthur Jones and Mr. Pinero are doing better
work than ever before, and doing it without any craven
concession to the follies of " the British public." But
it is still necessary, if you want to feel quite reassured,
to turn your back on the ordinary commercial West
End theatre, with its ignoble gambling for " a catch-
on," and its eagerly envious whisperings of how much
Mr. Penlcy has made by " Charley's Aunt," to watch
the forlorn hopes that are led from time to time by

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 275

artists and amateurs driven into action by the starva-
tion of their artistic instincts. The latest of these is
the Elizabethan Stage Society; and I am delighted to
be able to taunt those who missed the performance in
Gray's Inn Hall with being most pitiably out of the
movement. The Lyceum itself could not have drawn
a more distinguished audience; and the pleasant effect
of the play, as performed on the floor of the hall with-
out proscenium or fittings of any kind, and played
straight through in less than an hour and a half with-
out any division into acts, cannot be as much as
imagined by any frequenter of our ordinary theatres.
The illusion, which generally lapses during perform-
ances in our style whenever the principal performers are
off the stage, was maintained throughout: neither the
torchbearers on the stage nor the very effective oddity
of the Dromio costumes interfering with it in the least.
Only, the modern dresses of the audience, the gasaliers,
and the portrait of Manisty next that of Bacon, were
anachronisms which one had to ignore. The stage man-
agement was good as regards the exits, entrances, and
groupings — not so good in the business of the
speeches, which might have been made more helpful to
the actors, especially to Adriana, whose best speeches
were underdone. On the whole, the acting was fair —
much better than it would have been at an average
professional performance. Egeon, one of the Dromios,
and the courtezan distinguished themselves most. The
evening wound up with a Dolmetsch concert of lute and
viol, virginal and voice, a delectable entertainment
which defies all description by the pen.

276 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

MR. JOHN HARE

John Hare, Comedian: a biography by T. Edgar Pem-
berton. London and New York: George Routledge &
Sons. 1895.

IN view of the fact that Mr. Hare is one of the best
actors of my time, nothing has surprised me more
in reading this book than the number of impersona-
tions of his which I have seen and totally forgotten.
A real part well acted is to me more easily and per-
fectly memorable than most things; so, considering
how well I remember the good parts I have seen Mr.
Hare play, and that all his parts may safely be taken
to have been well acted, I cannot help feeling that every
part I forget raises a question as to whether it was a
real part or not. Further, I am reminded that Mr.
Hare made a great success as a manager — that the
mounting and acting, the elaborate rehearsing and
thoughtfully minute preparation of plays at his theatre
were the admiration of the critics to whom Robertson
was as much the pioneer of a new order as Ibsen is
to the present generation. In the days of Mr. Hare's
reign at the old Court Theatre, and of the St. James's
under the Hare-Kendal management, I quite agreed in
this opinion. But the Garrick period is another affair.
There was no carelessness, no slackening at the new
house; and yet it seemed to me that Mr. Forbes Rob-
ertson and Miss Kate Rorke acted worse and worse
throughout their long engagement there ; whilst as for
the stage management, a climax of something like un-
sympathetic ineptitude was reached in " Mrs. Lessing-
ham." No mortal playgoer, however credulous, could

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 277

have believed in the third act of that play as it was
put on the Garrick stage. Poor Mrs. Lessingham,
fainting with the shock of catching her husband em-
bracing another lady on the summit of an eminence
visible from seven counties, or dying by her own hand,
after a prolonged scene of deepening despair, in a room
like Maple's shop window, had no more chance than
" A Scrap of Paper " would have had if mounted in the
style of " Pelleas et Melisande." The fact is, that in
the seventies and eighties, the art of stage management
meant the art of making the stage look like a real room
in a richly and handsomely furnished London house;
and this Mr. Hare did to perfection, with every nicety
of discrimination between Russell Square and Park
Lane. A well-kept gentleman's garden in Surrey, or
even a pretty old vicarage, he could turn out also.
There was another thing that he understood. Mr.
Pemberton quotes Mr. Clement Scott on Mr. Bancroft
in the early Robertson days. " Think what it was to
see a bright, cheery, pleasant young fellow playing the
lover to a pretty girl at the time when stage lovers
were nearly all sixty, and dressed like waiters at a
penny-ice shop." Now these cheery, pleasant fellows,
so smartly tailored and exactly true to nature in the
young male as we see him at suburban garden parties
or in the first-class carriage of the city train, would
have made wings, flats, canvas doors and carpetless
boards as ridiculous as pasteboard fowls, or white
chairs with red damask seats and a strip of gold tinsel
down the leg. They needed Mr. Hare's interiors to
move in. And they were indeed delightful when they
got them. Young persons who saw the revival of
" Caste " at the Garrick in 1894 may imagine that they
enjoyed it as their fathers enjoyed it. They are wrong.

278 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

They can never know what it was to see on the stage a
gentleman who looked like a gentleman walking into a
drawing-room that looked like a drawing-room after a
lifetime spent in contemplating performances compared
to which an average representation of " La Traviata "
at Co vent Garden might pass as photographically
realistic. It was Mr. Hare who carried this art to its
summit; and since the youngest generation of London
playgoers, taking such staging as a matter of course,
may be unable to conceive the pleasure it gave when it
was new, it is only fair to tell them how much they
owe him for a reform which was of high artistic im-
portance in bringing the stage into closer connection
with contemporary life. I do not say that the stage
drawing-rooms of the old Court and the St. James's
were better than " four boards and a passion " ; but
they were worlds above flats, wings, sky borders and
no passion, which was the practical alternative.

Now in art, as in politics, there is no such thing
as gratitude. It is one thing to banish vulgarity and
monstrosity from the stage and replace them by con-
ventional refinement and scrupulous verisimilitude. It
is quite another to surround a real drama with its
appropriate atmosphere, and provide a poetic back-
ground or an ironically prosaic setting for a tragic
scene. There are some rooms in which no reasonable
person could possibly commit suicide; and when Mr.
Hare provided just such a one for Mrs. Lessingham,
he showed that he was not a stage manager in the same
sense as Sir Henry Irving, for instance. Even in the
matter of refinement he is no longer in the front rank.
When Mr. Henry Arthur Jones produced " The Cru-
saders " at the Avenue Theatre under his own manage-
ment, as a sort of polite hint to whomsoever it might

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 279

concern that an author could do without an actor-
manager better than an actor-manager could do with-
out an author, he, being a disciple of Ruskin, repudi-
ated the once admired gentlemanly apartment, and
went off to Mr. William Morris in search of a beau-
tiful room. The scene in that play called " The
Parsley Garland," was the first piece of artistic as
distinguished from commercial decoration I remember
to have seen on the stage as a representation of a
modern room. There must be some young people in
the world whose first visit to a theatre was to " The
Crusaders," and who afterwards went to see " Slaves
of the Ring " at the Garrick. I am afraid, after the
Parsley Garland, they will open their eyes very wide
indeed at the suggestion implied in Mr. Pemberton's
book that the ugly plutocratic interior in the first act
of Mr. Grundy's play, and the appalling conservatory
in the last act, where Miss Kate Rorke jumped through
the fir-tree, may be taken as samples of the taste of
the acknowledged chief of stage managers in that class
of work. It is but fair to explain to them that the
work of making the stage clean, handsome, fashionable,
correct, costly, and thoroughly gentlemanly, was an
indispensable preliminary to any movement towards
beauty, individuality, and imaginative setting.

If Mr. Hare's scenic foundations are by this time
built upon and hidden, what shall be said of the
" bright, cheery, pleasant young fellows " who belonged
to them.'* For thirty years we have sat at the play
feeding our romantic imaginations on the " good
form " of young stockbrokers and civil servants. Mr.
Hare was always an excellent host; and when he in-
vited us to meet those nice people the Kendals, we knew
that we could count upon amusement, instruction in

280 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

manners, dress, and furnishing, and the contemplation
of an edifying example of stainless domestic virtue.
Still, so unregenerate is human nature, that the main
part of the attraction was the amusement; and the
amusement depended on the circumstance that Mrs.
Kendal could act and so could Mr. Hare. Even Mr.
Kendal was a bit of a comedian, and was always agree-
able and sincere. They represented a generation of
actors who had toned their acting down and their dress
and manners up to stockbroker-civil-servant pitch.
This was all very well whilst it lasted; but unfortu-
nately the drawing-room drama, being artistically a
sterile hybrid, could not renew the generation of actors ;
and now the Kendals are replaced by couples equal to
them in dress, manners, good looks, and domestic moral-
ity, but subject to the disadvantage of not possessing
in their two united persons as much power of acting as
there was in the tip of Mrs. Kendal's little finger-nail.
Besides, there has come along the terrible Ibsen. The
stockbrokerly young gentleman, standing on the stage
with his manners carefully turned to the audience like
the painted side of an old stage banner, has suddenly
been taken by the scruff of the neck by the grim Nor-
wegian giant, and, with one ruthless twist, whisked
round with his seamy side to the footlights, to stare
in helpless bewilderment at the atmosphere of poetry,
imagination, tragedy, irony, pity, terror, and all the
rest of it, suddenly rising in the theatre from which
they had been swept, he had hoped, for ever, along
with the " stage lovers nearly all sixty and dressed like
waiters at a penny-ice shop." And now he may shriek,
with Judge Brack, that " people don't do such things ";
he may plunge back to Whitechapel Road melodrama
or forward to the best imitation " problem plays " ; but

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 281

he will struggle in vain against the fact that the surest
way of boring yourself to death of an evening now is
to go to the theatre. The drawing-room comedy of
furniture and manners, with a tastefully conducted in-
trigue as a pretext, is as dead as Donizetti and deader.
The novelty of the change from the penny-ice shopman
to the gentleman is exhausted; and now the people
want a change from the gentleman to the actor.

Certain fine actors of the Robertsonian epoch can
still attract us with the art of that period, and are
even taken as models with success by younger artists,
just as Patti keeps " Una Voce " and " Bel raggio "
alive, and is followed to some extent by Melba, in spite
of Wagner and Calve. Mr. Hare is just such a sur-
vival. As an actor he has had to work in a drama so
superficial that his fame rests largely upon that most
unreal of all stage pretences, a young man pretending
to be a very old one. Mr. Hare, in these parts, used
to make himself up cleverly ; and he is the sort of man
whose voice, figure, and manner, vary comparatively
little from twenty-five to seventy. But that any play-
goer who had ever seen Chippendale could have mis-
taken Mr. Hare's business for the real thing is beyond
my belief. As a matter of fact we did not make any
such mistake: the fun of Mr. Hare's old men was the
cleverness of the imitation, which was amusing even
when his part was utterly uninteresting in itself. Now
that he is between fifty and sixty, his acting of elderly
parts is no longer a pretence; consequently we no
longer chuckle at it : we are touched — which is much
better — if the part is a touching one. Fortunately for
me, the first part I ever saw Mr. Hare play (my first
ten years' experience as a playgoer was not gained in
London) was that of the boy Archie in " A Scrap of

282 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Paper." I remember Archie perfectly — should know
him if I met him to-morrow. But Mr. Hare's made-up
old men I forget as individuals, though I can recall
certain stage moments in which they figured. For
example, I can see him in " The Queen's Shilling " grip-
ping Mr. Kendal's wounded arm; and the picture re-
calls the make-up, uniform, and general aspect of the
Colonel; but this recollection of a painful scene, which
would be equally vivid had the officer been the young
man and the soldier the old one, is quite a different
affair from recollection of a character. Again, I recol-
lect his Jack Pontifex in "Mamma" (Duval in " Les
Surprises de Divorce ") as his masterpiece in farcical
comedy; and Jack Pontifex was younger, not older,
than Mr. Hare. His Baron Croodle in " The Money
Spinner " was a genuine impersonation : I shall never
forget that old blackguard. His unvenerable years,
however, were the merest accident. Jack Pontifex was
especially interesting to the critic because Mr. Hare
has very seldom played what may be called a standard
part: that is, one in which his performance can be
compared with that of other eminent performers in his
line. Luckily, " Les Surprises de Divorce " had been
made famous by Coquelin, the greatest comedian known
to us. Mr. Hare had by no means the worst of the
comparison in point of execution. In the great scene
in the second act, where the wretched musician, having
escaped by divorce from an unbearable mother-in-law,
and settled down on his remarriage into tranquil do-
mestic felicity, sees the terrible old woman re-enter,
imposed on him again in the old relation by a fresh
turn of the matrimonial courts, Mr. Hare surpassed
Coquelin. Coquelin clowned it, even to the length of
bounding into the air and throwing forward his arms

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 283

and legs as if to frighten off some dangerous animal.
But he did not produce the electric effect of Mr. Hare's
white, tense face and appalled stare, conveying some-
how a mad speed of emotion and a frightful suspense
of action never to be forgotten by any playgoer with
the true dramatic memory. Coquelin's compensation
in the comparison lay in the greater fulness of his
contributions to the drama. He played between the
lines, and quadrupled the value of the part : Mr. Hare,
with his swift, crisp method, and his habit of picking
up a cue as if it were a cricket-ball to be smartly
fielded, only made the most of the play as it was. No
doubt Mr. Hare's method is the right method for a man
who forms his conclusions rapidly and gives them
instantaneous and incisive expression; but Duval, in
"Les Surprises," was certainly not that sort of man.
Nothing could have been truer or more entertaining
than Coquelin's play in the first act, where he shows
out the gentleman and his daughter who have come to
look at the rooms he wished to let. It was not from
anything that Duval said that you saw that the daugh-
ter had made an impression on him. As he slowly came
back with preoccupied gait from the door, you could
read a whole chapter of unconscious autobiography in
the changes of his face ; and when at last, after a long
but most eloquent and interesting silence, the words
" Elle est charmante ! " slipped from him, he had in
effect left the technical cue for that speech half-a-dozen
well-filled pages behind. Mr. Hare's method is too im-
patient, and his imagination too dry and sane for this ;
consequently he adds little or nothing to the written
part, whereas with Coquelin the written part is always
the merest skeleton of his creation. What Mr. Hare
does do he does as well, and here and there better than

284 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the French comedian. It is unreasonable to say to an
artist who has done so much so finely that he might
have done more ; and I only say it myself to encourage
the others. In so rapidly progressive a business as fine
art now is in England, no mortal man can lead more
than one generation. No doubt Mr. Hare ought to
have done for Ibsen what he did for Robertson: for
example, he might have created old Ekdal in " The
Wild Duck," instead of leaving that immortalizing
chance to an amateur. But in his early days the
standard classic was " London Assurance " ; and
throughout his management at the old Court and the
St. James's, the plays he produced were, after all, the
best to be had. Some, like " The Hobby Horse," were
too good for the public; and many were excellent
plays of their kind, superexcellently done. All one
can say is that the poetry of the Ellen Terry days,
of " New Men and Old Acres " (a piffling play, only I
can still see and hear Lilian Vavasour crying like mad
in it) and of " Olivia," stands the test of time better
than the clever prose of the Kendal period. Miss
Terry had at that time hidden somewhere about her
a certain perverse devil, since exorcised by the elevating
influence of the Lyceum Theatre and that actress-
devouring ogre William Shakespeare, which gave the
most curious naughty-child charm to Lilian and Olivia.
Nowadays you can only admire or adore: then she
gave you something to forgive and coaxed you to for-
give it. The coaxing was a surprisingly pleasant pro-
cess; and as I was one of those who experienced it, I
should advise the public not to pay too much attention
to my criticisms of Miss Terry, as they are sure to be
grossly partial. And that partiality I owe among
other things to Mr. Hare.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 285

I leave the subject only half exhausted for lack of
space. I can only add that the book ends with a testi-
monial to Mr. Hare's professional competency, and a
recommendation of him to the encouraging notice of
the American nation from the Siddonian hand of
Mary Anderson de Navarro. How proud Mr. Hare
must feel ! It is just like our Mary's — I mean it
does credit to Madame de Navarro's feelings.

ONE OF THE WORST

One of the Best: a drama in four acts. By Seymour
Hicks and George Edwardes. Adelphi Theatre, 21
December, 1895.

THE new entertainment at the Adelphi has for its
object the reproduction on the stage of the
dramatic effect of the military ceremony of
degradation undergone not long ago in France by
Captain Dreyfus. The idea is not a bad one from
the Adelphi point of view ; but the work of setting
it into a dramatic frame has fallen into the wrong
hands, the two authors' familiarity with the stage and
its requirements only giving an absurdly cheerful and
confident air to their feeble and slippery grip of a
subject much too big for them.

The Dreyfus affair was interesting in many ways.
It was French — French in the most unEnglish way,
because it was not only theatrical, but theatrical at
the expense of common sense and public policy. At
the Adelphi Mr. Terriss is able to exclaim at the end
of the piece that no English officer has ever betrayed

286 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

his country; and this understanding, the value of
which we are all sensible enough to appreciate, we
keep up by breaking and getting rid of our Dreyfuses
in the quietest possible manner, instead of advertising
them by regimental coups de theatre which, in addition
to being as demoralizing as public executions, would
shatter that national confidence in the absolute integ-
rity of our public services and institutions which we
all keep up with such admirable esprit de corps, not
that any of us believes in it, but because each of us
thinks that it is good for all the rest to believe in it.
Our plan is to govern by humbug, and to let everybody
into the secret. The French govern by melodrama, and
give everybody a part in the piece. The superiority
of our system lies in the fact that nobody dislikes his
share in it, whereas the French are badly hampered
because you cannot have broadly popular melodrama
without a villain, and nobody wants to be cast for the
villain's part. Consequently a delinquent like Dreyfus
is a perfect godsend to the French authorities, and in-
stantly has all the national limelights flashed on him,
whereas here he would be quietly extinguished in sup-
port of the theory that such conduct as his could not
possibly occur in the British army.

There is another weakness in the French method.
Even when you have got your villain, how are you
going to make him do his best for the effect of the
sensation scene? At the Adelphi it is easy enough,
since the villain, though he might often make a whole
play ridiculous by a single disloyal intonation, can be
depended on to omit no stroke of art that will intensify
the loathing or louden the execrations of the gallery.
It is his point of honor as an artist to blacken himself:
he is paid to do it, proud to do it, and depends on doing

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 287

it for his livelihood. But Dreyfus was not in this posi-
tion. He had every possible motive to " queer the
pitch " of the military melodrama of which he was
the villain and victim; and he did it most effectually.
He declined to be impressed by the ceremony or to pre-
tend that the parade of degradation was worse than
death to him as a French soldier. He displayed a
sardonic consciousness of the infinite tomfoolery of the
whole proceeding, and succeeded in leaving all Europe
able to think of nothing in connection with it except
the ludicrous fact that the uniform which had been
stripped and defaced had been carefully prepared for
that stage trick the night before by having its facings
and buttons ripped off in private and basted on again
with light cotton. When the farce was over, he took
the stage, shouted " Vive la Republique," and marched
off, having made the hit of the piece, and leaving the
Republic and its army looking like the merest crowd
of " extras." This was perhaps a mistake ; for the
shout of " Vive la Republique " was, at least to English
ways of thinking, out of the wronged and innocent
character which Dreyfus was assuming: at least, it is
certain that an English officer, if innocent, would under
such circumstances either keep his feelings to himself,
or else, if unable to contain them, roundly and heartily
damn his country, his colonel, the court-martial, the
army, the sergeant, and everybody else on whom he
could with any sort of relevance bring his tongue and
temper to bear.

A Dreyfus case is the less likely to arise here because
we are not only free from the fear of invasion from
armed neighbors which makes Continental nations so
sensitive on the subject of spies, but also less childishly
addicted to keeping secrets that are no secrets. Cam-

288 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

paigns depend on strategy, fighting, and money, not on
patents; and a nation which had no better idea of
preparation for war than hiding a secret explosive
or a new weapon or an undisclosed plan of fortifica-
tion up its sleeve — an idea which appears particularly
plausible to the civilian imagination — would richly
deserve what it would probably get in the field. We
have many ways of making idiots of ourselves; but
the Continental way of arresting artists on sketching
tours, and confiscating drawings which give no infor-
mation that cannot be obtained at any stationer's
shop where they sell maps, photographs, and rail-
way time-tables, is one which we have so far spared
ourselves.

These observations are not very recondite; but they
appear to have completely escaped the perspicacity of
the authors of " One of the Best." In the second act
an impossible K.C.B., A.D.C., declaims against the folly
of England in allowing strangers to roam the land with
kodaks, photographing her forts and worming out the
secrets of the Tower of London, Woolwich Arsenal,
Dover Castle, and other strongholds of our national
independence, instead of imitating the heroic example
of the foreigner by turning out the garrison and search-
ing the pretended tourist, artist, and holiday-maker
for concealed copies of the Monroe Doctrine. A gra-
tuitously asinine opinion, I thought, which was received
by the gallery with obediently asinine applause. The
degradation scene showed an equal want of grasp of
military life and English character. The one sentence
that was taken from life as exemplified by Dreyfus was
just the one sentence that stamped that gentleman as
probably guilty. Lieutenant Dudley Keppel is made
to finish his ordeal by shouting " God save the Queen "

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 289

(the equivalent of "Vive la Republique "), which at
such a time can only mean either that the creature is
tamed by discipline to the point of being an absolute
spaniel, or else that he is a genuine criminal, asserting
his highmindedness in a fine stock phrase, as all rascals
do whenever they get a chance. On the points of
Dreyfus's bearing which seem worthy of imitation by
officers in trouble, Dudley Keppel was resolutely orig-
inal. He did his utmost to make the barbarous and
silly spectacle a success by displaying frightful emo-
tion. Before parting with his claymore he kissed it
and then broke it across his knee, a proceeding which
even the greenest country cousin in the pit must have
known to be quite acutely the reverse of anything that
a British officer could be conceived as doing upon any
provocation or in any extremity. And yet the scene,
properly rewritten, could be made highly entertaining
with Mr. Fred Kerr instead of Mr. Terriss in the
principal part.

It is interesting to observe that Messrs. Hicks and
Edwardes seem as incapable of realizing the reality
and humanity of a woman as of a soldier. I am not
now alluding to the maiden of Keppel's heart. Like
most such maidens she is a nonentity ; and the unlucky
lieutenant is driven to the most abject expedients to
work up the sentiment in his love scene with her, shak-
ing blossoms from a tree over her, and helplessly re-
peating a catalogue of the most affecting objects and
circumstances of the scene (provided on purpose), as,
for instance, " The old Abbey, the organ, the setting
sun," and so on. But there is another young and
beauteous female in the piece, a Miss Esther Coventry,
who in the most pathetically sentimental way commits
a series of crimes which Jonathan Wild himself would

290 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

hardly have gone through without moments of com-
punction. Political treachery, theft, burglary, per-
jury, all involving the most cruel consequences to her
father and his amiable young lieutenant, are per-
petrated by her without hesitation or apology to get
money for a man with whom she is carrying on an
intrigue out of pure love of deceit, there being no
mortal reason why he should not woo her in honorable
form. Throughout all her nefarious proceedings I
failed to detect any sign of its having occurred to the
authors that any moral responsibility attached to this
young woman. In fulfilment of their design she went
about with an interesting air of having sinned and
suffered, cheating, lying, stealing, burgling, and bear-
ing false witness exactly as if she were the heroine of
the play, until, in the last scene in the barrack square,
the rehabilitated Keppel suddenly said, " Allow me,"
and gallantly ordered his general to take that wounded
dove to his manly bosom and be more a father to her
than ever. As in real life the young lady could not,
even by the most violent stretch of judicial leniency,
have got off with less than ten years' penal servitude,
it was difficult, in spite of the magnificent air with
which Mr. Terriss proclaimed the amnesty, to quite
believe that the civil authorities would submit to be set
aside in this manner; but apparently they did: at all
events she was still in the peace of complete absolution
when the curtain descended.

On the whole, the play, even judged by melodra-
matic standards, is a bad one. The degradation scene
is effective in a way; but what that way is may best
be shown by pointing out that if a military flogging
had been substituted, the effect would have been still
greater, though the tax on Mr. Terriss's fortitude

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 291

would no doubt have been unreasonable. The court-
martial is also effective, but not more so than any
trial scene must necessarily be. A trial is the last re-
source of a barren melodramatist : it is so safe an
expedient that improvised amateur attempts at it
amused even the doomed aristocrats in the Paris prisons
during the Terror. The scene of the attempt to rob
the safe produces a certain curiosity as to how the
authors will bring about the foregone conclusion of
fixing the guilt on the innocent Keppel; but the clum-
siness of the solution soon melts this curiosity into a
sensation like that of watching a bad chess-player.
Then there is the scene in which the villain is thrown
like a welsher on a racecourse to a savage crowd, who
delight the audience by making as plausible a pretence
of tearing him to pieces as is consistent with the integ-
rity of Mr. Abingdon's person. The comic scenes may
be divided into three parts: first, puerile jokes about
the deficiencies in a Highlander's uniform and the situ-
ation of the " pistol pocket " in the bicycling suit worn
by Miss Vane Featherstone ; second, speeches not in
the least funny which are nevertheless funnily delivered
by Mr. Harry Nicholls; and third, a certain quantity
of tolerable fun mixed with a few puns and personali-
ties, evidently the invention of that gifted comedian.
The rest hardly rises sufficiently above nothingness to
be as much as dull; and I see no reason to anticipate
an exceptionally prosperous career for the play. Mr.
George Edwardes was immensely congratulated on his
appearance as an author, the audience seeming to re-
gard it as an irresistible joke, and I am rather inclined
to take that lenient view myself. If I am to take it
seriously I can only say that however successful Mr.
Edwardes may be as a manager, he must work a good

292 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

deal harder if he wishes to succeed in a really difficult
profession like that of dramatic authorship.

The acting is, of course, consistently outrageous,
though by no means unskilfully so. Mr. Terriss con-
trives to retain his fascination even in tartan trousers ;
and he rises fully to such heights as there are in the
trial scene and the degradation scene. It is always a
pleasure to hear his voice now that we have on the
stage so many made-up voices which ring with monot-
onous sonority in the speakers' noses. With the single
exception of Mr. Bernard Gould, Mr. Terriss appears
to be the only serious actor in his line from whom we
hear a cultivated natural voice instead of an acquired
artificial one. Of Miss Millward's capacity I have no
idea beyond the fact that she has clearly more than
sufficient for such parts as are to be had at the Adelphi.
Mr. NichoUs is an excellent actor: it is a thousand
pities that his talent is only employed to put us into
good humor with bad plays.

NEW YEAR DRAMAS

A Woman's Reason. By Charles H. E. Brookfield and
F. C. Philips. Shaftesbury Theatre, 27 December,
1895.

IT was such a pleasure to see Mr. Lewis Waller and
his company divested of the trappings of Manx-
manity and in their right minds again, that we
all received " A Woman's Reason " with more gaiety
and enthusiasm than can easily be justified in cold
blood. The play has been produced, as far as I can

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 293

guess, by the following process. One of the authors,
whom I take to be Mr. Philips, wrote a commonplace
Froufrou play, in a style so conscientiously and intol-
erably literary that the persons of the drama do not
hesitate to remark familiarly to their nearest and dear-
est that " Convention speaks one thing, whilst some
sweeter voice whispers another." The sweeter voice in
the composing of the play, I assume, was Mr. Brook-
field's. Mr. Brookfield is an assiduous collector of
conversational jeux d'esprit, and is witty enough to be
able to contribute occasionally to the museum himself.
Such a collection, from its very miscellaneousness, is
better for ordinary theatrical purposes than a complete
philosophy reduced to aphorisms; and by sticking its
plums into Mr. Philips' literary dough with reckless
profusion, Mr. Brookfield has produced a sufficiently
toothsome pudding.

The worst of it is that the Brookfieldian plums digest
and are forgotten, whilst the Philipian suet remains
heavy on soul and stomach. I cannot now remember a
single one of Mr. Brookfield's sallies, not even the one
in which I recognized a long-lost child of my own. On
the other hand, I do recollect, with a growing sense of
injury, the assumption that the relation between a
British officer and a cultivated Jewish gentleman who
makes a trifle of seventy thousand a year or so in the
City is the relation between Ivanhoe and Isaac of York,
with its offensiveness somewhat accentuated by modern
snobbery. When Captain Crozier proceeded to explain
haughtily to Mr. Stephen D'Acosta that it was useless
for two persons in their respective conditions to discuss
a question of honor, as they could not possibly under-
stand one another, I seemed to hear a voice from my
boyhood — the voice of Howard Paul — singing : —

294 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

I 'm Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines ;

And I feed my horse on kidney beans :
Of course it far exceeds the means

Of a captain in the army.

It is to this rustic conception of " a captain in the
army " that we owe Crozier. And yet — would you
believe it? — the performance at the Shaftesbury leaves
one with a stronger sense of the reality of Captain
Crozier than of any other person in the drama. This
is largely due, no doubt, to Mr. Coghlan, who, having
given himself complete rest from acting during his as-
sumption of the part of Mercutio at the Lyceum, now
resumes it at the Shaftesbury with all the vigor of a
man who has had a thorough holiday. I do not say
that Mr. Coghlan's effects are made with the utmost
economy of time and weight ; but then it is perfectly
in the character of the part and in the interest of the
drama that Captain Crozier should be a comparatively
slow, heavy person, in contrast to the keen, alert Jew.
The presentation of a British officer as an over-eating,
under-thinking person, professionally the merest routi-
neer, one who by dint of sincere aspiration and con-
scientious plodding has learnt to play cards and bil-
liards, to shoot, to bet, to do the correct thing in social
emergencies, and in an irreproachably gentlemanly way
to make women aware of his readiness to accept any
degree of intimacy they may care to admit him to, is
fair criticism of life; for wherever the social soil is
manured by " independent incomes," it still produces
large crops of such men (very pleasant fellows, many
of them), though certainly the army has of late years
become a much less eligible career for them than it was
in tlie days of Captain Rawdon Crawley. The difficulty

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 295

of giving the authors of " A Woman's Reason " credit
for a clever study of an officer of his type lies in the
fact that, as I have already hinted, his speeches to
D'Acosta show a quite romantic ignorance of the
healthy promiscuity by which English society protects
itself against all permanent Faubourg-St. Germain
formations. Thanks to the truly blessed institution of
primogeniture constantly thrusting down the great bulk
of our aristocratic stock into the ranks of the com-
moners, we are the most republican country in the
world; and the ideas expressed by Captain Crozier at
the Shaftesbury, though they might pass as part of the
established currency on the Continent, and even in
America, are here only the affectations of dukes' house-
keepers and Hampton Court pensioners. Nor can we,
when the Captain foolishly hides in the lady's bedroom
from her husband, believe much more in him than in the
domestic architecture which cuts that sacred apartment
off from all ingress and egress save through the draw-
ing-room. In fact, the bedroom incident elicited one
of those jeers from the audience which will soon force
even the most conservative West End manager to
abjure through terror of the gallery that insane faith
in worn-out stage tricks which seems proof against the
printed persuasion of the stalls. There is much else in
Captain Crozier's part which is differentiated from the
conventional seducer and villain business of melodrama
rather by Mr. Coghlan's acting than by the words put
into his mouth ; but the final touch, where he " does the
right thing " by telling the usual divorce-court lie as
to the lady's spotlessness, and offering to marry her
when he perceives that he runs no risk of being ac-
cepted in view of her imminent reconciliation with her
husband, is a genuine stroke of comedy and character.

296 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Mr. Coghlan created the part, like a true actor, by
the simple but very unusual method of playing it from
its own point of view. The tradition of the stage is a
tradition of villains and heroes. Skakespeare was a
devout believer in the existence of the true villain —
the man whose terrible secret is that his fundamental
moral impulses are by some freak of nature inverted,
so that not only are love, pity, and honor loathsome to
him, and the affectation of them which society imposes
on him a constant source of disgust, but cruelty, de-
struction, and perfidy are his most luxurious passions.
This is a totally different phenomenon from the sur-
vivals of the ape and tiger in a normal man. The
average normal man is covetous, lazy, selfish; but he
is not malevolent, nor capable of saying to himself,
" Evil : be thou my good." He only does wrong as a
means to an end, which he always represents to him-
self as a right end. The case is exactly reversed with
a villain ; and it is my melancholy duty to add that we
sometimes find it hard to avoid a cynical suspicion that
the balance of social advantage is on the side of gifted
villainy, since we see the able villain, Mephistopheles-
like, doing a huge amount of good in order to win the
power to do a little darling evil, out of which he is as
likely as not to be cheated in the end; whilst your
normal respectable man will countenance, connive at,
and grovel his way through all sorts of meanness, base-
ness, servility, and cruel indifference to suffering in
order to enjoy a miserable two-pennorth of social posi-
tion, piety, comfort, and domestic affection, of which
he, too, is often ironically defrauded by Fate. I could
point to a philanthropist or two — even to their statues
— whom Posterity, should it ever turn from admiring
the way they spent their money to considering the way

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 297

they got it, will probably compare very unfavorably
with Guy Fawkes.

However, these reflections are beside the present pur-
pose, which is only to show how our actors have been
placed at cross-purposes with our authors by the tradi-
tional stage villain being a monster, or perversion of
nature, like lago ; whilst the gentleman who serves as
a foil to the hero in a modern West End play is not a
villain at all, but at worst a comparatively selfish,
worthless fellow. As far as he is taken from life at
all, he is suspiciously like the average man of the world
as portrayed by Thackeray. Indeed, in the best mod-
em plays, and even in the best modern melodramas
(for example, "Held by the Enemy"), there is no
wicked person at all. Ever since Milton struck the
popular fancy by changing the devil into a romantic
gentleman who was nobody's enemy but his own, and
thereby practically abolished the real devil, or god of
villains, as a necessary figure in the world drama, play-
goers have been learning to know themselves well
enough to recognize that quite mischief enough for the
plot of any ordinary play can be made by average
ladies and gentlemen like themselves. Captain Crozier
is not the least bit of a villain. He shows abject weak-
ness in allowing Mrs. D'Acosta to ruin him and make
him ridiculous by dragging him out of a seventy-thou-
sand-a-year mansion in which he is most comfortably
installed as tame cat, with the certainty that she will
throw him over without scruple as a moral outcast the
moment she is tired of him; but one feels that, after
all, it does not greatly matter, since the elopement is
only a stage convention — one of those events which
you let pass in the theatre because they lead to inter-
esting scenes, on the understanding that nobody is to

298 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

be held morally responsible for them. (Otherwise, It
may be remarked, Mrs. D'Acosta's treatment of Cap-
tain Crozier must be condemned as severely as her treat-
ment of her husband.) Crozier, in all the points at
which he can reasonably be regarded as exercising free
will, behaves like a gentleman according to his lights;
and when I say that Mr. Coghlan's success was due to
his taking the character from its own point of view,
I mean that he so played it as to make clear, when
Crozier finally walked out, that he was filled with the
most complete sense of having done everything that the
most exacting social critic could have expected of him,
and done it handsomely and adroitly. And the effect
left upon us was that of having made the acquaintance
of Captain Crozier, instead of merely seeing Mr.
Coghlan with a new suit of clothes on.

The part of Stephen D'Acosta fitted Mr. Lewis
Waller so closely that it was not necessary for him to
make any great impersonative effort; and the same
may be said of Miss Florence West, who happily ob-
literated all memory of her struggles with the Manx-
woman. The pleasant personal qualities with which we
are familiar carried Mr. Waller through sympatheti-
cally; and though there was one speech in which the
authors evidently intended him to play much more
forcibly — that in which Stephen D'Acosta gives his
father-in-law a piece of his mind — I hardly blame him
for refusing to exert himself violently for its sake,
since it was hardly equal to, say, the exhortation which
Moliere puts into the mouth of Don Juan's father on
the subject of the true gentleman. Still, the under-
playing was a little hard on Mr. Brookfield, whose
elaborate exit, as of a man utterly crumpled up, would
have been more effective had Mr. Waller done the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 299

crumpling with due energy. Mrs. Beerbohm Tree, to
whom some malignant fairy godmother must have
denied the gifts of empty-headed sentimentality and
hysterical incontinence which are essential to success in
our drama, substituting for them the fatal disqualifica-
tions of brains, individuality, and positiveness of char-
acter, gave an amazingly ingenious imitation of the
conventional Froufrou. Only once, through the genius
of another member of the company, was she carried
into a sincere bit of acting. This talented colleague
was a Mr. Stewart Dawson, an actor not yet in his
teens, but with a pleasant voice, a blarneying smile, a
simplicity of manner all irresistible. The house took
to him as if he were its own son; and so apparently
did Mrs. Tree. I can only say that if Mr. Dawson's
fascination increases with his years, it is a grave ques-
tion whether he ought to be allowed to grow up. Mrs.
Tree, by the way, was announced as appearing " by
arrangement," as if all the rest had dropped in by
accident. What has had to be arranged is evidently
either Mrs. Tree's objection to appear "by kind per-
mission of Mr. Tree," or Mr. Tree's objection to
give the kind permission. This observation is, of
course, not serious; but I make it for the sake of
calling attention to the absurdity, and indeed the
indelicacy, of the " kind permission " formula by which
managers insist on publicly asserting proprietary rights
in artists who are under engagement to them. Imagine
one of the Reviews announcing an article on the theatre
by Mr. Clement Scott as " by kind permission of the
Editor of the ' Daily Telegraph ' " ! Why should the
manager of the theatre have worse manners than an
editor.?

Of the other characters. Lord Bletchley, half con-

300 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

vention, half burlesque, is cleverly played by Mr. Brook-
field. He should be warned, however, that his tricky
diction occasionally prevents his sentences from being
quite clearly caught. The Rev. Cosmo Pretious, all
burlesque, and unenlightened burlesque at that, is very
well played by Mr. Henry Kemble, whose sense of char-
acter and artistic feeling have been too much wasted
on plays with no characters in them. Agatha Pretious,
also a burlesque figure, is a part quite unworthy of
Miss Maude Millett. She has evidently been cast for
it merely to drag another popular name into the bill.

I have forgotten to mention, by the way, that " A
Woman's Reason " is a play with a purpose — the
same purpose as that of " Daniel Deronda." All the
Jews in it are heroes and heroines, and all the Chris-
tians the meanest and feeblest wretches conceivable.
Serve them right !

PLAYS OF THE WEEK

The Prisoner of Zenda: a romantic play in a prologue
and four acts. Adapted from Anthony Hope's story
by Edward Rose. St. James's Theatre, 7 January,
1896.

The Sign of the Cross: in four acts. By Wilson Bar-
rett. Lyric Theatre, 4 January, 1896.

MR. ANTHONY HOPE'S " Prisoner of Zenda "
was an amusing attempt to get a Scott-Dumas
romance out of modern life. To take the
nineteenth-century hero, give him a sword and a horse,
a forest to gallop through and a castle to besiege,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 301

enemies to pursue him, persons with wrists of steel to
fence with, princesses to love and rescue, and all the
other luxuries of a D'Artagnan, was a laudable enter-
prise, in pursuit of which Mr. Hope went to the shores
of the Baltic, and carved an imaginary State of Ruri-
tania out of Mecklenburg. He was so far successful
that the book made pleasant reading up to within a
few chapters of the end. Then the reader's heavily
taxed powers of make-believe gave out. At least, that
was my experience. At about the point where Ras-
sendyl began his swimming exploits in the moat, I
found it impossible any longer to forget that the whole
book was a great piece of nonsense. Mere incident in
a romance is not interesting unless you believe in the
reality of the people to whom the incidents occur.
Scott and Dumas could create real men and women for
you: their merest supernumeraries, from the inn-
keepers whom the Musketeers cheat to Higg the son of
Snell, are more solid acquaintances than Mr. Hope's
heroes. Rassendyl is really nothing but a pasteboard
pattern of manly attitudes to be struck in the act of
doing one's duty under difficult circumstances, a figure
motived by conventionalities, without individual will,
and therefore without reality or humanity. If it were
not for Mr. Hope's light touch and sense of fun, the
whole book would be as dull and mechanical a rigmarole
of adventure as its last chapters. As it is, all the
attempts to indicate the serious worth and rarity of
the qualities which Rassendyl carries so lightly, bore
and jar us by threatening to awake our common sense,
which, if aroused, must immediately put a summary
stop to the somewhat silly Ruritanian gambols of our
imagination.

This weakness of characterization is perpetuated in

302 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the play with some added disadvantages. The liveliest
character in the book is Captain Hentzau, because,
though he is not a very possible scoundrel, at least his
conduct is wilful, and not obviously made to order for
the British Wholesale Association for the Supply of
Moral Fiction. On the stage he acquires possibility,
but loses fascination. The flimsiness of Rassendyl is
terribly exposed by the footlights. The notion that in
England every futile, harum-scarum, good-naturedly
selfish Johnny is a hero who only needs opportunity to
display the noblest qualities, and have his hand kissed
by veterans and high-souled ladies, is as popular, be-
cause as widely flattering, as that other idea that our
yachts constitute a reserve fleet, and our shopmen a
reserve army which in case of invasion would rush from
behind the counter to hurl the foe back in confusion
from the soil of England. It is, of course, pleasant
to think that valuable qualities are dirt cheap in our
own country; but I, unluckily, am constitutionally
sceptical as to the heroism of people who never do
anything heroic. However disgusting this cynicism of
mine may appear, I noticed that Rassendyl pleased the
audience at the St. James's in all the passages where
he appears as a reckless young gentleman imperson-
ating the King of Ruritania for a lark, and rubbed it
the wrong way in all his attempts to pose as a king of
men. The only qualities needed for his exploit are
impudence and the not very uncommon sort of dare-
devilry that induces young men to risk breaking their
necks at bodily exercises for the mere excitement of the
thing. The real author and hero of it is Colonel
Sapt, who risks his life as much as Rassendyl, besides
taking his chance of the English stranger breaking
down or backing out. All the anxiety is his, as well

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 303

as all the serious purpose and contrivance. When lie
addresses the sham king as " You damned joung fool ! "
for exposing himself idly to an unnecessary risk of dis-
covery, the audience is sympathetic and satisfied.
When he kneels down and kisses Rassendyl's hand in
homage to the innate princeliness which that gentleman
has in no wise displayed, it is impossible not to feel
revolted. And there you have the false note of the
play.

Perhaps the most serious consequence of this mistake
is the Prologue. Mr. Rose knows far too much about
the theatre to suppose that the resemblance of Rassen-
dyl to the King of Ruritania needed any explanation.
An audience will always accept a resemblance with
eagerness as a freak of nature. What Mr. Rose wanted
to do was to place Rassendyl under a moral obligation
to risk his life for the red Elphberg because the red
Elphberg's grandfather sacrificed his life for Rassen-
dyl's grandmother. Now, I submit not only that the
motive appeals to that bogus-kingly side of Rassendyl's
character which had better have been left out, but that
even so its compulsion is ridiculously unconvincing. If
a gentleman were to ask me to lend him half-a-crown on
the strength of a relationship based on the following
circumstances: to wit, that his grandfather had se-
duced my grandmother ; fought a duel with my grand-
mother's husband, in the course of which he had been
run through during a moment of inattention caused
by the entry of the lady ; declared with his last breath
that he had died for her ; and finally walked out of the
house in his bloodstained shirt in apparently robust
health, I should refer that gentleman to the Charity
Organization Society.

Besides, Mr. Rose has written the Prologue in the

304 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

spirit of the nineteenth-century fancier of the eigh-
teenth century rather than in that of the eighteenth
century itself. It is a pomandering sort of Prologue,
thrown in, not by dramatic necessity, but for the sake
of hoops and patches, snuff-boxes and silk coats —
above all, a duel by candlelight, without which no
eighteenth-century drama would be complete. Mr.
Rose has often written pleasantly about these and other
more remote and lavendery antiquities; but in giving
way to them on the stage he has been beset by the
temptation to lay the scene out not only for obsolete
dresses and incidents, but for obsolete acting, and even
obsolete drama. I should not be surprised to learn that
he had pleaded hard with Mr. Alexander to have a door
knocked through the proscenium in order that Miss
Mabel Hackney might enter through it with two black
pages carrying her train, as the stage custom was in
those days. The Prologue, in short, exhibits Mr. Rose
as the man of sentimental fancies and antiquarian learn-
ing rather than as the playwright. It will be useful
as a curtain-raiser; but it is not essential to the com-
prehension or enjoyment of the play.

The play itself, as far as the novel will let it, brings
into action Mr. Rose's best qualities as a dramatist:
his humor, his intelligence in the more generous issues
of human feeling, and his insight, which is engagingly
disabled — especially in the case of his feminine char-
acters — by a certain shy anxiety to apologize to the
lady for the intrusion, and present her with a favorable
construction for what he has discovered. It is a thou-
sand pities that the novel contained no figures suffi-
ciently rounded and solid to make the drama really live.
Still, unsubstantial as they are, they are superficially
natural ; and the play hops genially and adventurously

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 305

along to the final speeches of Flavia and Rassendyl,
which make a very pretty ending. A strong ending
could only have been achieved by throwing the novel
over, and changing the drunken imbecile of a king into
an able but unlovable man, as whose consort Flavia
might reasonably feel that her high destiny (rather a
sentimental fancy, by the way, that high destiny!)
would be better fulfilled than with the lovable but
feather-brained Rassendyl.

The performance is a curiously haphazard one, con-
sidering its costliness and elaboration. Though the
prevalent style of play is in the usual quiet St. James
key, some of the characters rush on the stage super-
charged with dramatic excitement, and momentarily
upset all congruity of style. Mr. Cautley or Mr.
Alexander will certainly either kill or be killed some
night, unless the sabre fight at the end is more care-
fully preconcerted than it was on the first night. What
is called the coronation scene — meaning the scene in
which Rassendyl goes off the stage to be crowned and
comes back when the ceremony is over — seems a very
quiet little drawing-room-party business to a musical
critic nursed on " Le Prophete " and the Wagnerian
music drama; but it is enjoyable in its unsensational
way. The dresses are recklessly expensive and not un-
handsome. If I had never been taught to use my
eyes as a critic of pictures, I might, perhaps, have
been satisfied with the sunset scene in the forest of
Zenda: as it was, the hopeless absurdity of the fore-
ground light where Mr. Alexander lay at the foot of
the tree, set me speculating as to when some serious
attempt will be made to produce any of the subtler
effects of open air on the stage. The acting was mostly
very easy. Mr. Vernon, as Colonel Sapt, had the best

306 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

part — indeed, in a sense the only part — and he left
all the rest far behind in it. Mr. Alexander was capital
in the comedy passages, and delivered his speeches in
the last scene finely, but was bad in the drunken epi-
sode, which he played like a seasoned teetotaller. The
rest of his part, or rather parts, was the wrong side
of Rassendyl, which nothing could make really effective.
Mr. Waring did what was possible to give an air of
substance to the nullity called Duke Michael ; and Mr.
Lawrence Cautley had not the material in his lines for
producing the dashingly diabolical effect of the Hentzau
of the novel. The truth is that half the company are
doing nothing but " supering," although they are of
course neither lineless nor nameless. Miss Millard has
apparently taken the most heroic measures to trans-
form herself into a true red Elphberg. She played
with a touch of passion in the later scenes ; but she
was a little flat in the second act through her deficiency
in comedy, her sense of humor resolutely refusing to ex-
press itself artistically. Miss Olga Brandon had noth-
ing to do but embody the description of the Mayor's
wife as a pretty woman; but though the part is noth-
ing, Miss Brandon certainly got the last inch out of
it, and something over, making more of her curtsey
than a good many actresses make of a speech. Miss
Lily Hanbury was fairly successful in grappling with
Antoinette de Mauban ; and ]\Iiss Mabel Hackney, not
as 3'et a very finished executant, conceived her part in
the Prologue excellently.

Mr. Wilson Barrett has given me such unbounded
delight by his feat of persuading the London critics
that several of the most characteristic passages in his
" Sign of the Cross " are quotations from the Bible
that I have nothing but praise for him. Sterne's " tcm-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 307

pering the wind to the shorn lamb " need never again be
quoted as the champion instance of scripturization.
It is true that Mr. Wilson Barrett, following the uni-
versal law of art development, has founded his Sermon
on the Mount to some extent on the original one ; but
I can assure the public that the text of " The Sign of
the Cross " is essentially original ; and if Mr. Wilson
Barrett writes to the papers to assure us, in the usual
terms, that so far from his having taken his play from
the Bible, he has never even read that volume, I am
quite prepared to believe him. His literary style is
altogether different. The play is a monument of sacred
and profane history. The influence of Ibsen is appar-
ent throughout, the Norwegian keynote being struck
by Mr. Barrett himself in the words : " How many
crimes are committed under the cloak of duty ! " With
scathing, searching irony, and with resolute courage
in the face of the prejudiced British public, he has
drawn a terrible contrast between the Romans (" Pa-
gans, I regret to say," as Mr. Pecksniff remarked of
the sirens), with their straightforward sensuality, and
the strange, perverted voluptuousness of the Christians,
with their shuddering exaltations of longing for the
whip, the rack, the stake, and the lions. The whole
drama lies in the spectacle of the hardy Roman pre-
fect, a robust soldier and able general, gradually fall-
ing under the spell of a pale Christian girl, white and
worn with spiritual ecstasy, and beautiful as Mary
Anderson. As she gradually throws upon him the
fascination of suffering and martyrdom, he loses his
taste for wine; the courtesans at his orgies disgust
him; heavenly visions obsess him; undreamt-of rap-
tures of sacrifice, agony, and escape from the world
to indescribable holiness and bliss tempt him; and

308 DRA^IATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

finally he is seen, calm and noble, but stark mad, fol-
lowing the girl to her frightfully voluptuous death.
It is a tremendous moral lesson; and though I am
pagan enough to most intensely dislike the flogging
and racking and screaming on the stage (I really am
such a bloodless creature that I take no delight in
torture), yet no doubt it helps to drive the irony of
the theme home.

On the intellectual side, Christianity hardly receives
justice from Mr. Wilson Barrett. " Christianity is not
in itself a crime," says Marcus to Nero. " Marcus
argues strongly, Csesar," is Poppea's comment. I must
say I think Poppea is rather too easily satisfied. But,
after all, we do not want to hear the case argued at
this time of day. What we enjoy is being so familiarly
in Rome that it sounds quite natural when such direc-
tions to wayfarers as " Fourth on the right from the
statue of Hercules " are given by the lictors. We come
into the presence of Nero, and hear him ordering a set
of living torches for that evening, and boasting of what
an artist he is. We see the Roman ladies at home
sticking pins into their slaves, and the Roman diner-
out exhausted by his second vomit. We hear the thun-
der of the chariot race, and see the gladiator enter the
arena. And we have, as aforesaid, whips and racks,
chains and dungeons, uplifted crosses and Christian
martyrs, not to mention plenty of music well handled
by Mr. Edward Jones, with hymns for the Christians,
waltzes for the Romans, and Sullivan's " Thou 'rt pass-
ing hence, my brother," and Gounod's " Nazareth " on
the cornet and sackbut between the acts.

The mounting is handsome, and the stage manage-
ment good and unselfish, all the parts being played with
quite extraordinary spirit, and in no way sacrificed to

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 309

the actor-manager's. I have never seen better work got
out of a company. Mr. Wilson Barrett has honestly
sunk the actor in the author, and done his best for
the play, instead of for himself personally. Indeed, the
one conspicuous and laughable oversight is in Mr. Bar-
rett's own make-up. Instead of wearing the proper
cropped Roman wig, he wears his own hair in his old
familiar feminine fashion, with the result that when he
first steps on the stage he presents such an amazing
resemblance to Miss Victor that, instead of applauding
him, I stared with a shocked conviction that I had that
lady before me in the costume of a Roman warrior.
The effect is amusing ; but it spoils an otherwise manly
picture.

MICHAEL AND HIS LOST ANGEL

Michael and his Lost Angel: a new and original play
of modern English life. In five acts. By Henry Ar-
thur Jones. Lyceum Theatre, 15 January, 1896.

ONE of the great comforts of criticizing the work
of Mr. Henry Arthur Jones is that the critic
can go straight to the subject-matter without
troubling about the dramatic construction. In the
born writer the style is the man; and with the born
dramatist the play is the subject. Mr. Jones's plays
grow: they are not cut out of bits of paper and stuck
together. Mr. Grundy or Sardou, at their respective
worsts, perform such feats of carpentry in constructing
show-cases for some trumpery little situation, that the
critics exhaust all their space in raptures over the

310 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

mechanical skill displayed. But Mr. Jones's technical
skill is taken as a matter of course. Nobody ever
dreams of complimenting him about it: we proceed
direct to abusing his ideas without delay. This is
quite right and natural. If you invent a mechanical
rabbit, wind it up, and set it running round the room
for me, I shall be hugely entertained, no matter how
monstrously unsuccessful it may be as a representation
of nature; but if you produce a real rabbit which be-
gins running about without being wound up at all, I
simply say " Why should n't it.'' " and take down my
gun. Similarly, on Mr. Jones producing a live play,
which starts into perfectly natural action on the rising
of the curtain without being wound up during an act
or two of exposition, I say " Why should n't it.? " and,
as aforesaid, take down my gun.

When I respond to the appeal of Mr. Jones's art by
throwing myself sympathetically into his characteristic
attitude of mind, I am conscious of no shortcoming in
" Michael and his Lost Angel." It then seems to me
to be a genuinely sincere and moving play, feelingly
imagined, written with knowledge as to the man and
insight as to the woman by an author equipped not
only with the experience of an adept playwright, and
a kindly and humorous observer's sense of contempo-
rary manners, but with that knowlcdi^e of spiritual his-
tory in which Mr. Jones's nearest competitors seem so
stupendously deficient. Its art is in vital contact with
the most passionate religious movement of its century,
as fully quickened art always has been. On comparing
it in this relation with the ordinary personal sentiment
of Mr. Grundy, and with those grotesque flounderings
after some sort of respectably pious foothold which
have led Mr. Pinero to his rescue of the burning Bible

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 311

from Mrs. Ebbsmith's stove, and his redemption of
Mrs. Eraser by the social patronage of the Bishop's
wife, I unhesitatingly class Mr. Jones as first, and emi-
nently first, among the surviving fittest of his own
generation of playwrights.

But when, instead of throwing myself sympatheti-
cally into Mr. Jones's attitude, I remain obstinately in
my own, I find myself altogether unable to offer to
" Michael " that final degree of complete sympathy and
approval which is implied in the conviction that I would
have written the play that way myself if I could. As
to the first two acts, I ask nothing better; but at the
beginning of the third comes the parting of our ways ;
and I can point out the exact place where the roads
fork. In the first act Michael, a clergyman, compels
a girl who has committed what he believes to be a deadly
sin to confess it publicly in church. In the second act
he commits that sin himself. At the beginning of the
third he meets the lady who has been his accomplice;
and the following words pass between them:

Audrie. — You 're sorry?
Michael. — No. And you?
Audrie. — No.

Now, after this, what does the clergyman do? With-
out giving another thought to that all-significant fact
that he is not sorry — that at the very point where,
if his code and creed were valid, his conscience would
be aching with remorse, he is not only impenitent, but
positively glad, he proceeds to act as if he really were
penitent, and not only puts on a hair shirt, but actually
makes a confession to his congregation in the false
character of a contrite sinner, and goes out from among
them with bowed head to exile and disgrace, only wait-

312 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ing in the neighborhood until the church is empty to
steal back and privily contradict his pious imposture
by picking up and hiding a flower which the woman
has thrown on the steps of the altar. This is perfectly
true to nature: men do every day, with a frightful
fatalism, abjectly accept for themselves as well as
others all the consequences of theories as to what they
ought to feel and ought to believe, although they not
only do not so feel or believe, but often feel and be-
lieve the very reverse, and find themselves forced to
act on their real feeling and belief in supreme moments
which they are willing with a tragically ridiculous self-
abnegation to expiate afterwards even with their lives.
Here you have the disqualification of " Michael and
his Lost Angel " for full tragic honors. It is a play
without a hero. Let me rewrite the last three acts, and
you shall have your Reverend Michael embracing the
answer of his own soul, thundering it from the steps
of his altar, and marching out through his shocked and
shamed parishioners, with colors flying and head erect
and unashamed, to the freedom of faith in his own real
conscience. Whether he is right or wrong is nothing
to me as a dramatist : he must follow his star, right or
wrong, if he is to be a hero. In " Hamlet " one cannot
approve unreservedly of the views of Fortinbras ; but,
generations of foolish actor-managers to the contrary
notwithstanding, what true Shakespearean ever thinks
of " Hamlet " without seeing Fortinbras, in his winged
helmet, swoop down at the end, and take, by the divine
right of a born " captain of his soul," the crown that
slips through the dead fingers of the philosopher who
went, at the bidding of his father's ghost, in search of
a revenge which he did not feel and a throne which he
did not want ? Fortinbras can, of course, never be any-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 313

thing more than an Adelphi hero, because his bellicose
instincts and imperial ambitions are comfortably vul-
gar; but both the Adelphi hero and the tragic hero
have fundamentally the same heroic qualification —
fearless pursuit of their own ends and championship
of their own faiths contra mundum.

Michael fails to satisfy this condition in an emer-
gency where a heroic self-realization alone could save
him from destruction ; and if this failure were the sub-
ject of Mr. Jones's last three acts, then the play with-
out a hero might be as tragic as " Rosmersholm." But
Mr. Jones does not set Michael's situation in that light :
he shares his fatalism, accepting his remorse, confes-
sion, and disgrace as inevitable, with a monastery for
the man and death for the woman as the only possible
stage ending — surely not so much an ending as a
slopping up of the remains of the two poor creatures.
The last act is only saved from being a sorry business
by the man's plucking a sort of courage out of aban-
donment, and by a humorous piteousness in the dying
woman, who, whilst submitting, out of sheer feebleness
of character, to Michael's attitude, is apologetically
conscious of having no sincere conviction of sin. When
the priest offers his services, she replies, " No, thanks,
I 've been dreadfully wicked — does n't much matter,
eh? Can't help it now. Haven't strength to feel
sorry. So sorry I can't feel sorry." This gives a
pleasant quaintness to the hackneyed pathos of a stage
death; but it does not obliterate the fact that Audrie
is dying of nothing but the need for making the audi-
ence cry, and that she is a deplorable disappointment
considering her promise of force and originality in the
first two acts. A play without a hero may still be
heroic if it has a heroine; and had Mr. Jones so laid

314. DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

out his play as to pose the question, " What will this
woman do when she discovers that the saint of Cleve-
heddon is nothing but a hysterical coward, whose re-
ligion is a morbid perversion of his sympathetic in-
stincts instead of the noblest development of them? "
the answer of a capable woman to such a question
might have given the last three acts the attraction of
strength and hope, instead of their present appeal ad
misericordiam of sentimental despair and irrelevant
bodily disease. But Audrie, though she has a certain
salt of wit in her, is as incapable of taking her fate
into her own hands as Michael; and the two, hypno-
tized by public opinion, let themselves be driven ab-
jectly, she to the shambles and he to the dustbin, with-
out a redeeming struggle.

It is clear, I think, that if the public were of my way
of thinking, the play, good as it is of its kind, would
fail ; for the public is not sympathetic enough to throw
itself into Mr. Jones's attitude, and enjoy the play
from his point of view, unless it can do so without
going out of its own wa}'. And I cannot help thinking
that the public dislike a man of Michael's stamp. After
all, stupid as we are, we are not Asiatics. The most
pig-headed Englishman has a much stronger objection
to be crushed or killed by institutions and conventions,
however sacred or even respectable, than a Russian
peasant or a Chinaman. If he commits a sin, he either
tells a lie and sticks to it, or else demands " a broaden-
ing of thought " which will bring his sin within the
limits of the allowable. To expiation, if it can possibly
be avoided, he has a wholesome and energetic objection.
He is an individualist, not a fatalist: with all his
apparent conventionality there is no getting over the
fact that institutions — moral, political, artistic, and

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 315

ecclesiastical — which in more Eastern lands have
paralyzed whole races, making each century a mere
stereotype of the one before, are mere footballs for the
centuries in England. It is an instinct with me per-
sonally to attack every idea which has been full grown
for ten years, especially if it claims to be the foundation
of all human society. I am prepared to back human
society against any idea, positive or negative, that can
be brought into the field against it. In this — except
as to my definite intellectual consciousness of it — I
am, I believe, a much more typical and popular person
in England than the conventional man; and I believe
that when we begin to produce a genuine national
drama, this apparently anarchic force, the mother of
higher law and humaner order, will underlie it, and
that the public will lose all patience with the conven-
tional collapses which serve for last acts to the serious
dramas of to-day. Depend upon it, the miserable doc-
trine that life is a mess, and that there is no way out
of it, will never nerve any man to write a truly heroic
play west of the Caucasus. I do not for a moment
suspect Mr. Jones of really holding that doctrine him-
self. He has written " Michael " as a realist on the
unheroic plane, simply taking his contemporaries as
he finds them on that plane.

Perhaps it is unfair to Mr. Jones to substitute to
this extent a discussion of the philosophy of his play
for a criticism of its merits on its own ground. But
the performance at the Lyceum has taken all the heart
out of my hopes of gaining general assent to my high
estimate of " Michael and his Lost Angel." The public
sees the play as it is acted, not as it ought to be acted.
The sooner Mr. Jones publishes it the better for its
reputation. There never was a play more skilfully

316 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

designed to fit the chief actors than this was for Mr.
Forbes Robertson and Mrs. Patrick Campbell. But
though Mr. Jones was able to write for Mrs. Campbell
such a part as she is not likely to get the refusal of
soon again, he had to depend on Mrs. Campbell's own
artistic judgment to enable her to perceive the value
of the chance. The judgment was apparently not
forthcoming: at all events, Mrs. Patrick Campbell van-
ished from the bills as the day of battle drew nigh.
In such an emergency your London manager has only
one idea — send for Miss Marion Terry. Miss Marion
Terry was accordingly sent for — sent for to play the
bad angel; to be perverse, subtly malign, infernally
beautiful ; to sell her soul and her lover's to the Devil,
and bite her arm through as a seal to the bargain;
to do everything that is neither in her nature, nor
within the scope of her utmost skill in dissimulation.
The result was a touching little sham, very charming
in the first act, where her entry rescued the play just
as it was staggering under the weight of some ver}' bad
acting in the opening scene ; and very affecting at the
end, where she died considerately and prettily, as only
an inveterately amiable woman could. But not for the
most infinitesimal fraction of a second was she Audrie
Lesden ; and five acts of " Michael and his Lost Angel "
without Audrie Lesden were not what the author in-
tended. As to Mr. Forbes Robertson, Mr. Jones had
undertaken to make the actor's outside effective if he
in return would look after the inside of the Reverend
Michael. Mr. Jones kept to his bargain: Mr. Forbes
Robertson was unable to fulfil his. He made the mis-
take— common in an irreligious age — of conceiving
a religious man as a lugubrious one. All the sympathy
in the first act depended on his making it clear that

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 317

the force that swept Rose Gibbard to the altar to con-
fess was the priest's rapturous faith in the gladness
of an open and contrite heart, natural to a man made
over-sanguine by spiritual joy. Mr. Forbes Robertson
threw away all this sympathy, and set the audience
against him and against the play from the outset by
adopting the solemn, joyless, professional manner and
the preachy utterance of the Low-Church apostle of
mortification and wrath. It is quite impossible to ex-
aggerate the disastrous effect of this initial mistake
on the performance. The more saintly Mr. Robertson
looked, the slower, gloomier, more depressingly monoto-
nous he became, until at last, in spite of Miss Terry's
spoonfuls of sweet syrup, I half expected to see the
infuriated author rush on the stage and treat us to a
realistic tableau of the stoning of St. Stephen. What
is the use of the dramatist harmonizing the old Scarlet-
Letter theme in the new Puseyite mode if the actor is
to transpose it back again into the old Calvinistic
minor key.?

As to the rest, their woodenness is not to be de-
scribed, though woodenness is hardly the right word
for Mr. Mackintosh, in whose performance, however,
I could discover neither grace nor verisimilitude. Miss
Brooke need not be included in this wholesale condemna-
tion ; but her part was too small to make any difference
to the general effect. The melancholy truth of the
matter is that the English stage got a good play, and
was completely and ignominiously beaten by it. Mr.
Jones has got beyond the penny novelette conventions
which are actable in our theatre. I fear there is no
future for him except as a dramatic critic.

The play is well mounted, though the church scene
is an appaUing example of the worst sort of German

818 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

" restoration." And it has the inevitable defect of all
stage churches : the voices will not echo nor the foot-
steps ring through its canvas nave and aisles. Mr.
Forbes Robertson has been specially generous in the
matter of the band. Mr. Armbruster was able to give
between the acts a genuine orchestral performance of
the slow movement from Raff's " Im Walde " Sym-
phony, and as much of the andante of Mendelssohn's
Italian Symphony as there was time for.

CHURCH AND STAGE

25 January, 1896.

A LITTLE squall of controversy has been raised
by the church scene in " Michael and his Lost
Angel " at the Lyceum. It is contended by
gentlemen who get their living by going to the theatre
and reporting or criticizing performances there, that
Church ritual, and indeed anything of a sacred char-
acter, is out of place on the stage, and its dramatic
representation a breach of good taste and an offence
against public decency. Let us see exactly what this
means.

Of all the vile places on earth that are not absolutely
contrary to law, the vilest is a convict prison. The
vilest thing in the prison is the gallows ; and the vilest
thing done there is an execution. Yet the prison has
its chaplain ; and his prayers are an indispensable part
of the disgusting business of hanging a man. The most
heathenish and wasteful, not to say bestial civic cele-
bration now tolerated is a City dinner. Men go there

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 819

with the intention of eating too much and drinking too
much; and many of them exceed their intention. But
the proceedings always commence with the ritual called
" grace before meat." For wrath and violence, terror
and ferocity, on a scale of the most frightful magni-
tude, nothing can compare with a battle, especially
when the victims are poor men tempted by a shilling
a day to fight for the glorification of bloodthirsty
fools and cowards who sit at home at ease and gloat
over sensational " special correspondence." Yet no
victory is complete without the " Te Deum " by which
Christian combatants assume that their God is an ac-
complice m their crime, and praise Him for it. But,
if you please, there is one lawful place worse than the
gallows and the battlefields, one tolerated pursuit more
filthy than gluttony and damnable than wholesale mur-
der. That place is the theatre; that pursuit, play-
going. We may drag the symbols of our religion
through seas of blood, waste, riot and rapine, if only
we spare it the final outrage of mentioning it on the
stage of the Lyceum. If I am to accept this as good
sense — if actors are infamous wretches prostituting
themselves to the desire of the audience to indulge
a detestable vice, then pray what am I, the critic, who
sell myself to advertise such abomination by writing
seductive descriptions and eulogies of the plays with
which I am especially pleased? And what are those
still more abandoned colleagues of mine who lard the
managers with flatteries which even Mr. Wilson Bar-
rett's Nero might find a trifle hyperbolical? Clearly
we are baser than Moliere, to whom Christian burial
was refused in France, baser than the ballet dancer
to whom the Bishop of London refused the Sacrament
(though this certainly occurred a few years before

320 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the knighting of Sir Henry Irving) by as much as the
pandar is baser than his employer.

Let us look at the case from another point of view.
It is said that " some things " are too sacred to be
represented on the stage. The phrase " some things '*
is highly characteristic : it recalls the intelligent mem-
ber of Parliament who supported the attempt to ex-
clude the late Charles Bradlaugh from the House of
Commons on the ground that " a man ought to believe
in something or another." But since it is just as well
not to be frivolously vague in speaking of sacred things,
let us replace " some things " by the mysteries of re-
ligion, which is what the objectors would mean if, on
this subject, they were earnest enough to mean any-
thing at all. Pray, what are the mysteries of religion?
Are they faith, hope, love, heroism, life, creation ; or
are they pews and pulpits, prayer-books and Sunday
bonnets, copes and stoles and dalmatics .f" Even that
large section of the population of these islands whose
religion is the merest idolatry of material symbols will
not deny that the former are the realities of religion.
Then I ask the gentlemen who think that the pews and
prayer-books are too sacred to be represented on the
stage, why it is that they have never protested against
the fact that all our dramas deal with faith, hope, love,
and the rest of the essentials? The most sacred feelings
and the holiest names are never long out of the mouths
of our stage heroes and heroines. In the last Adelphi
melodrama but two the heroine recited the service for
the dead on the stage, whilst her father danced round
her in a frenzy, trying to make up his mind to shoot her
before the Indians took the place by storm. The
critics who are protesting against the procession in
the fourth act of " Michael and his Lost Angel " did

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 321

not protest against that. Of course it is possible that
they did not recognize it because Miss Millward did
not wear a surplice during the passage, just as they
mistook a homily of Mr. Wilson Barrett's the other
day for the Sermon on the Mount because the actor
stood on a hill in a long gown and gave it out like
a clergyman reading the lessons. But I could easily
find instances for which that unpresentable excuse can-
not be alleged. The real objection to Mr. Jones's play
is the objection to Michael's treatment of religion as
co-extensive with life: that is, as genuinely catholic.
To the man who regards it as only a watertight Sunday
compartment of social observance, such a view is not
only inconvenient but positively terrifying. I am sorry
for him; but I can assure him that the British drama
is annexing steadily the territory on which he feels so
uncomfortable. And whoever tries to obstruct that ad-
vance will be inevitably ground into the mud. When
I want to exhibit the might of criticism, I may throw
an express train off the line ; but you do not catch me
trying to stop the imperceptibly slow march of a
glacier.

Yet another point of view. It is argued that a stage
representation is only a pretence, a mockery, a sham, a
thing made to simulate something that it is not by
tricks of light and paint and feats of mimicry.
Granted; but what, then, is to be said of the pictures
in the National Gallery, in which canvas and colored
clay are made to simulate, not only churches and
priests, but the very persons of the Trinity themselves.''
Is a crucifix an offence against the sacredness of what
it represents? Are religious fictions, such as " Barab-
bas " and " The Sorrows of Satan " at one extreme,
and Goethe's " Faust " at the other, to be suppressed .»*

322 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

The Cromwellian Puritans would have said " Yes " to
all this. Those of them who believed, like the Reverend
Michael, that life and religion are co-extensive, were
for destroying, not only theatres, but images, pictures,
statues, symbols, and simulations of all kinds. Those
who held the more convenient watertight-compartment
theory, thus dividing life into the sacred and profane,
encouraged and rejoiced in profane art, but would not
have sacred art on any terms. They would have family
portraits, but no pictures of saints and virgins: they
were musicians, but would not have music in church.
They would have sacked the National Gallery, and
burnt its most precious treasures in Trafalgar Square ;
and they actually did enter cathedrals, smash every-
thing they could get at that was in the nature of
statuary, pulled the organs to pieces, and tore up the
music-books. In short, though they were too fond of
art to want to exterminate it, they excommunicated it.
Are our watertight-compartment critics willing to take
the same line.'' Are they prepared to excommunicate
art altogether, or do they wish to excommunicate the
theatre only, leaving the cathedral, the picture gal-
lery, the library, untouched.'* If so, this also involves
them in the conclusion that some quite peculiar infamy
and disgrace attaches to the theatre; and I am again
compelled to submit that, since they have voluntarily
chosen theatre-going as a means of livelihood, they fall
under their own condemnation as infamous and dis-
graceful persons, unworthy as such to lead public opin-
ion on this or any other matter. Having no such
unfriendly opinion of them, I had rather coax them
to retreat from their position than see them impale
themselves on either horn of so inhuman a dilemma.
For what alternative is left to them, except, perhaps,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 323

to follow the example of Sheridan Knowles by aban-
doning their profession and spending the rest of their
lives in warning others against it?

The public, consisting as it does of many who do not
go to the theatre, is in no way bound, as a critic is,
to be loyal to it or else leave it. But the playgoing,
art-supporting public may reasonably be called on to
make up its mind whether religion is to be denied the
services of art or not. Something may be learnt from
past follies on this subject. Music, for instance, has
always been highly privileged in the popular imagina-
tion. No other art has ever been conceived as prac-
tised in Heaven. Prophets may have been inspired to
write books on earth; and St. Luke is supposed to
have painted a portrait of the Virgin; but who ever
dreamt of easels and ink-bottles, or typewriters, in
Heaven.? Yet what would Heaven be without its harps,
and trumpets, and choir of angels.? It was owing to
this association of ideas that Handel met with no oppo-
sition when he popularized the oratorio. He gave us,
in the concert-room, Samson and Dalila, and Manoah,
and the rest of the persons in the Bible story; and no
one was scandalized. But when Salvini came over here,
a hundred and thirty years later, he found that Samson
was out of tiie question in a theatre. The play-going
public was perfectly willing — and, indeed, highly curi-
ous — to see him walk off with the gates of Gaza, throw
his father across his shoulder with one hand and carry
him away, and finally perish between the pillars under
a shower of dummy Philistines. But the people who
never go to the theatre might have been offended; and
so Samson had to be resei*ved for a much more Puritan
country — America. Even music itself has had to
make absurd concessions to pietistic prudery. Bee-

324 DRAJVIATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

thoven composed an oratorio called " The Mount of
Olives " ; and immediately the question arose whether
the Handelian privilege extended to the New Testa-
ment. After about thirty years' consideration we made
up our minds the wrong way, and turned " The Mount
of Olives " into " Engedi," with David for the principal
figure. Thirty years more, and the original work was
performed at the Leeds Festival, with such complete
impunity that it was evident the Engedification had
been an act of gratuitous folly. We were kept for a
long time out of one of the world's great possessions,
Bach's St. Matthew Passion, on the same grounds.
If it had been an acre of blue dirt, with a few handfuls
of trumpery diamonds in it, we should have gone to war
about it. Let nobody suppose that our ultimate eman-
cipation from these silly restrictions was the result of
any growth or change in public opinion on the matter.
There was no such growth and no such change. On
the contrary, the sort of people who were supposed to
object to " The Mount of Olives " when it was first
performed as a Lenten oratorio at Drury Lane in
1814 are much more numerous at present than they
were then. And they are just as free to stay away
from performances they disapprove of as they were
then. The restrictions are always the work of half
a dozen busybodies, actuated less by cowardice than
by a desire to make an officious display of the unde-
sirable quality they call " good taste."

Goethe's taste being even worse than that displayed
by Mr. Henry Arthur Jones in the fourth act of
" Michael and his Lost Angel," he placed the scene of
the prologue to his best known drama, not in Cleve-
heddon church, but in Heaven itself, with the Almighty
conversing with Satan on eas}" terms, as in the Book

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 325

of Job. Some of our dramatic critics (especially those
who are not suspected of reading Goethe, and who see
no difference between the literary styles of St. Matthew
and Mr. Wilson Barrett) will be shocked at this, and
will exult in the fact that no attempt was made, or
could have been made, to introduce the prologue on
the English stage when the Lyceum " Faust " provided
the opportunity. But I, having graduated as a musical
critic, can assure my colleagues that I have seen this
prologue repeatedly on no less English a stage than
that of Covent Garden, under no less respectable a
manager than Sir Augustus Harris. And nothing
could have been more English than the manner in
which the scene was represented. There was a front
cloth with clouds painted on it. In the right-hand top
corner (from the spectator's point of view) there was
a large hole irradiated with white light, and in the
left-hand bottom corner a similar hole, glowing with
red light. Satan appeared bodily in the red hole and
sang his speeches. Nothing but the white glory could
be seen through the higher rift in the clouds; and
the speeches were sung by the chorus, as in the case of
the words, " Saul, why persecutest thou me? " in Men-
delssohn's oratorio. This has occurred as often as
Boito's " Mefistofele " has been performed ; and I have
not heard up to the present that any grave social con-
sequences have ensued, or that any person has been
shocked, hurt, injured, demoralized, or other than edi-
fied and delighted — except, perhaps, when the chorus
sang flat, as choruses behind the scenes are apt to do.
When there is anything artistic to be done in Eng-
land, all that is necessary is to do it as a matter of
course without saying anything about it. If you raise
the question whether it is permissible, there will be an

826 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

outcry against it as impossibly scandalous, especially
if it is something that has been done over and over
again for hundreds of years. If the proprietors of the
French Gallery had asked the leave of the British press
and public before they exhibited Van Uhde's picture of
Christ sitting in a room speaking to people in tall
hats and frock coats, a horror-stricken prohibition
would have been voiced by writers who would have tried
their utmost to get a private peep at the picture. The
proprietors of the French Gallery wisely said nothing.
They exhibited the picture; and all the genuinely re-
ligious visitors were greatly touched and pleased by it.
If any sculptor were to ask public permission to ex-
hibit a figure of a lady or gentleman with nothing on
at Burlington House, that permission would be sternly
refused. But the thing is done every year without per-
mission, and nobody is any the worse. The man who
submits a moral syllabus of a work of art to the
public is a fool. Submit the work of art itself, and
then the public can judge. Of course, if they dislike
it they will beat it with any stick they can lay hold of.
If the drama of " Michael " had pleased the critics
who imagined they were scandalized by the fourth act,
Mr. Jones might have introduced not only a consecra-
tion, but a baptism, a confirmation, a marriage, and a
communion, as safely as the Adelphi authors introduced
the service for the dead,

I do not lay down the law on this subject according
to any canon of taste or theory of permissibility. I
take things as I find them. I have seen not only
" Michael and his Lost Angel," but " Parsifal " at Bay-
rcuth, and the Passion Play at Ober-Ammergau. I
found them good, and should be glad to see them
brought within the reach of English playgoers. I have

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 327

also seen " Gentleman Joe " ; and I have no doubt that
some of my colleagues whom Mr. Jones has shocked
would be glad to see that piece brought within the
reach of Bavarian playgoers. And with this reminder
that you cannot attack the freedom of the plays you
do not like without equally endangering the freedom
of those you like, and that it is better to tolerate the
catholicly religious people who ai-e claiming for the
theatre its share in the common spiritual heritage than
to put a weapon into the hands of the sectarianly re-
ligious people who would make an end of the theatre
altogether if they could, I leave the subject until the
next week in which there happens to be nothing else to
write about.

DEAR HARP OF MY COUNTRY I

The Colleen Bawn; or, the Brides of Garryowen.
Dion Boucieault's Great Drama {sic), in three acts.
Princess's Theatre, 25 January, 1896.

I HAVE lived to see " The Colleen Bawn " with real
water in it; and perhaps I shall live to see it
some day with real Irishmen in it, though I doubt
if that will heighten its popularity much. The real
water lacks the translucent cleanliness of the original
article, and destro3^s the illusion of Eily's drowning and
Myles na Coppaleen's header to a quite amazing de-
gree; but the spectacle of the two performers taking
a call before the curtain, sopping wet, and bowing with
a miserable enjoyment of the applause, is one which
I shall remember with a chuckle whilst life remains.

328 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

When I imply, as above, that the Irishmen in " The
Colleen Bawn " are not real Irishmen, I do not mean
for a moment to challenge the authenticity of Mr.
Richard Purdon, who succeeds Dion Boucicault as
Myles. Nor do I even accuse him of demonstrating
the undeniable fact that the worst stage Irishmen are
often real Irishmen. What I mean is that Dion Bouci-
cault, when he invented Myles, was not holding the
mirror up to nature, but blarneying the British public
precisely as the Irish car-driver, when he is " 'cute "
enough, blarneys the English tourist. To an Irish-
man who has any sort of social conscience, the concep-
tion of Ireland as a romantic picture, in which the
background is formed by the Lakes of Killarney by
moonlight, and a round tower or so, whilst every male
figure is " a broth of a bhoy," and every female one a
colleen in a crimson Connemara cloak, is as exasper-
ating as the conception of Italy as a huge garden and
art museum, inhabited by picturesque artists' models,
is to a sensible Italian. The Kerry peasant is no more
a Myles na Coppaleen (his real name is Smith, or, at
most, Ryan) than the real Wiltshire peasant is a Mark
Tapley; and as for Eily, Dolly Varden as a typical
English tradesman's daughter is a masterpiece of real-
ism in comparison. The occupation of the Irish peasant
is mainly agricultural ; and I advise the reader to make
it a fixed rule never to allow himself to believe in the
alleged Arcadian virtues of the half-starved drudges
who are sacrificed to the degrading, brutalizing, and,
as far as I can ascertain, entirely unnecessary pursuit
of unscientific farming. The virtues of the Irish peas-
ant are the intense melancholy, the surliness of manner,
the incapacity for happiness and self-respect that are
the tokens of his natural unfitness for a life of wretch-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 829

edness. His vices are the arts by which he accommo-
dates himself to his slavery — the flattery on his lips
which hides the curse in his heart; his pleasant readi-
ness to settle disputes by " leaving it all to your
honor," in order to make something out of your gener-
osity in addition to exacting the utmost of his legal
due from you ; his instinctive perception that by pleas-
ing you he can make you serve him ; his mendacity and
mendicity; his love of a stolen advantage; the super-
stitious fear of his priest and his Church which does
not prevent him from trying to cheat both in the tem-
poral transactions between them ; and the parasitism
which makes him, in domestic service, that occasionally
convenient but on the whole demoralizing human barna-
cle, the irremovable old retainer of the family. Of all
the tricks which the Irish nation have played on the
slow-witted Saxon, the most outrageous is the palming
off on him of the imaginary Irishman of romance. The
worst of it is, that when a spurious type gets inta
literature, it strikes the imaginations of boys and girls.
They form themselves by playing up to it; and thus
the unsubstantial fancies of the novelists and music-
hall song-writers of one generation are apt to become
the unpleasant and mischievous realities of the next.
The obsoletely patriotic Englishman of to-day is a
most pestilent invention of this sort; and ever since
the formation of the German Empire, the German has
been dramatized with such success that even the Em-
peror spends most of his time in working up the char-
acter. Ireland, always foremost in the drama, may
claim the credit of having invented the Irishman out of
nothing — invented him without the stimulus of empire,
national independence, knowledge of her own history,
united population, common religion, or two penn'orth

330 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

of prestige of any sort, her very rebellions having only
attained eminence by giving the national genius for
treachery an opportunity of surpassing all recorded
achievements in that important department of revolu-
tionary politics. Fortunately the same talent that
enabled Ireland to lead the way in inventing and dram-
atizing national types now keeps her to the front in
the more salutary work of picking them to pieces, a
process which appeals to her barbarous humor on the
one hand, and on the other to her keen common sense
and intelligent appreciation of reality. Of course it
sacrifices the advantages which the imposture secured,
as I have good reason to feel; for nobody can be
better aware than I am of the convenience to an Irish-
man in England of being able, by an ocasional cunning
flourish of his nationality, to secure all the privileges
of a harmless lunatic without forfeiting the position of
a responsible member of society. But there is a point
at which shams become so deadly tiresome that they
produce ungovernable nausea, and are rejected at all
risks. There are signs that Ireland, never very toler-
ant of the stage Irishman within her own coasts, is
disaffected to him even in the literature by which her
scribes habitually impose on England and America.
Quite lately a London publisher, Mr. Arnold, sent me
a novel with the suggestive title of " Misther O'Ryan,"
who turned out to be the traditional blend of Myles
na Coppaleen, Robert Emmett, Daniel O'Connell,
Thomas Moore, Fin McCoul, and Brian Boru, as
compounded and impersonated by a vulgar rascal —
an Irish Silas Wegg — whose blackguardism and Irre-
mediable worthlessness the writer, evidently that very
rare literary bird, an Irish author living in Ireland,
liad sketched with a vengeful zest that was highly re-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 331

freshing and, I should say, very wholesome just at
present. Take any of the pictures Balzac or Maupas-
sant have painted for us of the spiritual squalor of the
routine of poor middle-class life, in which the educa-
tion, the income, the culture of the family are three-
quarters abject pretence; and you will not find it more
depressing and even appalling than those which break
through the usually imaginative atmosphere of Mr.
T. P. O'Connor's reviews when the book in hand hap-
pens to touch Irish life. I showed my own appreciation
of my native land in the usual Irish way by getting
out of it as soon as I possibly could; and I cannot
say that I have the smallest intention of settling there
again as long as the superior attractions of St. Helena
(not to mention London) are equally available; but
since I cannot disguise from myself the helpless de-
pendence of the British Empire on us for vital elements
of talent and character (without us the English race
would simply die of respectability within two genera-
tions), I am quite ready to help the saving work of
reducing the sham Ireland of romance to a heap of
unsightly ruins. When this is done, my countrymen
can consider the relative merits of building something
real in the old country, or taking a hint from that other
clever people, the Jews, and abandoning their Palestine
to put on all the rest of the world as a shepherd putteth
on his garment, beginning with English journalism and
American politics as a convenient intermediary stage to
soften the transition from their present habits.

These considerations, though they bear more or less
on the performance at the Princess's, are not absolutely
indispensable to a reasonable enjoyment of it. I have
always had a special respect for Mr. Richard Purdon
because his father was Lord Mayor of Dublin when I

332 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

was an impressionable boy ; and I am, therefore, prob-
ably apt to overrate his talent as a comedian. Still,
I can see that his Myles is not the inimitable Myles
of Dion Boucicault. It is a case of the words of Mer-
cury being harsh after the songs of Apollo. Boucicault
had a charming brogue: not even the speech of the
eminent journalist and M.P. named in a former para-
graph of this article is more musical in sound or irre-
sistible in insinuation — " sloothering " would be the
right word, were it current here — than his. But Mr.
Purdon unhappily did not learn to speak in Galway
or Kerry, He bewrays the respectable Dublin citizen,
whose knowledge of the brogue is derived from domestic
servants drawn chiefly from the neighboring counties,
and corrupted by the tongue of Dublin itself, which,
like all crowded capitals, somehow evolves a peculiarly
villainous accent of its own. With such opportunities
Mr. Purdon, having a strong sense of fun, and being
a born mimic, has no difficulty in producing a brogue;
but it is not a pretty one. Further, his voice, a little
coarsened, perhaps, by many years' vigorous exploita-
tion in the interests of the aforesaid sense of fun, which
seems unchastened by any very vigilant sense of beauty,
is rougher than that of the late author. He has to
omit the song in which Boucicault effortlessly persuaded
us to accept the statement that " old Ireland was his
country, and his name was Molloy," as a complete and
satisfying apologia pro sua vita. And the attempt to
humbug Father Tom is an obvious and blundering eva-
sion instead of what it used to be — an artless out-
pouring of the innocence of a poor lad who had not the
wit to understand what the priest was asking, much less
tell a lie to his reverence. Boucicault was a coaxing,
blandandhering sort of liar, to whom you could listen

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 333

without impatience long enough to allow the carpenters
time to set the most elaborate water-scene behind the
front cloth. Mr. Purdon is just half a trifle too
grating and boisterous, though of course the generation
which does not recollect Boucicault hardly feels this.
On the other hand, Miss Beaumont Collins is a much
better Eily than Mrs. Boucicault, who now plays Mrs.
Cregan, used to be. Mrs. Boucicault was always hope-
lessly ladylike, and usually made Hardress Cregan's
complaints of her rusticity ridiculous by being more
refined than he. Miss Collins speaks the part, which
is really an engaging and almost poetic one, very
prettily, and is always right about the feeling of it.
Mr. Cockburn does nothing with Father Tom ; but as
the character happens to suit his personality, his per-
formance passes, and is even highly praised. Mr. Tom
Terriss does capitally for Hardress, besides being in
earnest about his work, and so sustaining the reputa-
tion of his name. Miss Agnes Hewitt does all that can
be done with the part of Anne Chute, an Irish edition
of Lady Gay Spanker, and therefore one of the dreari-
est of Boucicault's pet vulgarities. Miss Clifton as
Shelah, and Messrs. Kenney and Rochelle as Corrigan
and Danny Mann, were fully equal to the occasion,
though Danny did not show any of Charles II's sense
of the tediousness of a prolonged death agony. Mrs.
Boucicault's competence in the stagey work to which
Mrs. Cregan is condemned goes without saying. The
play, as a whole, in spite of an obsolete passage or
two, and of the stupid mutilations imposed by the
censorship of its day, is so far superior to the average
modern melodrama, that I shall not be surprised if
it repays the management handsomely for reviving it.
I regret to say that the patrons of the gallery at

334 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the Princess's, being admitted at half the usual West
End price, devote the saving to the purchase of sau-
sages to throw at the critics. I appeal to the gentle-
man or lady who successfuly aimed one at me to throw
a cabbage next time, as I am a vegetarian, and sau-
sages are wasted on me.

THE TAILOR AND THE STAGE

15 February, 1896.

AMONG the announcements for the forthcoming
season I find one concerning an entertainment of
Living Pictures to be given at St. George's Hall
in the first M^eeks of May. Mr. Coote and his sup-
porters need not be alarmed: far from being an ex-
hibition of nudities, these pictures, it is promised, will
be an exhibition of dress, including the dress of the
future as well as that of the present and of the past.
Indeed, the pictures of the eighteenth century, of medi-
aeval Italy, of ancient Greece, and so on, are evidently
only to lead up to the real point of the enterprise —
the pictures of the twentieth century. The artists will
be ]\Ir. Walter Crane, Mr. Henry Holiday, Mrs. Louise
Jopling, Mr. Lasenby Liberty, and Mr. G. A. Storey,
R.A., who come forward to justify the ways of the
Healthy and Artistic Dress Union. The aims of this
Society I infer from its title, having no further ac-
quaintance with it than an occasional glimpse of its
illustrated fashion journal of twentieth-century modes,
called " Aglaia."

I need not say what wild hopes such an enterprise

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 335

raises in an unfortunate dramatic critic at a period
when actors and actresses are little more than walking
fashion-plates. The actor, in particular, with his care-
fully ironed new trousers, and his boots conscientiously
blacked on the sole underneath the arch of the foot, is
a curiously uncomfortable spectacle. The interest and
fascination of dramatic storytelling are so intense that
the most nonsensical stage arrangements, provided they
are customary, or even the entire absence of scenery
and historic costume, can be overcome by ever so little
real drama and real acting. But in our theatres at
present there is so seldom either drama or acting that
I find myself compelled to study the adjuncts of the
drama in order to prevent myself publicly and scan-
dalously going to sleep at my post. I have gradually
come to regard the leading man in a play as a set of
applied tailor's measurements ; so that, if any one were
to get up an exhibition of clothes worn by popular
actors, I would undertake, without consulting the cata-
logue, to point out at sight which suits were Mr. Lewis
Waller's, which Mr. George Alexander's, which Mr.
Coghlan's, and so on; whereas if I were to meet these
gentlemen themselves in a swimming-bath, I should
probably not recognize them. This does not mean that
the clothes are characteristic of the men: it means that
the clothes have usurped the men's place. In moments
of passion the men rebel : Mr. Waller, for instance, who
never escapes from the tyranny of the Maddox Street
tailor (at least I have never seen him in a costume-
play), always shows strong feeling on the stage by
biting his lips and making a determined attempt to
escape from his cloth prison at the wrists and ankles.
I remember once, when he was astonishing the audience
by a moment of almost passionate intensity of feeling,

336 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

hearing a lady in the stall behind mine exclaim, " How
wonderfully Waller is coming out ! " She was perfectly
right : he was coming out almost to the elbows ; and the
action conveyed to me irresistibly the actor's sense that
if he could only come out of his tailor's tubes alto-
gether, he could show the audience what a real man was
like — which is the essence of acting. Take another
example — Mr. Alexander in " The Prisoner of Zenda.'*
In the first act (not the prologue) he appears in fash-
ionable tourist costume, with a soft hat, thus enjoying
the utmost concessions the West-End tailor makes to
humanity even in holiday-time. But the suit effaces the
man literally at every turn. The man has knees and
elbows (the fact is proved in the other acts); but the
suit says, " I have no knees and no elbows ; and the
man who gets inside me and sits down near the fire with
his arms bent murders me." The trousers consent to
repress the fickle flexibility of the human leg every
evening for a couple of hours only on condition of re-
forming themselves on the stretcher during the other
twenty-two, it being understood, of course, that the
wearer will always be gentleman enough to recognize
the necessity of lacing his boots first and putting on
his trousers afterwards. Mr. Alexander has been hard-
ened into iron by these rigorous terms. He has carried
to an extraordinary degree the art of doing without his
knees and elbows ; and I have no doubt that the com-
parative coldness of his style is due to his keeping care-
fully away from the fire. Hence his pre-eminence
among leading gentlemen. But wait for the third act
of " The Prisoner of Zenda," where Rassendyl appears
in an undress tunic. The suit of clothes is changed
into a man ; the name of Alexander springs into mean-
ing and denotes force and personality ; the actor looks

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 387

alive all over as well as at the fingers and lips (an
indecency which it is the great object of modern stage
training to avert) ; he drops ten years of his apparent
age; his spirits rise; he gambols about; he enjoys his
part ; and when the curtain falls and he returns to his
dressing-room, he flatly refuses to resume his chains,
and plays the last act boldly in his shirtsleeves.

The more a human being is an artist by temperament,
the more intolerable to him is the hampered movement
and sartorial preoccupation of the modern gentleman.
My main reason for adopting literature as a profession
was, that as the author is never seen by his clients, he
need not dress respectably. As a stockbroker, a doc-
tor, or a man of business, I should have had to wear
starched linen and a tall hat, and to give up the use
of my knees and elbows. Literature is the only genteel
profession that has no livery — for even your painter
meets his sitters face to face — and so I chose litera-
ture. You, friendly reader, though you buy my
articles, have no idea of what I look like in the street
■ — if you did, you would probably take in some other
paper. Now if the tyranny of fashion is intolerable to
the author, whose art is not one of personal display,
what must it be to the actor, whose art is all personal
display? As I have said, the more he is a born artist,
the less he is at home in modern fashionable attire, and
the more effective he is in a rational and artistic dress.
Let me again illustrate from our stage. Mr. Forbes
Robertson is a painter as well as an actor. Mr. Ber-
nard Gould is that eminent black-and-white draughts-
man, Mr. J. B. Partridge; and for all I know, he may
be an eminent sculptor, architect, and goldsmith under
three other names. Now Mr. Forbes Robertson as a
modern gentleman is a deplorable spectacle; but as

338 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Romeo, In a dress designed by himself, he is handsome;
and as Lancelot, in a fifteenth-century Italian costume
designed by Burne Jones, he is a St. George: you hear
the women in the theatre gasp with pure admiration
when he appears. As to Mr. Gould, I invite those who
have seen him as Biron in " Love's Labour 's Lost," as
Pierrot in De Banville's " Le Baiser," as Ulrik Brendel
in " Rosmersholm " (a mere matter of a riding-coat and
top-boots), or even in the indifferent Bulgarian uniform
of Sergius Saranoff in " Arms and the Man," to go to
the Criterion Theatre, and contemplate him as the
fashionable seducer in Mr. Carton's adaptation of
" L'Ami des Femmes." His whole aspect seems to say,
" How can you expect me to seduce anybody in this
confounded frock coat and this idiotic collar and scarf.'*
They don't give a man a chance."

I might easily multiply instances. Try to conceive
what our notion of Sir Henry Irving as an actor would
be if we had never seen him dressed otherwise than as
a fashionable doctor. Consider why the most common-
place harlequin in a provincial pantomime is so much
more lively and expressive in his action than a West-
End actor-manager in a modern play. No matter
where you pick your illustration, you will be driven
to the same conclusion: namely, that the art of acting
is half strangled by the fashionable tailor. Obviously
this is not the tailor's fault. He will make you a tunic
and a pair of knee-breeches or knickerbockers just as
willingly as a coat and trousers, if you give him the
order. Why do you not give him the order.'* The
answer must take the shape of a profound disquisition
on morals and civilization.

Now that we are nearly done with the nineteenth
century, it can hurt no one's feelings to remark that it

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 339

has been one in which the leading faculty has been the
business faculty, and the leading ambition the attain-
ment of unprecedented riches. Functional adaptation
has worked towards capitalism rather than towards art
or religion. We have kept up an air of supporting the
arts by substituting respectability for the beauty of
life, regularity of arrangement for the beauty of form,
laundry work for beauty of color, historical interest for
beauty of theme, and so on. If you take a man in whom
this substitution has been completely effected by de-
liberate precept and social environment (as far as such
dehumanization is possible), and present to him a
fabric which drapes in graceful folds and is beautiful
in color, he will immediately pronounce it eminently
unsuitable for use as a dress material. The folds are
irregular, and therefore disreputable; the color is
sensuous, and therefore immoral; the general effect
appeals to the individual, idiosyncratic preference, and
is, therefore, eccentric and in bad taste. Only, if the
color be a very bright primary one — say bright scarlet
or yellow — which will show the least speck of dust or
weatherstain, and will not, like the tertiary colors,
soften and actually take on a new beauty as it wears,
he will admit its suitability for uniforms to be worn
on State occasions. But for everyday wear absolute
perfection means to him shiny black and shiny white
— the absence of color with the maximum of surface
polish, the minimum of drapery, and the most con-
clusive evidence of newness and washedness. At first
his great difficulty was with his shirt, because folds and
even outrageous crumplings were unavoidable if it was
to be worn at all. But, at all events, a part of the
shirt could be stiff, like a cuirass. So he took a piece
of linen large enough to cover his chest, and at first,

340 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

not realizing that it only needed originality and cour-
age to immediately attain his ideal of no folds at all,
arranged the folds in perfectly rectangular parallel
rows, by means of his great invention of box-plaiting.
Down the middle, as a last concession to the traditions
of the chemise, he affixed a frill, like a row of textile
parsley. Thus he produced the British Islander's shirt-
front. In his delight with it, he attached sleeves and
a body; starched it within an inch of its life; put it
on, with a complete clergyman's suit over it ; and, rest-
less with joy, walked about, sat down, got up, and even
stooped. On removing the suit, he of course discovered
that the shirt was all crumpled except the front. He
therefore cut a large window out of his waistcoat,
through which the uncrumpled part of his masterpiece
could be viewed, and cut the coat away so as not to
obstruct the window. And then he was in evening
dress. Later on he discarded the row of parsley; the
box-plaits were next; the button-holes were reduced
from three to one by the more logical spirits; varie-
gated studs gave way to the colorless diamond or even
the vapid mother-of-pearl; and finally the shirt was
buttoned behind, leaving the front so unbrokenly per-
fect that poets and artists could not behold it without
longing to write a sonnet or draw a caricature on it.

Meanwhile, the hatter and the tailor had been at
work. They had observed that the human body pre-
sents two aspects — the flat and the cylindrical. They
accordingly applied planes and cylinders of shiny black
to it ; and lo ! the frock-coat, the trousers, and the
tall-hat, correctly named " Cylinderhut " by the Ger-
mans. The bootmaker was baffled by Nature in apply-
ing this formula ; so he adapted the human toes to the
simple and regular form of a bishop's mitre, and so

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 341

produced, with the help of Day & Martin, the fashion-
able boot.

There are persons who affirm that the cylinder hat
and trousers are the most comfortable, convenient, use-
ful, and natural coverings for the legs and head, and
that on this ground they can never be displaced by the
fads of dress reformers. Some of these persons know
no better: others, I regret to say, are hardened and
intentional liars, as you may see by their sporting suits
the moment they escape from the scrutiny of London
to the license of holiday life in the country. Respecta-
bility in dress is happily breaking down at a fairly
rapid pace now. First the shirt-front was reduced to
absurdity by its own act in asserting an independent
existence as a dickey. Then it went into paper, and
in that vulgar material outshone its original whiteness
and shininess. Then it condescended to celluloid, so
that the wearer might keep it up to the mark with his
nailbrush whenever he washed his hands. Then certain
women took to wearing it; and instantly the dormant
sense of beauty in man woke up and saw that it was
horribly ugly. Then science began to hint, as far as
it could do so without compromising its social position,
that starch and blacking are not material forms of
cleanliness — that, if you come to that, they are ma-
terial forms of dirt, destructive to the dead leather
of our boots, and unhealthy for the live leather on
our chests. Dr. Jaeger made the ungentlemanly but
irrefragable remark that the verdict of the nose was
against the black and white ideal of purity; and on
that shrewd hit he established the cult of all-wool.
White bread and black boots were challenged by brown
bread and brown boots. A subsartorial revolution went
on in underclothing; and the bolder spirits are now

342 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

beginning to discard what they formerly only dodged.
The bicycle " caught on " ; and the man of forty dis-
covered that it was possible to pass for thirty in knick-
erbockers. And so, to make a long story short, we
have come to the right moment for Living Pictures
from the year 1925 (say) by the Healthy and Artistic
Dress Union. I respectfully recommend them to the
attention of our " leading gentlemen " of the stage as
a possible chance for them to persuade the public that
the prevalent notion that they cannot act is but an
illusion produced by their tailors.

TWO PLAYS

Jedhury Junior: a light comedy in three acts. By
Madeleine Lucette Ryley. Terry's Theatre, 14 Feb-
ruary, 1896.

On 'Change: a comedy in three acts. Adapted by
Eweretta Lawrence from the German of Von Moser.
(A Revival.) Strand Theatre, 15 February, 1896.

1WISH some manager would nerve me to my weekly
task by producing either a very good play or a
very bad one. The plays that unman me as a
critic are those which are entertaining without being
absorbing, and pleasant without being valuable —
which keep me amused during an idle hour without en-
gaging my deeper sympathies or taxing my attention
— which, in short, would be excellent value for half-
a-crown in a summer theatre in the Park, if only that
agreeable German institution would make haste to ad-
vance with us beyond the Olympian and Wild West

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 34.3

stage of development. It is in dealing with such plays
that the critic is apt to forget the immense difference
betv/een his economic relation to the theatre and that
of the playgoer. A critic not only gets a seat in the
best part of the house for nothing, but is actually paid
for sitting in it. The effect of this on him is higlily
complex. Whether the net result is to make him more
exacting than the ordinary playgoer, or less, seems a
simple question; but the answer varies from play to
play, and from stalls to gallery. It varies even with the
age of the play and of the critic; for an experienced
critic is often as sulky over a new development of the
drama as a skilled workman over a new machine or
process; whilst a freshman is equally apt to form wild
hopes of the new thing merely because it is new: both
sides investing it with imaginary faults and qualities
by pure association of ideas, without the smallest refer-
ence to the unfortunate author's text. In most cases
I should say that the critic, whatever he may say in
print for the sake of a quiet life, is less easily pleased
than the rest of the public. But with reference to the
particular sort of play now in question, I am not so
sure. His verdict, if based on the fact that he finds
the piece worth seeing, may differ very materially from
a verdict based on the experience of the man who has
to turn out from a comfortable house in the suburbs,
and make his way to the Strand with his wife, and per-
haps his daughters, at a cost of half a guinea a head,
plus travelling expenses, or else to wait on a cold and
wet night at the doors to secure a not very advan-
tageous or luxurious seat in the cheaper parts of the
house. It seems to me that a play must have a very
strong element of interest in it, or a performance a
very strong element of fascination, to induce a rational

S44 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

person to spend the evening so expensively or uncom-
fortably as it must be spent at a theatre; and I have
seen play after play which would have been accepted
cheerfully as excellent pastime on moderate terms,
shunned by the public because the terms were not mod-
erate. The last time I paid half a guinea for a stall
was to see Duse play Magda. I paid it without hesi-
tation, though I had already seen the performance (for
nothing) in my professional capacity. But if you ask
me whether I would pay half a guinea to see an average
London play with an average London cast, I shall
have the greatest difficulty in conveying a negative
sufficiently emphatic to do justice to my feelings with-
out the use of language inconsistent with my dignity.
These reflections have been suggested to me by the
two comedies produced last week, " Jedbury Junior "
and " On 'Change." Both are pleasant enough in their
way ; but they are not fascinating, not important : the
playgoer who misses them will miss nothing but an
evening's amusement. If the prices ranged from one
shilling for the gallery to five shillings for the stalls, I
should say that both plays were excellent value for the
money. As it is, I prefer not to give my opinion from
that point of view. Even if you wish to know which
of the two plays is the better worth going to, I must
point out to you that the prices charged are not the
same, except to the stalls and gallery, which are, as
usual, half a guinea (a monstrous charge) and a shil-
ling respectively. The intermediate charges are, at
Terry's, seven and sixpence, six shillings, four shillings,
and two and sixpence; at the Strand, six, four, three,
and two shillings. That is, the prices at Terry's are
higher. You will naturally conclude that the play at
Terry's is better, the cast stronger, the theatre warmer,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 345

more comfortably seated, and nearer the railway sta-
tion. The facts do not bear out these inferences. On
the contrary, as far as there is any difference, the play
is worse, the cast weaker, the theatre colder, less com-
fortably seated, and further from the railway station.
It is a mistake to look for logic in such things. The
fact that there comes every now and then a play which
makes a fortune in spite of all drawbacks, leaves every
manager obsessed with the hope of chancing on that
play, and convinced that nothing can materially help
him if he misses it, or hinder him if he hits on it.

" Jedbury Junior " is a flimsy, almost schoolgirlish,
work, redeemed by the happy notion of the Fuegian
marriage, which proves fertile in funny complications,
and by a great number of amusing lines, for which the
author, one guesses, probably supplied the opportunity
rather than the actual test. She has a strong sense
of fun, and ridicules everybody over forty, and most
people under it, with much vivacity. Her young man
is a remarkably good-hearted and affectionate young^
man; and her young woman, as might have been ex-
pected, has a touch of reality ; but the serious passages
between the other characters are, to say the least,
jejune. It is impossible to expatiate on the acting,
since, save the young man and young woman aforesaid,
none of the parts present any difficulties upon which
one dare compliment an actor of good standing. Mr.
Beauchamp, Mr. Playfair, and Mr. Farquhar are amus-
ing, Mr. Farquhar having the best of it as a butler
who bowdlerizes and translates into diplomatic lan-
guage the messages which his master and mistress, not
being on speaking terms, charge him with in one an-
other's presence. Mr. Kerr is more determined than
ever to be an antidote to Ibsen: he is frank, manly,

346 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

wholesome, and English to an overpowering degree —
so unaffected in his speech, too, that when he follows
Miss Millett's vanishing form with his honest eyes, and
says " She 's gorn ! " a tear of sympathy with this good-
hearted Johnny blurs the vision and softens the heart.
In fact, Mr. Kerr has got in " Jedbury Junior " what
every actor-manager demands from the dramatist : that
is, an outrageous caricature of himself. At no point
does the part get beyond his familiar routine; and
though I enjoy that routine as much as anybody, I
cannot reasonably be expected to deal with it as with
the creation of a new character. Miss Maude Millett is
more fortunate. For years it has been her fate to
provide " comic relief " in couple with Mr. Sydney
Brough, or some other fellow-victim. She, too, has a
routine which I know by heart. I am always glad to
see her; and she generally makes me laugh once or
twice; but to say that I look forward to her entrance
with either hope or fear, or leave the theatre after her
exit pondering on what I have seen, and resolving to
be a better man in future, would be simply to tell a
breath-bereaving lie. Happily, as Dora Hedway, the
most human character in this flippant, stuck-together-
anyhow little play, she gets an opportunity of acting,
and seizes it with complete success. Probably she will
not enjoy another for ten years to come; so, before
she is thrust back into comic relief, I recommend all
her admirers to haste to see her in the last act of
" Jedbury Junior."

" On 'Change," a revised play, was new to me, as far
as a piece made up of such stale material could be new.
At all events, I had not seen it before ; and I was duly
captivated by Mr. Felix Morris's impersonation of the
Scotch professor. For an old often-repeated perform-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 347

ance it is surprisingly delicate and unexaggerated. The
working up of the quarrel at the end of the first act
by Mr. Morris and so skilful an old stage hand as Mr.
William Farren is an excellent piece of business, and
produces the best " curtain " in the piece, I warn Mr.
Morris, however, that he had better hide his gifts care-
fully if he wishes to keep constantly before the public.
I know no surer way of avoiding engagements on the
stage at present than to know your business. " On
'Change " is an exceptional play in respect of its bring-
ing into action at least four gentlemen who can act. Be-
sides Mr. Farren and Mr. Felix Morris, there is Mr.
Yorke Stephens. He, as we all know, is capital in a
part which happens to fit him like a glove — the war
correspondent in " Held by the Enemy," Dick Rusper
in " The Crusaders," Captain Bluntschli in — I forgot
the name of the pla}'^, but no matter. But Joe, in " On
'Change," does not fit him like a glove; on the con-
trary, it would be difficult to imagine a part more
foreign to his characteristic style and personality than
this translation into English of the conventional Ger-
man, warm-hearted, hard-working, cheerful, simple, un-
fashionable clerk, a good son and affectionate wooer —
a provincialized, Teutonified variant of the Kerresque
Johnny, in short. Yet Mr. Yorke Stephens, through
the mere effect of inevitability produced by the smart-
ness, address, and grace of a skilled and disciplined
actor, gets through his unsuitable part, not only with-
out having his appropriateness challenged at any mo-
ment, but with every appearance of having been ex-
pressly born to play it. Finally, Mr. James Welch is
in the cast, revelling in the part of the Scotch philoso-
pher's cockney landlord with fearful thoroughness. I
say finally, because Mr. E. H. Kelly's much-laughed-at

848 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

performance as DeHass is not acting: it is only tom-
fooling, which is a different matter. The part, it must
be admitted, does not allow of much else; still, it is
no worse than much of the stuff allotted to the others.
Miss Eweretta Lawrence gives the American version
of the conventional serio-comic love scene very prettily
in the third act — fortunately for the play, which is
rather deficient in feminine interest. Only, that danger-
ous business with the matches made me nervous. The
weak spot in the cast is Mrs. Burnett, who should be
played by an elderly actress with a strong comic talent
for henpecking. The lady who plays it at present de-
clines to conceal the fact that she is young and pretty.
She is, I take it, more anxious to avoid being cast for
such parts in future than to secure the success of the
play.

The first piece at the Strand, Mr. Louis Parker's
" Man in the Street," though it is not new, should not
be missed, as Mr. Welch has worked up his character-
sketch of the old vagabond Jabes Gover to an ex-
traordinary pitch of completeness and intensity. At
Terry's the curtain-raiser is a very ordinary sentimen-
tality called " An Old Garden," by Hill Davies, which
is pulled through by Mr. W. J. Robertson and Miss
Mona Oram with conscientious sincerity and force.

One of the most remarkable pieces of realistic acting
I have seen lately has not been on the stage, but on the
concert platform, by Miss Beatrice Herford. Miss
Herford, with the aid of a chair, pretends to be a lady
with a child in a tramcar, a shop-girl, a dressmaker
hired out by the day, and a maddeningly fidgety old
lady in a train. Very ordinary entertainer's business,
apparently — until you see it. Miss Herford began
by amusing me, and ended by appalling me. But for

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 349

her occasional jokes, and her funny and clever panto-
mime, I should, so to speak, have changed carriages,
so faithfully did she reproduce the ways of irritating
people. If Miss Herford goes on the stage, we shall
not be at a loss for a successor to Mrs. John Wood.

PINERO AND GRUNDY ON G. B. S.

Gossip: a play in four acts. By Clyde Fitch and Leo
Dietrichstein. Comed}'^ Theatre, 22 February, 1896.
The Romance of the Shop Walker: a new and original
comedy. By Robert Buchanan and Charles Marlowe.
Vaudeville Theatre, 26 February, 1896.
The Theatrical World of 1895: a reprint of Mr. Wil-
liam Archer's criticisms of the drama during last year.
With a prefatory letter by Arthur W. Pinero. Lon-
don: Walter Scott. 1896.

1MUST retire politely before " Gossip " at the Com-
edy. An excellent play of its kind (no doubt), it is
hardly the class of work I am retained to criticize.
If Mr. Comyns Carr were to reopen the Grosvenor Gal-
lery with a collection of the chromolithographs given
away with the Christmas numbers of our illustrated
papers for the last twenty years, I should willingly go
and stud}'^ the exhibition as a conspectus of the history
of popular art during that period. But if he were to
engage a third-rate artist to produce a composite
plagiarism of them all, and exhibit that as a new work
of art, I should carefully stay away. Similarly, if he
were to undertake a series of revivals of all the suc-
cesses of the Hare-Kendal and Bancroft managements
in the 'seventies and 'eighties, I should undoubtedly

350 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

profit by an attentive study of them. But to produce
a hash of them, made by a couple of playwrights of
no very striking attainments, as the latest enterprise
of a first-rate West-End theatre, is really a rather
uninteresting thing to do. If Mrs. Langtry's force
were in the least a comic force; if she had the double-
edged genius of Mrs. Kendal; if she were even Miss
Lottie Venne or Miss Fanny Brough, both of whom
she imitates by snatches ; were it possible to feel as
curious to see her apart from her art as it was to see
the Jersey Lily of twenty j^ears ago, I might perhaps
have found " Gossip " tolerable. None of these con-
ditions being fulfilled, I was heavily oppressed, and
should not have endured to the end but for Miss Cal-
houn, who played admirably as Mrs. Stanford. The
dresses and diamonds were, to me, dreadful. I really
enjoy looking at a woman who is characteristically
dressed by herself, or affectionately and beautifully
dressed by satin art; but fashionable ladies hung with
the trophies of their tradesmen are among my strong-
est aversions ; and it seemed to me that this was the
effect deliberately aimed at in " Gossip." The parade
of jewelry was especially disappointing after the steal-
ing of Mrs. Langtry's jewels. I have always felt sure
that the theft was the work of some dramatic critic
determined to get rid of that ugly colorless glitter at
all costs; but what is the use of stealing Mrs. Lang-
try's diamonds when she purchases or hires a fresh set
next day?

The authors announce on the playbill that they
*' have made use of several suggestions found in a novel
by Jules Claretie." I can only say that if they had
made use of several suggestions to be found in these
columns, they would not have written the play at all.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 351

Oh, that goody-goody Amurrican husband — a Wall
Street King Arthur (Tennysonian species) ! And oh,
that young wife who was about to run away from him
when she was reminded of her own mother and her own
chee-yild ! Oh, my goodness ! It was dull.

There is one notable use to which " Gossip " may be
put. Evidence has been accumulating for a couple of
years past that however dangerous it may be to go
ahead with the drama, it is still more dangerous to at-
tempt to escape by going back. The two policies are
fairly exemplified in the production of " The Benefit of
the Doubt," followed by the production of " Gossip "
at the same theatre. I hope Mr. Comyns Carr, when
the run of " Gossip " is over, will publish the returns
from both plays, so that we may see whether the back
track really leads to the gold-mine.

The annual reprint of Mr. William Archer's dra-
matic criticisms — always an interesting event, and es-
pecially so now that it deals with a year in which
Bernhardt and Duse contended with one another part
to part — is extra-specially interesting to me this time
because of its remarkable preface by Mr. Pinero. At
first I could not make out what Mr. Pinero was driving
at; page after page brought forth nothing but an
amusing bogus autobiography. I call it bogus on two
grounds. First, because it contains not a word about
Mr, Pinero himself, his personality, his views, his hopes
and fears for the drama, or anything else distinctly
Pinerotic. It might be the autobiography of an in-
surance canvasser, for all the internal evidence to the
contrary. Second, the particulars, that it does contain
as to Mr. Pinero's lodgings and landladies, his hotels,
his luggage, and the topography of Edinburgh, are not,
on strict examination, credible. On this point my judg-

352 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

ment may err; but can the reader expect me to believe
such stories as that of the boy who said to the eminent
dramatist, " The governor dragged me up one dirty
lane and down another, and pointed out this hovel and
that, and had some tale to tell almost of the very
cobbles in the streets, until he just upon bored me to
suicide "? If a boy exists who has so completely
mastered the secret of Mr. Pinero's dialogue, I say pro-
duce him, name him. There is no such boy. He is an
invention; and as the man who will invent one thing
will invent another, I reject the whole autobiography
as the merest wantonness of fiction.

But, I shall be asked, is it to be believed that Mr.
Pinero has written over twenty pages of realistic
romance out of pure impishness, to enjoy a laugh in
his sleeve at Mr. Archer and the public ? By no means :
the whole autobiography is only a dramatist's device
for gathering the attention of the readers to the preface
so as to enable him to impart a momentous secret to
the public with the fullest dramatic effect. And what
is the secret.? No less than that Mr. Pinero does not
read mi/ criticisms.
I don't believe it.

Let me again submit the matter to the judgment of
the reader. Mr. Pinero, after declaring that for a
fortnight after the production of one of his plays he
reads nothing but " The Mining Journal," proceeds
as follows (I italicize the phrases on which my case is
founded) : " One of the flaws of my system is that
it robs me of the privilege of reading rmich brilliant
•writing. For instance, I am compelled, by my system,
wholly to abstain from studying those articles upon
dramatic matters contributed to a well-known journal
by your friend Mr. G***** B****** S*** — of whom

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 353

I protest I arrij in general, a warm admirer.'* Very
well then, how does he know that my writing is bril-
liant? How can he be a warm admirer of an author
he never reads — unless his admiration is excited solely
by my personal appearance? Such an affectation would
not impose on a baby. Besides, look at the collateral
evidence. Consider the enormous improvement which
took place in his work between " The Notorious Mrs.
Ebbsmith," written before my dramatic articles had
been in currency long enough to produce any effect,
and " The Benefit of the Doubt," written when I had
been in the field for a whole year! What other cause
can be assigned for this beneficent change that was not
equally operative between " The Second IMrs. Tan-
queray " and " The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith " — a
period of temporary decline? None — absolutely none.
And yet I am to be told that Mr. Pinero reads " The
Mining Journal " instead of the " Saturday Review " !
Stuff! Why, Mr. Pinero is one of the most conspicu-
ous of the very, very few playwrights we have who are
more interested in the drama tlian in mines.

To clinch the matter, I adduce the evidence of Mr.
Sydney Grundy, who actually declares that Mr. Pinero
is " marching to his doom " through immoderate indul-
gence in the luxury of reading criticisms. There is no
mistaking the vehemence, the anguish almost, of his
tone. " My dear Pinero, make no mistake. These
fawning first-nighters have no following: these fulsome
newspapers represent nobody's opinion outside a news-
paper office. You are superior to the newspapers.
Don't listen to them; but make them listen to you.
// nee'd be, fill your ears with wax, and bind yourself
to the mast; but steer your own course, not theirs.
You will lose nothing: they will soon return to your

354> DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

heels." This is not the language of a man accustomed
to see Mr. Pinero austerely passing over the " Satur-
day Review," the " World," and the " Speaker," and
burying himself in the columns of " The Mining
Journal."

There is none of Mr. Pinero's coquetry about Mr.
Grundy, whose article (in " The Theatre " for March)
is well worth reading, if only for its repeated and
affectionate references to myself. Mr. Grundy quotes
me as " the crankiest of the stove-pipe fanatics." I do
not precisely catch the bearing of the stove-pipe epithet.
There is evidence in the article that Mr. Grundy has
studied my costume too carefully to suppose that I
wear a stove-pipe hat. Perhaps he means that instead
of consuming my own smoke in decent privacy, I
fuliginously obscure the clear atmosphere of the " well-
made play" with it. So I do; but what then.? A
man must live. If I like my own pla3's, and Ibsen's,
and Shakespeare's, and Goethe's, and Labiche's and
Moliere's better than " The Late ^Ir. Castello " and
" Les Pattes de Mouche," why should I not say so,
considering the freedom with which gentlemen of the
opposite persuasion offer their opinions.'' All the same,
I do not approve of the heartlessness of Mr. William
Archer, who has gone on the war-path against Mr.
Grund}^, and tomahawked his arguments, scalped his
figures, burnt his facts alive, and insulted their ashes
with taunting demands for the production of the re-
turns from " Slaves of the Ring," " Mr. Castello," and
so on, in order to compare them with the returns from
the later Pinero plays. This is barbarous, and only
serves superfluously to establish the fact that Mr.
Grundy has no case — as if any one supposed that he
had. For my part, I find Mr, Grundy's article lively

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 355

reading, and quite as sensible as most of my own.
Only, I would humbly ask Mr. Grundy whether he really
finds these well-made " mechanical rabbit " plays which
he champions so very succulent? Does he ever go to
see them, for instance, except when he writes them
himself? Depend on it, he has not been inside a theatre
for ten years except on his o\vn business. If he had
to go as often as I have, he would lose his verdant
illusions as to the ravishing superiority of " Delia
Harding" to "The Wild Duck" or "As You
Like It."

I was so sternly reproved for my frivolity in rather
liking " The Strange Adventures of Miss Brown,"
that I hardly dare to confess that I got on very well
also with " The Shopwalker." I am as well aware as
anybody that these Buchanan-Marlowe plays (Marlowe
is a lady, by the way) are conventional in the sense
that the sympathy they appeal to flows in channels
deeply worn by use, and that the romance of them is
taken unaffectedly from the Alnaschar dreams of the
quite ordinary man. But allow me to point out that
this sort of conventionality, obvious and simple as it
seems, is not a thing that can be attained without a
measure of genius. Most of the plays produced in the
course of the year are attempts to do just this appar-
ently simple thing; and most of them fail, not because
they aim at realizing the vulgar dream, giving expres-
sion to the vulgar feeling, and finding words for the
vulgar thought, but because, in spite of their aiming,
they miss the mark. It seems so like missing a haystack
at ten yards that many critics, unable to believe in
such a blunder, write as if the marksman had accom-
plished his feat, but had bored the spectators by its
commonness. They are mistaken : what we are so tired

356 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

of is the clumsy, stale, stupid, styleless, mannerless,
hackneyed devices which we know by experience to be
the sure preliminaries to the bungler's failure. Now
Mr. Buchanan does not miss his mark. It is true that
he is so colossally lazy, so scandalously and impeni-
tently perfunctory, that it is often astonishing how he
gets even on the comer of the target; but he does get
there because, having his measure of genius, it is easier
to him to hit somewhere than to miss altogether. There
is plenty of scamped stuff in " The Shopwalker " : for
example, the part of Captain Dudley is nothing short
of an insult to the actor, Mr. Sydney B rough; and
a good half of the dialogue could be turned out by a
man of Mr. Buchanan's literary power at the rate of
three or four thousand words a day. Mr. Pinero or
Mr. Jones would shoot themselves rather than throw
such copious, careless, unsifted workmanship to the
public. But the story is sympathetically imagined ; and
nearly all the persons of the drama are human. One
forgives even Captain Dudley and Lady Evelyn as one
forgives the pictures of lovers on a valentine. Mr.
Buchanan does not count on your being a snob, and
assume that you are ready to sneer at the promoted
shopwalker and his old mother: he makes you laugh
heartily at them, but not with that hateful, malicious
laughter that dishonors and degrades yourself. Con-
sequently there is, for once, some sense in calling a
popular play wholesome. All I have to say against
" The Shopwalker " is that there is hardly any point
on which it might not have been a better play if more
trouble had been taken with it; and that a little prac-
tical experience of the dramatic side of electioneering
would have enabled the authors greatly to condense and
intensify the scene in the last act, where the shop-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 357

walker, as Parliamentary candidate, produces his
mother. It is a mistake, both from the electioneering
and poetic point of view, to make Tomkins merely
splenetic at this point: he should appeal to the crowd
as men, not denounce them as curs. However,
Buchanan would not be Buchanan without at least one
incontinence of this kind in the course of a play.

The acting is excellent, Mr. Grossmith, with all his
qualities in easy action, being capitally supported by
Miss Victor, Miss Nina Boucicault, and Mr. David
James. Miss Palfrey improves, though not quite as
fast as she might if she gave her mind to it. Miss
Annie Hill is satisfactory as Dorothy Hubbard, but
has not much to do. The other parts are mere routine.

THE RETURN OF MRS. PAT

For the Crown: a romantic play in four acts, done into
English by John Davidson, from Francois Coppee's
Pour la Couronne. Lyceum Theatre, 27 February,
1896.

HAVE you observed, reader, how almost every
critic who praises " For the Crown " thinks it
necessary to apologize for the fifteenth century.?
Fancy sane men trying to extenuate a guarantee of
beauty ! However, since that appears to be the proper
thing to do, let me be in the fashion. Yes, there is
no denying it: Mr. Forbes Robertson wears a caftan
instead of a frock coat, and an exquisite martial cap
of metal and ivory instead of a masterpiece by Lincoln
& Bennett. Mrs. Patrick Campbell's dresses are not

358 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

made by Worth: no controversy can possibly arise
over her sleeves : worst of all, she does not once ap-
pear in a hat. It is true, on my credit — four acts,
and not one hat. Playgoer: be generous. Overlook
this : they mean well, these people at the Lyceum. But
what can you expect from an actor who is a painter,
and an actress who is a musician?

For the Balkan Mountains and Bulgaria no apology
is necessary. Honor to whom honor is due ! I — I
who pen these lines — first rooted the Balkan Moun-
tains on the English stage in " Arms and the Man " —
I first saw the immense dramatic possibilities of Bul-
garia. And — let me confess it — I cannot help feel-
ing a little sore that the work of adapting " La Cou-
ronne " was not entrusted to me on this account. I feel
that I could have given that heroic tale a turn which
Mr. Davidson, with all his inspiration, has missed.

Somehow, I find I cannot bring myself to pass over
this ridiculous apologizing for the fifteenth century with
a mere ironic laugh. What does it mean? It is not
the puerile chaff which the modem revival of artistic
and religious feeling provoked earlier in the century,
when our journalists and comic-opera parodists were
too ignorant and callous to be ashamed to jeer like
street boys at the pre-Raphaelite and Wagnerian move-
ments, until even George Eliot, though on the mate-
rialist side herself, protested indignantly against
" debasing the moral currency." All that ribaldry is
obsolete: nobody now dreams of sneering at Mr. Forbes
Roberston as " {esthetic," or conceives that to compare
him to a mediaeval hero-saint, in " stained glass atti-
tudes " or otherwise, would be anything but a high
compliment to him. And yet there is the unmistakable
vein of apology and deprecation, if not about the cos-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 359

tumes and scenery, at least about the play. And here
we have the secret of it. The apologetic critics are
thinking, not of the golden age of the arts and crafts,
but of the later horrors of historical drama in five acts
and in blank verse, which no more belong to the sen-
suously artistic fifteenth century than to the religiously
artistic fourteenth century, or the sanely, humorously
artistic thirteenth, since they are in fact a character-
istic product of the rhetorical, intellectual, idealistic,
inquisitive, logical, scientific, commercial, essentially
anti-artistic period which we count as beginning with
the sixteenth century, and in which we trace not the
beautiful growth and flowering of the arts, but their
consummation and devastation in the giant hands of
Michael Angelo and Shakespeare. Those who desire to
rejoice in Shakespeare must confine themselves (as they
generally do) to reading his own plays. Read those
which have been written since he overwhelmed English
dramatic poetry with his impossible example, and you
will wish that he had never been born.

In order to write a true dramatic poem, one must
possess very deep human feeling. In order to write
historical drama in rhetorical blank verse, one only
need possess imagination — a quite different and much
cheaper article. Shakespeare had both in an extraor-
dinary degree: consequently his rhetoric, monstrous as
much of it is, is so quickened by flashes and turns of
feeling that it is impossible to be bored by it; whilst
his feeling expresses itself so spontaneously in rhetori-
cal forms that at the climaxes of his plays rhetoric and
poetry become one. And so, since his time, every poor
wretch with an excitable imagination, a command of
literary bombast, and metric faculty enough to march
in step, has found himself able to turn any sort of

360 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

thematic material, however woodenly prosaic, into
rhetorical blank verse ; whereupon, foolishly conceiving
himself to be another Shakespeare, he has so oppressed
the stage with yards upon yards and hours upon hours
of barren imagery, that at last the announcement of
a new historical play in verse at a London theatre pro-
duces an involuntary start of terror among the critics,
followed by reassuring explanations that although it
is a fifteenth-century business (more or less), it is really
not so bad after all.

Fran9ois Coppee, as a Frenchman, has not caught
the rhetorical itch in its full Shakespearean virulence;
but unfortunately the milder form in which it afflicts
him is duller than the English variety by just as much
as Racine and Corneille are weaker than our immortal
William. Therefore Mr, Davidson, as a countryman
of Shakespeare's — or, at any rate, of Macbeth's —
has felt bound to prepare " La Couronne " for the
English stage by intensifying the sublimity of its balder-
dash to an extent which no audience unaccustomed to
Shakespeare would stand without amazement and laugh-
ter. Accordingly Miss Winifred Emery, having to con-
vey to us that she is somewhat bored, is condemned to
do so by shrieking for the Balkan Mountains to move,
and the Day of Judgment to dawn, with nothing to
sustain her in this vortex of academic nonsense except
the silly popular delusion that there is something fine
in it all — a delusion which I will not insult her in-
telligence by assuming her to share. I need say no
more about this aspect of the play beyond mentioning
that wherever Mr. Davidson has attempted to outdo
M. Coppee in rhetorical folly, he has easily succeeded.
I admit that the heightened eflFect proves, on the whole,
that when you set out to be nonsensical, the more

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 361

nonsensical you are the better. But fifty million lines
of such stuff will not extract from me an admission
that the writer is a dramatist, much less a poet. The
utmost I will concede is that since poets so great as
Shakespeare and Shelley did not escape the infection,
we must forgive Mr. Davidson for it, though only, I
hope, on the distinct understanding that it is not to
occur again.

Unfortunately for the liveliness of the play, M. Cop-
pee's power of imagining ready-made heroic situations
and characters is not fortified by any power of develop-
ing them. Bazilide and Michael Brancomir never get
beyond the point at which they are first dumped on the
stage: they keep saying the same things about them-
selves and one another over and over again until at last
the spectator feels that the play would be greatly im-
proved if most of it were presented by accomplished
pantomimists in dumb show. The second act — the
Lady Macbeth act — is especially wearisome in this way.
A Turkish spy forces the hand of Bazilide by the mas-
terly argument that if Michael Brancomir does not
betray his country somebody else will — probably the
scullion. Bazilide passes on the argument to Michael,
improving the scullion into a horseboy. But poor
Michael is quite unable to get any forwarder with his
conventional compunction, whilst Bazilide is equally at
a loss for any idea except the horseboy, on whom she
falls back again and again, the whole conversation being
strung up to concert pitch of absurdity by the mon-
strously tall talk in which it is carried on. The pair
prance as if they were bounding over the Alps; but
they do not advance an inch. One has only to think
for a moment of Lady Macbeth tempting Macbeth, or
lago tempting Othello, to realize how comparatively

362 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

stupid the poet is, and how, of all methods of marking
time, the most futile is to mark it in blank verse. Even
in the striking scene of the parricide, there is hardly
a human note struck, except in the preliminary chat
between the sentinel and the shepherd, which is a wel-
come relief after Bazilide's fustian. When the catas-
trophe approaches, father and son do not rise for a
moment into any human relation with one another. The
more terribly the emergency presses, the more literary
do they become, taking it by turns to deliver tearing
apostrophes to heaven, hell, honor, history, hope, mem-
ory, Christianity, the fatherland, the past and the
future; each waiting with great politeness until the
other has finished, the audience meanwhile watching
patiently for the fight and the finish. In short, except
as a display of rhetoric for the sake of rhetoric — a
form of entertainment which is chiefly interesting as
the only known means by which an author or speaker
can make the public respect him for unmercifully bor-
ing it — the play has no value apart from the force of
the main situation and the charm of the pretty love
scenes between Militza and Constantine.

The acting, though full of matter for the critic, is
mostly but poor sport for the lay spectator. Miss
Winifred Emery was not well advised to accept the
part of Bazilide. The original Bazilide of Coppee is
a passably credible Bernhardtian wicked woman of the
stage, corseted into Alexandrines, but not bombasted
and hyberbolicized out of all humanity, like the pen-
and-ink monster Mr. Davidson has produced in the fer-
ment of his imagination. Nothing but a specific artistic
talent, and a most tactful virtuosity in the artificial
declamation and heroic bearing of the rhetorical school,
could enable an actress to get through such a part with

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 363

credit. Now Miss Emery's talent is a specifically pro-
saic one: we have repeatedly seen that the more closely
her parts touch the actual life and society of our day
in the classes which she has under her own daily ob-
servation, the better she acts. In " The Benefit of the
Doubt " she almost persuaded us that she was the best
actress on our stage. Remove the venue even so small
a distance towards the imaginative region as the plays
of the late W. G. Wills, and she is comparatively color-
less. Shift it completely to the Sahara of rhetorical
blank verse or the heights of genuine dramatic poetr}',
and she holds her own merely as a pretty woman and
a clever professional. For Bazilide she has not even
the right sort of prettiness : she is no " docile rhythmic
serpent of the East." Her habit of speech is positively
subversive of the poetry of tone and measure. When
she says " Nothing must tarnish the greater glory of
Michael's love for me," the words " greater glory "
come out with a fashionable smartness at which it is
hardly possible not to smile. All that can be said for
her Bazilide is that by dint of going at her business
with great spirit, and with a cleverness that only stops
short of perceiving that she had better not have gone
at it at all, she gets safely through, thanks to her great
popularity, her good looks, and a resolute application
of her vigorous stage talent to a bold experiment in
ranting, on the pretty safe chance of the public rising at
it as Partridge rose at the king in " Hamlet." Which
the public obediently does, like the silly lamb it is in
its moments of pretension to fine connoisseurship.

And Mrs. Patrick Campbell, what of her.? Ah, the
change from that mournful first night of the slain
" Michael and his Lost Angel," when we were all sing-
ing, both on the stage and off:

364 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

" But what are vernal joys to me?
Where thou art not, no Spring can be."

What a ballad could have been written then with the
title " Come back from Dorchester " ; and what terrible
heart twistings we suffered when we knew that she
would not come unless we gave her Henry Arthur
Jones's head on a charger! Well, we gave it to her;
and on the first night of " For the Crown " we agreed,
before she had been three seconds on the stage, that
her return was cheap at the price: nay, we would have
given her Shakespeare's head as a makeweight if she
had given the faintest pout of dissatisfaction. You will
tell me, no doubt, that Mrs. Patrick Campbell cannot
act. Who said she could? — who wants her to act? —
who cares twopence whether she possesses that or any
any other second-rate accomplishment? On the highest
plane one does not act, one is. Go and see her move,
stand, speak, look, kneel — go and breathe the magic
atmosphere that is created by the grace of all these
deeds ; and then talk to me about acting, forsooth !
No, Mrs. Campbell's Militza is an embodied poem ; and
if it is much more a lyric poem than a dramatic one,
why, so much the worse for dramatic poetry ! This
time, too, the poetry was not without a little tenderness
as well as much beauty of movement and tone. The old
vituperative note was not heard; and there was an ac-
cess of artistic earnestness and power. Possibly the
vituperative mood had exhausted itself on the devoted
author of " Michael."

Mr. Forbes Robertson was torn by a struggle between
the riotous high spirits he was evidently enjoying in
his own person, and the remorse and horror which
racked him as Constantlne Brancomlr. However, art

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 365

is never the worse for a happy inspiration ; and though
in filling the part of Constantine he was really filling
a brainless void, he filled it like an artist. Miss Sarah
Brooke played a small part well; and Mr. Dalton, as
the elder Brancomir, outfaced the nothingness of his
part with sufficient assurance to impress the Partridges
almost as successfully as Miss Emery did. It was all
that he could do under the circumstances.

The play is worth seeing for its mounting alone by
those who, like myself, care very little for the spouting
of Marlovian mighty lines. Everything, from the cap-
tured standards of the Turks to Signor Lucchesi's
equestrian statue in the style of Verrocchio, shows the
choice of the artist, not the fulfilment of an order by
a tradesman. The first scene, Mr. Walter Hann's
" Citadel in the Balkans," with its most unrhetorical,
delicately beautiful mountains stretching to the horizon
in a sea of snowy peaks, is so good that one asks with
some indignation whether some means cannot be in-
vented of doing away with the ridiculous " sky borders "
which deface the firmament. The stage management
in this first act, by the way, is excellent. Later on it
is perhaps a trifle unimaginative ; and Mr. Forbes Rob-
ertson has not yet mastered the art of arranging the
Lyceum stage so as to disguise its excessive spacious-
ness when interiors are to be represented. For instance,
in the second act, since there is neither a Court pro-
cession to enter nor a ballet to be danced, the room,
in view of the biting climate and Bazilide's light dra-
peries, might be made a trifle snugger with advantage
to the illusion.

In short, then, everything — except perhaps the play
— is worth seeing. The spoilt children of the public
have certainly strained their privilege hard by their

366 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

treatment of " Michael and his Lost Angel " ; but still,
since " Michael " was succeeding in spite of its having
completely beaten the company, whereas all the forces
concerned have their share in the success of " For the
Crown " — since, above all, we can now see Mrs. Patrick
Campbell every evening if we will, the change in the
Lyceum bill will be forgiven. No doubt Mr. Jones has
lost a thousand or two; but in every other respect he
has gained; and, after all, what is the loss of a thou-
sand pounds to a successful dramatic author.? ]\Ierely
a stimulant to increased production, the first fruits of
which we shall presently receive at the hands of Mr,
Willard. And so let us be jocund, and book our places
at the Lyceum without delay.

BOILED HEROINE

True Blue: a new and original drama of the ROYAL
NAVY, in five acts, by Leonard Outram and Stuart
Gordon, Lieut. R.N., Olympic Theatre, 19 March,
1896.

I AM often told by people who never go to the theatre
that they like melodramas, because they are so
funny. Those who do go know better than that. A
melodrama must either succeed as a melodrama or else
fail with the uttermost ignominies of tedium. But I
am fain to admit that " True Blue " is an exception
to this rule. It is funnier by a good deal than
" H.M.S. Pinafore " in the absurd parts, and not bad,
as melodramas go, in the presentable parts. The
authorship has evidently been divided among many

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 367

hands. In some of the epithets which Mrs. Raleigh,
as the lady matador, hurls at the villain, it is im-
possible not to recognize the vivid style of Mr. Raleigh.
One of the unnamed authors — I do not know which
— is clearly an idiot ; for it is not conceivable that
the unspeakable fatuities of the plot can have proceeded
from the same brain as the part of Strachan, or the
dialogue, a good deal of which is animated and business-
like. Probably the idiot was the original begetter of
the drama. As I conjecture, he submitted his play to
Mr. Leonard Outram, who, as an experienced actor,
at once fell under the spell which unredeemed literary
and dramatic idiocy never fails to throw over his pro-
fession. He called in Lieutenant Stuart Gordon to
look after the naval realism, and supply technically
correct equivalents for the Avast Heavings, and Abaft
the Binnacles, and Splicing the Main Braces which we
may presume the original manuscript to have con-
tained. The Lieutenant, not being an experienced
actor, no doubt suggested that if his naval realism
could be supplemented by a gleam or two of common
sense, it would be all the better; and I can imagine
Sir Augustus Harris, on being approached on the sub-
ject of finance, not only supporting the naval officer's
view with some vehemence, but taking the dialogue in
hand to a certain extent himself, with his popular
collaborator, Mr. Raleigh, to lend a hand when time
ran short. If this hypothesis be correct, we get four
authors besides the nameless idiot; and it is no small
degree remarkable that the play has succeeded because
the collaborators, in a sort of inspired desperation,
played up to the idiot instead of trying to reclaim him.
Take for example the main situation of the piece. A
British cruiser is anchored at Gibraltar. Its deck

368 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

is used as a sort of dramatic exchange where villains
and villainesses, heroes and heroines, stroll in, like bolts
out of the blue, to hatch plots and make love. First
there is the lady matador who loves the captain and
hates the heroine whom the captain loves. Then there
is the heroine, who also loves the captain. And there
is the heroine's maid, who loves the comic sailor, who
loves the bottle. Suddenly the cruiser is ordered to
up anchor and sweep England's enemies from the seas.
The women resolve not to desert the men they love in
the hour of danger. The matadoress, a comparatively
experienced and sensible woman, slips quietly into the
pantry adjoining the captain's cabin. The maid gets
into one of those settee music boxes which are, it ap-
pears, common objects on the decks of cruisers, and is
presently carried into the captain's cabin. The heroine,
taught by love to divine a surer hiding-place, gets into
one of the ship's boilers. Here the hand of the idiot is
apparent, striking out a situation which would never
have occurred to Shakespeare. Once fairly at sea, the
matadoress gives way to an inveterate habit of smoking,
and is smelt out by the captain. She throws her arms
boldly about him, and declares that he is hers for ever.
Enter, inopportunely, the navigating officer. He is
scandalized, but retires. When he thinks it safe to
return, it is only to find the maid emerging from the
settee to dispute possession of the captain, on behalf
of the heroine, with the matadoress. Hereupon he de-
scribes the ship as the captain's harem, and is placed
under arrest. Then comes the great dramatic oppor-
tunity of the matadoress. Becoming acquainted,
Heaven knows how, with the hiding-place of the heroine,
she takes the stage alone, and draws a thrilling picture
of her rival's impending doom. She describes her in

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 369

the clammy darkness and dank cold of that boiler, lis-
tening to the wild beats of her own heart. Then the
sensation of wet feet, the water rising to her ankles,
her knees, her waist, her neck, until only by standing
on tiptoe, with frantic upturned face, can she
breathe. One mercy alone seems vouchsafed to her:
the water has lost its deadly chill. Nay, it is getting
distinctly warm, even hot — hotter — scalding! Ira-
mortal Powers, it is BOILING; and what a moment
ago was a beautiful English girl, in the first exquisite
budding of her beautiful womanhood, is now but a
boilerful of soup, and in another moment will be a con-
denserful of low-pressure steam. I must congratulate
Mrs. Raleigh on the courage with which she hurled
this terrible word-picture at a house half white with
its purgation by pity and terror, and half red with
a voiceless, apoplectic laughter. Need I describe the
following scene in the stokehold (" stokehole," it ap-
pears, is a solecism) — how the order comes to fill the
boiler; how the comic sailor, in shutting the manhole
thereof, catches sight of the white finger of the cap-
tain's young lady; how the matadoress in disguise
comes in, and has all but turned on the boiling water
when the comic sailor disables the tap by a mighty blow
from a sledge-hammer; how he rushes away to tell the
captain of his discovery ; how in his absence the fires
are lighted and the cold water turned on; and how
at the last moment the captain dashes in, shouting
"Draw the fires from No. 7" (the heroine is in No.
7), rushes up the ladder to the manhole, and drags out
the heroine safe and sound, without a smudge on her
face or a crumple in her pretty white frock, amid the
delirious cheers of an audience which contemplates the
descending curtain as men who have eaten of the in-

370 DRAIMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

sane root that takes the reason prisoner. Many more
terrors does that melodrama contain, including the
public drowning of the matadoress like a rat in a trap,
but nothing quite so novel as the boiling scene. The
last act degenerates into mere ordinary blood and
thunder, only relieved by the touching acting of Mr.
Rignold on becoming suddenly penetrated, for no mor-
tal reason that anybody can discover, with a sense of
his own unworthiness and the nobility of his donkey of
a captain, who, though a sufficiently handsome and
pleasant fellow, displays just ability enough to justify
a steamboat company in trusting him, under the guid-
ance of an intelligent boy, with the sale of tickets for
a Thames steamer. Mr. Rignold, however, is not the
man to allow himself to be bereaved of a bit of acting
by the absence of any motive for it. He has the only
real part in the play: and he makes the most of it to
the end.

Nearly thirty actors and actresses, most of them
capable and vigorous people with more or less distinct
stage talents, are provided with salaries by this melo-
drama. They have for the most part about as much
to do as the hundreds of painted spectators in the
first scene (which I forgot to mention, as it is only a
bullfight). Mr. Bucklaw, as the gallant, but brainless,
captain, showed that he only needs to smarten himself
a little — mostly in the way of enunciating his conso-
nants — to become popular in such parts. Miss Laura
Graves was irresistible as the parboiled heroine, being
powerfully aided by the fact that the authors of the
dialogue have thoroughly mastered the great Shake-
spearean secret of always making the woman woo the
man. In actual life there is no point upon which indi-
viduals vary more widely than in the effect of publicity

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 371

on the deraonstrativeness of their affections. Some
people would rather die than offer or receive the
slightest endearment with any one looking on. Others
are stimulated to exceptional ardor by the presence of
an audience; and it is a tragic fact that these diverse
temperaments are rather apt to attract one another.
The shy, conscious man whose impulsive and warm-
hearted wife will caress him before a roomful of people,
and the fastidious reticent woman whose husband's atti-
tude is openly and blubberingly amorous, are familiar
figures in our civilization. But I cannot recall on the
stage any ingenue quite so reckless under the sway of
the tenderer emotions as the one played by Miss Laura
Graves. On all public occasions she positively showers
kisses on the objects of her attachment. One wonders
what a French audience would think of her. It is only
when she is alone with the captain in his cabin that
she subsides into something like the customary reserve
of the bright and beautiful English girls of whom she
is ofTered as an authentic type. The maid is hardly
behind her mistress in respect of her indifference to
publicity ; but she does not take the initiative — is, in
fact, more kissed against than kissing — the effect
being so much worse that nobody less clever than
Miss Kate Phillips could make the part popular.
As it is, I congratulate the part on Miss Phillips,
without in any way congratulating Miss Phillips on
the part.

One of the humors of the piece is that the three
stowaway ladies never enter twice in the same costume.
They change as freely as if Worth had a branch estab-
lishment on board. The fact that this gross impossi-
bility does not interfere in the least with the illusion
(such as it is) of the drama is an illustration of the

372 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

fact that melodramatic stage illusion is not an illusion
of real life, but an illusion of the embodiment of our
romantic imaginings. If melodramatists would only
grasp this fact, they would save themselves a good deal
of trouble and their audiences a good deal of boredom.
Half the explanations and contrivances with which they
burden their pieces are superfluous attempts to per-
suade the audience to accept, as reasonably brought
about, situations which it is perfectly ready to accept
without any bringing about whatever. The second-
rate dramatist always begins at the beginning of his
play; the first-rate one begins in the middle; and the
genius — Ibsen, for instance — begins at the end.
Nothing is odder about " True Blue " than the way in
which the same authors who heroically disregard the
commonest physical possibilities in the matter of boilers
and millinery, timidly and superstitiously waste half
the first and second acts in useless explanations of the
villain's designs. The thousands of fiery Spaniards
waiting for the bull to appear in the ring are repeatedly
supposed to sit in respectful silence for five minutes
at a stretch whilst the first and second villains stroll
into the arena to discuss at great length the political
situation which has led to the presence of a British
cruiser at Gibraltar (as if that were the most im-
probable place for it in the world), and which renders
it desirable, from their own point of view, that the
cruiser should be sunk. Even if these explanations
were intelligible or plausible, they would only waste
time : as it is, they are stupid.

In looking over one or two criticisms of " True
Blue " I have been astonished to find the writers com-
plaining that there is too much realism and too little
melodrama in it. When a man who has just been

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 373

regaled on boiled heroine asks for more, it is only good
manners to congratulate him on his appetite; but it is
also well to point out that he has not the public on his
side. The really entertaining part of ** True Blue "
is Lieutenant Stuart Gordon's part. The cooking of
Alice Marjoribanks is only funny as a bogus mon-
strosit}' at a fair is funny; but the weighing of the
anchor is both interesting and exciting. It is true that
the interest is not strictly dramatic: it is the sort of
interest that makes people visit a man-of-war at Ports-
mouth; but then this is the very sort of interest to
which " True Blue " is addressed. The fact that I did
not catch half the expository dialogue in the first act
did not disappoint me in the least — quite the contrary ;
but I deeply resented the gruff unintelligibility of the
orders by which the anchor-weighing process was di-
rected, as I really wanted to know about that. What
" True Blue " wants is more of the fresh naval routine,
and less of the stale melodramatic routine. Why not
allow the captain to descry the Venezuelan fleet on the
horizon, and give us the process of preparing for ac-
tion.? Why not display in the third act a more inter-
esting section of the ship, showing us both above and
between decks? Why allow the catastrophe to be
brought about by an impossible valet lamely rubbing
out the pencil-marks on the captain's chart with a
piece of india-rubber, instead of by a torpedo, or a
hundred-ton projectile from the enemy, or — if the
maximum of probability is preferable — a collision with
some other British cruiser? I am convinced, with all
respect to the contrary opinion of some of my col-
leagues, that in this play Lieutenant Gordon worked
on the right lines, and his melodramatist collaborators
on the wrong ones. The play is emphatically not the

374. DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

thing at the Olympic ; and that is precisely why " True
Blue " is better worth seeing than most exhibitions of
its class.

MARY ANDERSON

A Few Memories. By Mary Anderson (Madame de
Navarro). London: Osgood, Mcllvaine & Co. 1896.

THIS book is an actress's confession : consequently
I should not, under ordinary circumstances,
dream of believing a word of it. Nevertheless
I do believe it, because I cannot find the actress in it
any more than I was ever able to find her in the Mary
Anderson who danced down to the Lyceum footlights
like " a wave o' the sea " nearly ten years ago. What
I do find is a strong-minded, clever, intelligent, self-
reliant, and self-respectful girl whose hobby was Shake-
speare. The statement that Mary Anderson was no
actress is one which I am prepared to make, but not
to defend. If I meet an American tourist who is greatly
impressed with the works of Raphael, Kaulbach, Dela-
roche, and Barry, and I, with Titian and Velasquez
in my mind, tell him that not one of his four heroes
was a real painter, I am no doubt putting my case
absurdly ; but I am not talking nonsense for all that :
indeed to the adept seer of pictures I am only formu-
lating a commonplace in an irritatingly ill-considered
way. But in this world if you do not say a thing in
an irritating way, you may just as well not say it at
all, since nobody will trouble themselves about any-
thing that does not trouble them. The attention given

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 375

to a criticism is in direct proportion to its indigest-
ibility; and I therefore say boldly that Mary Ander-
son was no actress. In no page of these Memories
can you find any trace of the actress's temperament.
Mary Anderson is essentially a woman of principle,
which the actress essentially is not: the notion that all
bravery, loyalty, and self-respect depend on a lawless
and fearless following of the affectionate impulses —
which is the characteristic morality of the artist, es-
pecially the woman artist of the stage — is, to her,
simple immorality. The actress lives only to give her-
self away so that she may gain the love of the whole
world : Mary Anderson, asking what it shall profit her
to gain the whole world if she loses her own soul,
retires or rather recoils from the stage before her ap-
prenticeship is over, because she cannot gratify her
love of Shakespeare and rhetoric without giving her-
self away to the public nightly to be stared at. To
her this grudging of herself is a virtue — an element
of strength of character : it vanquishes her stage-craze
finally because she does not see that a woman with the
fit genius can do nothing better for the world than
make this sacrifice to it. The full justification of such
a sacrifice — the power to become thereby the mother
of the world's noblest sympathies and deepest feelings
— cannot convince her : it is perceived by her reason
as a duty, an excuse, and (when performed and done
with) a consolation; but it does not glow at her heart
as a passion and a fulfilment. The individualist in her
triumphs in the end: the inner mandate which she
finally obeys is " Individual, perfect thyself," which
finally triumphs over all other mandates — over
" Artist, perfect thy work," and " Woman, help thy
kind." Here is her whole confession on the subject:

376 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

" While on my way to England I could not help
reviewing the eight years I had just finished. The
retrospect brought as much pain as pleasure. The
chief good my work had accomplished, I felt, was the
assurance, verbally and by letter, from many young
men and women, that the examples of such characters
as Parthenia, Ion, and Evadne, in particular, had
helped them in their daily lives and strengthened them
in moments of despondency and temptation. Their
gratitude to me, as the humble exponent of these roles,
was my most valued applause; for it proved that, in
a measure, I had fulfilled the vocation, so long ago
dreamed of, in undertaking a dramatic career. My
efforts had, as a rule, been successful; but the strain
of constant travel, the absence of home comforts in
the ever-changing hotels, the responsibility of re-
hearsals, support, stage-management, and, above all,
the extreme publicity of the life, had already begun
to be distasteful to me. The disappointments con-
nected with the art itself — the painting one's pictures
with one's own person, in the full gaze of the public,
the dependence upon inartistic people (often compelled
to use the theatre as a trade) for carrying out the
most cherished conceptions, and the constant crumbling
of ideals — made me, young as I was, long to leave the
stage for the peace and privacy of domestic life. I
had a greater desire than ever to work, but away from
the direct eye of the public. The life of a poet, com-
poser, writer, or painter seemed ideal; for they could
express their innermost thoughts through the imper-
sonal mediums of canvas, music, literature, and still
be protected by that privacy which is so dear to most
women."

Here you have the whole position: the cold sense

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 37T

of duty steadily weakening instead of warming from
its first record in her autobiography as the mere prig-
gishness of a stage-struck schoolgirl to her retirement,
and the conception of musicians and poets as excep-
tionally private persons minding their own innermost
business in a vacuum, instead of strenuously throwing
themselves into the most yearning and vital intercourse
with humanity. Here is a passage which will drive
home, as no comment of mine could, the absolute dead-
ness of Mary Anderson's conception of artistic beauty:
" I remember a visit to the studio of one of the most
prominent French sculptors in Paris. After seeing
everything in both of the huge ateliers, Lord Lytton,
a singularly able critic in all matters artistic, sug-
gested a visit to the Morgue as a means of driving
from our minds the hideous creations we had seen.
We gladly assented; and, indeed, the three or four
figures we saw there were far more beautiful, with
the calm majesty of death upon them, than any of
the representations of life we had seen in the studio."
The really compelling mandate which sent Madame
de Navarro forth on her career seems to have been
*' Mary : be not thyself, but somebody out of Shake-
speare," conditioned only by an inexorable resolution
to be first or nowhere. When she was an unknown
country girl of sixteen she managed to induce John
McCullough to visit her family. On hearing her spout
her favorite bits of Shakespeare, he had the enormous
good-nature to offer to allow her to try her hand on
the stage as Lady Anne in " Richard III." " I an-
swered," this "humble exponent" tells us (with a full
sense of the humor of her audacity), " that I would
rather not play second fiddle, even to him." It was
magnificent; and she lived up to it and went through

378 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

with it. The position she wanted to begin with (in
her teens) was that of Mrs. Siddons. It is useless
to gasp at such presumption; for she got what she
demanded. She knew that it was childish to cry for
the moon ; so she simply said, with quiet dignity, " Be
good enough to take that moon down from its nail and
hand it to me," Which was accordingly done. The
world which once sent Mrs. Siddons back to the prov-
inces as a failure prostrated itself like a doormat to
kiss the feet of Our Mary.

It may be said that this success was nothing more
than the vogue of a very pretty woman; but Mary
Anderson was neither the only pretty woman who
wanted to be Mrs. Siddons nor the prettiest. The
live statue of Galatea was a most graceful ornament,
no doubt; but it was a statue for all that; and the
public neither cares nor dares to fall in love with
statues. No : " Our Mary " was not a beauty merely :
she was an ideal. We made a type of her, just as
we made a type of Mr. Gladstone; and though the
type was the work of our imagination, and Miss
Anderson was no more our ideal Mary than Mr. Glad-
stone is our ideal Grand Old Man, yet it was a certain
force and integrity of character in themselves that led
to their being selected for idealization. There is plenty
of other evidence of this force of character in Madame
de Navarro's book. She could work; she could en-
dure ; she had a way and a will of her own ; she could
plan and execute enterprises ; she could make friends
and hold her own among the ablest people of her day;
she was sensible and respectable in business and con-
duct (an extraordinarily rare thing both on and off
the stage); she was normal, popular, and intelligible
in her methods and ambition; and, being young, she

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 379

exercised her qualities without the oppressive and some-
times dangerous knowledge of their power which comes
with years and with the discovery of the comparative
infirmity of the rest of the world. A strong, proud,
positive character of this kind, enhanced by a fine per-
son, lends to declamation and rhetoric, but not to sym-
pathetic acting. Its jealous reserve, its reluctance to
wear its heart on its sleeve, its very superiorities to
the passions and frailties, the humilities, confessions,
and renunciations of the truly poetic drama, which
has for its material the instinctive human creature
rather than the moralist and reasoner, disqualify it for
the stage, except when the business in hand is rhetorical
blank verse in five acts. " Seldom during my stage
life," says Madame de Navarro, " have I ever been
able to say of any performance, * That is my best
work.' In all my years before the public, I have only
once been satisfied with my acting of Bianca, once in
Ion, never in Perdita, and only once in Hermione."
With this must be taken many other passages in her
book, showing her strong preference of rhetorical and
intellectual parts to sympathetic ones, even when both
were by Shakespeare; her enthusiasm for stage anti-
quaries like Talfourd and Taylor; and her antipathy
to the modern dramatists whose Heddas and Noras are
making short work of the declamatory statue heroines.
Her final criticism on herself, of course, is her retire-
ment from the stage before she had reached the prime
of life, or attained that rich and spirited middle period
of artistic development which succeeds the efforts of
the ambitious apprentice. The reason she gives is sig-
nificant enough. " Many and great inducements," she
says, " have since been frequently offered me to act
again ; but

380 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

' II en coute trop cher pour briller dans le monde.
Combien je vais aimer ma retraite profonde!
Pour vivre heureux, vivons caches.' "

Note how she assumes, this girl who thinks she has
been an artist, that the object of going on the stage
is to sparkle in the world, and that the object of life
is happiness! After all, despite her character and
force, one sees that Our Mary has never grown up

— that Galatea has never been awakened. I cannot
help wondering what would happen if she were. The
other day, in a discussion as to the best way of cast-
ing Ibsen's " Little Eyolf," a question arose as to who
should play the part of Asta, failing the co-operation
of some tried exponent of Ibsen. I said, " Why not
Mary Anderson.'* " I could not persuade any one that
I was serious. And yet, why not.'' Madame de Navarro
has declaimed, spouted, statuesqued, Shakespeared, and
all the rest of it, to the height of her girlish ambition.
She has also for seven years " lived hidden." Why
should she not now try real acting, if only as a novelty ?
May not the publication of this book be taken as a
sign that the charms that sages have seen in the face
of seclusion are palling? It is true that Madame de
Navarro says — and carries conviction when she says

— "I am content to be forgotten, except by such
friends as I hope will always keep a place for me in
their hearts (a rather large exception, considering that
these friends include the playgoing public of England
and America). But it seems to me reasonable to be-
lieve that my experience may be of some service to
those who have, or think they have, an aptitude for
acting. I have written these pages more for young
girls, who may have the same ambitions that I had,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 381

than for any one else; to show them that all that glit-
ters is not gold; and thus to do a little towards mak-
ing them realize how serious an undertaking it is to
adopt a life so full of hardships, humiliations, and
dangers." This explains, and very honorably explains,
a great part of the book ; but where do those charming
portraits come in? What moral are the young girls
to draw from the profile drawing by F. D. Millet, the
sketch in oils by Mr. Watts, the adorable photograph
of Mary at sixteen, Mr. Boughton's Pauline portrait
picture, the half-length in Albanian costume, and the
1895 photograph, the most womanly and beautiful of
them all.? I flatly do not believe that this portrait is
exhibited to warn young girls against the hardships
and dangers of the stage: I believe it is there solely
to make us go down on our knees and beg Our Mary
to come back to us. Which I accordingly do, with-
out reservation. I will never admit that the girl could
act unless the woman makes me change my opinion.

The book contains many an interesting passage on
which I have not space to expatiate. I may note hur-
riedly, but with much gratification, that Madame de
Navarro's experience on several points supports views
which I have often expressed in these columns. She
precisely confirms all that I have urged against the
old stationary stock companies ; and she asks, as I
have asked, why women do not try their hands at
theatrical management. Her instructions how to baffle
an actor-manager who gets you with your back to the
footlights and talks down the stage at you should be
studied by the whole company at the — Heavens! I all
but let the name slip. The records of her very Ameri-
can searches after relics of Shakespeare and Dickens
are quaint, and suggest, I regret to say, an almost

382 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

inconceivable audacity of imposture on the part of
those Britons who follow the industry of imperson-
ating the originals of Dickens's characters and point-
ing out the houses mentioned in his novels. When she
played Rosalind at Stratford-on-Avon, " the stage was
decorated with blossoms from Shakespeare's garden;
the flowers used by Rosalind and Celia, as well as the
turnip gnawed by Audrey, had been plucked near Anne
Hathaway's cottage; the deer carried across the stage
in the hunting chorus had been shot in Charlcot Park
for the occasion by one of the Lucys." Bless her
innocence !

I close the book with its subject unexhausted, just
as the author did. The life of the girl rhetorician is
only the first volume. The second volume should be the
life of a true dramatic artist. If Madame de Navarro
will only live that volume, I, the critic, will gladly write
it in these pages.

NIETZSCHE IN ENGLISH

Nietzsche contra Wagner, etc.: vol. 1 of the collected
works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Translated by Thomas
Common. London: Henry & Co. 1896.
A Mother of Three: a new and original farce in three
acts. By CIo Graves. Comedy Theatre, 8 April, 1 896.

IT is with a most opportune consideration for my
Easter holiday that Messrs. Henry & Co. have
just issued the first volume of their translation of
the works of Friedrich Nietzsche. And such a volume,
too! containing everything that he wrote just before
he reached the point at which Germany made up its

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 383

mind that he was mad, and shut him up, both figura-
tively and actually. Whilst I am still at large I may
as well explain that Nietzsche is a philosopher — that
is to say, something unintelligible to an Englishman.
To make my readers realize what a philosopher is, I
can only say that / am a philosopher. If you ask
incredulously, " How, then, are your articles so inter-
esting? " I reply that there is nothing so interesting
as philosophy, provided its materials are not spurious.
For instance, take my own materials — humanity and
the fine arts. Any studious, timorously ambitious book-
worm can run away from the world with a few shelves-
ful of history, essays, descriptions, and criticisms, and,
having pieced an illusory humanity and art out of the
effects produced by his library on his imagination, build
some silly systematization of his worthless ideas over
the abyss of his own nescience. Such a philosopher
is as dull and dry as you please: it is he who brings
his profession into disrepute, especially when he talks
much about art, and so persuades people to read him.
Without having looked at more than fifty pictures in
his life, or made up his mind on the smallest point
about one of the fifty, he will audaciously take it upon
himself to explain the development of painting from
Zeuxis and Apelles to Raphael and Michael Angelo.
As to the way he will go on about music, of which he
always has an awe-stricken conceit, it spoils my temper
to think of it, especially when one remembers that musi-
cal composition is taught (a monstrous pretension) in
this country by people who read scores, and never by
any chance listen to performances. Now, the right way
to go to work — strange as it may appear — is to
look at pictures until you have acquired the power of
seeing them. If you look at several thousand good

384 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

pictures every year, and form some sort of practical
judgment about every one of them — were it only that
it is not worth troubling over — then at the end of
five years or so you will, if you have a wise eye, be
able to see what is actually in a picture, and not what
you think is in it. Similarly, if you listen critically
to music every day for a number of years, you will,
if you hp.ve a wise ear, acquire the power of hearing
music. And so on with all the arts. When we come
to humanity it is still the same: only by intercourse
with men and women can we learn anything about it.
This involves an active life, not a contemplative one;
for unless you do something in the world, you can have
no real business to transact with men ; and unless you
love and are loved, you can have no intimate relations
with them. And you must transact business, wirepull
politics, discuss religion, give and receive hate, love and
friendship with all sorts of people before you can ac-
quire the sense of humanity. If you are to acquire the
sense sufficiently to be a philosopher, you must do all
these things unconditionally. You must not say that
you will be a gentleman and limit your intercourse to
this class or that class; or that you will be a virtuous
person and generalize about the affections from a single
instance — unless, indeed, you have the rare happiness
to stumble at first upon an all-enlightening instance.
You must have no convictions, because, as Nietzsche
puts it, " convictions are prisons." Thus, I blush to
add, you cannot be a philosopher and a good man,
though you may be a philosopher and a great one. You
will say, perhaps, that if this be so, there should be no
philosophers ; and perhaps you are right ; but though
I make you this handsome concession, I do not defer to
you to the extent of ceasing to exist. After all, if you

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 385

Insist on the hangman, whose pursuits are far from
elevating, you may very well tolerate the philosopher,
even if philosophy involves philandering; or, to put
it another way, if, in spite of your hangman, you toler-
ate murder within the sphere of war, it may be neces-
sary to tolerate comparatively venial irregularities
within the sphere of philosophy. It is the price of
progress ; and, after all, it is the philosopher, and not
you, who will burn for it.

These are shocking sentiments, I know ; but I assure
you you will think them mere Sunday School common-
places when you have read a little of Nietzsche. Nietz-
sche is worse than shocking, he is simply awful: his epi-
grams are written with phosphorus on brimstone. The
only excuse for reading them is that before long you
must be prepared either to talk about Nietzsche or else
retire from society, especially from aristocratically
minded society (not the same thing, by the way, as
aristocratic society), since Nietzsche is the champion
of privilege, of power, and of inequality. Famous as
Nietzsche has become — he has had a great succes de
scandale to advertise his penetrating wit — I never
heard of him until a few years ago, when, on the oc-
casion of my contributing to the literature of philos-
ophy a minute treatise entitled " The Quintessence of
Ibsenism," I was asked whether I had not been inspired
by a book called " Out at the other side of Good and
Evil,'* by Nietzsche. The title seemed to me promis-
ing; and in fact Nietzsche's criticism of morality and
Idealism is essentially that demonstrated in my books
as at the bottom of Ibsen's plays. His pungency; his
power of putting the merest platitudes of his position
in rousing, startling paradoxes ; his way of getting
underneath moral precepts which are so unquestionable

386 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

to us that common decency seems to compel unhesitat-
ing assent to them, and upsetting them with a scornful
laugh: all this is easy to a witty man who has once
well learnt Schopenhauer's lesson, that the intellect by
itself is a mere dead piece of brain machinery, and our
ethical and moral systems merely the pierced cards you
stick into it when 3^ou want it to play a certain tune.
So far I am on common ground with Nietzsche. But
not for a moment will I suffer any one to compare me
to him as a critic. Never was there a deafer, blinder,
socially and politically inepter academician. He has
fancies concerning different periods of history, idealiz-
ing the Romans and the Renaissance, and deducting
from his idealization no end of excellences in their
works. When have I ever been guilty of such profes-
sorial folly.? I simply go and look at their works, and
after that you may talk to me until you go black in
the face about their being such wonderful fellows: I
know by my senses they were as bad artists, and as
arrant intellect-mongers, as need be. And what can
you say to a man who, after pitting his philosophy
against Wagner's with refreshing ingenuity and force,
proceeds to hold up as the masterpiece of modern
dramatic music, blazing with the merits which the Wag-
nerian music dramas lack — guess what ! " Don Gio-
vanni," perhaps, or " Orfco," or " Fidelio "? Not at
all : " Carmen," no less. Yes, as I live by bread, as I
made that bread for many a year by listening to music,
Georges Bizet's " Carmen." After this one is not sur-
prised to find Nietzsche blundering over politics, and
social organization and administration in a way that
would be impossible to a man who had ever served on
a genuine working committee long enough — say ten
minutes — to find out how very little attention the ex-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 387

igencies of practical action can be made to pay to our
theories when we have to get things done, one way or
another. To him modern Democracy, Pauline Chris-
tianity, Socialism, and so on are deliberate plots
hatched by malignant philosophers to frustrate the evo-
lution of the human race and mass the stupidity and
brute force of the many weak against the beneficial
tyranny of the few strong. This is not even a point
of view : it is an absolutely fictitious hypothesis : it
would not be worth reading were it not that there is
almost as much evidence for it as if it were true, and
that it leads Nietzsche to produce some new and very
striking and suggestive combinations of ideas. In short,
his sallies, petulant and impossible as some of them are,
are the work of a rare spirit and are pregnant with its
vitality. It is notable that Nietzsche does not write
in chapters or treatises : he writes leading articles,
leaderettes, occasional notes, and epigrams. He recog-
nizes that humanity, having tasted the art of the jour-
nalist, will no longer suffer men to inflict books on it.
And he simplifies matters, quite in the manner of the
leading article writer, by ignoring things as they are,
and dealing with things as it is easiest, with our preju-
dices and training, to think they are, except that he
supplies the training and instils the prejudices himself
as he goes along, instead of picking up those that lie
about the street as one does in writing leaders for the
daily press.

There are two reasons why I can say no more than
this about Nietzsche. The first is that I am lying on a
hillside in the sun, basking, not working. The second
is that I must reserve some space for Miss Clo Graves's
" Mother of Three " at the Comedy, which has plucked
me up from that hillside by the roots.

388 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Miss Graves has somewhat obscured my justification
for introducing Nietzsche in a column devoted to the
drama. That justification, of course, is that though
plays have neither political constitutions nor established
churches, they must all, if they are to be anything more
than the merest tissue of stage effects, have a philoso-
phy, even if it be no more than an unconscious ex-
pression of the author's temperament. Your great
dramatist philosophizes quite openly: his lines become
famous as aphorisms, and serve in the intercourse of
philosophers as words serve in the intercourse of or-
dinary mortals. All the philosophers who are really
alive nowadays maintain intimate relations with the fine
arts: Schopenhauer and Nietzsche belong as inevitably
to the critic's library as Goethe and Wagner. But I
am bound to say that there is not much philosophy in
Miss Clo Graves's play. However, there is plenty of
fun in it, and in that fun there lurks occasionally a
certain sense of the humor of indecency which drives me
to conclude that Miss Clo Graves is an Irish lady. The
Irish have a natural delicacy which gives them a very
keen sense of indelicacy ; and a good deal of the humors
of " A Mother of Three " betrays the countrywoman of
Sheridan and Swift rather than of Mr. Pinero. To this
I can make no effective objection, since we maintain a
Censor to prevent questions of sex and parentage being
treated properly and seriously on the stage, and to
license their improper and flippant treatment, which is
at least more tolerable than no treatment of them at
all. Miss Graves, struck, no doubt, by the success of
" Charley's Aunt " and " The Strange Adventures of
Miss Brown," in which the main joke is the dressing u^
of a man as a woman, has tried the eflFect of dressing
up a woman as a man. The effect was rather uncx-

I

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 389

pected. Miss Fanny Brough, whose comic force in
parts belonging to her own sex no one can deny, no
sooner changed her skirt for a pair of shepherd's plaid
trousers and a frock coat than she suddenly became
quite genuinely tragic. I have never seen the peculiar
tragic feeling of impending catastrophe more unmis-
takably produced than in the second act, where Miss
Brough, provoking roar after roar of not very refined
laughter by the delivery of lines which she drove home,
apparently in spite of herself, with the deadliest clever-
ness, seemed to be torn by a cumulative agony of rage
and shame. This had so nearly passed the limit of her
endurance when the curtain fell, that when it rose again
for a moment in response to the applause, she seemed
to have nothing of her self-possession left, except a
precarious remnant of the mere habit of it. I can only
compare the effect to that of Salvini's closet scene in
*' Hamlet." That an artist capable of producing it
should have been driven to do so in the wrong place
by her revolt against such a heartless misuse of her
powers as the thrusting of her into what can only be
described, at best, as a not very decorous piece of buf-
foonery, is pitiful enough; but the incident will not
have been altogether an unhappy one if it opens the
eyes of our dramatists to the extent to which they have
been wasting on mere farce a talent which evidently
has a rare intensity of emotional force behind it. Per-
haps I misunderstood Miss Brough, who may have been
giving us a serious artistic study of Mrs. Murgatroyd's
feelings, uninfluenced by any repugnance of her own
to her part; but there can be no mistake as to the
effect, which might even have upset the piece if the
lines had been less funny.

The play has, as its chief merit, a sustained jocularity

390 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

which keeps the audience laughing pretty continuously.
A good deal of the stage business is frank burlesque;
and the acts end, in a rather old-fashioned way, not at
any period in the action, but at some climax of absurdity
from which no other extrication is possible. But the
play is by no means brainless ; and it is astonishing how
much this small mercy counts for in the theatre.

Miss Rose Leclercq, Miss Beringer, Mr. Cyril Maude,
and Mr. Felix Morris are in the cast — more to its ad-
vantage than their own. The curtain-raiser is a piece
called " The Guinea Stamp," by Mr. Cyril Hallward.
It consists principally of cant, and is badly spoken and
indifferently acted.

TWO EASTER PIECES

The Sin of St. Hulda: a new romantic drama. By G.
Stuart Ogilvie. Shaftesbury Theatre. 9 April, 1896.
Biarritz: a musical farce. By Jerome K. Jerome.
Lyrics by Adrian Ross. Music by F. Osmond Carr.
Prince of Wales Theatre, 11 April, 1896.

OUR managers owe so much to Mr. Stuart Ogilvie
that they can do no less than occasionally pro-
duce, presumably at his own expense, dramas
of his which I feel they would hardly accept from me.
But it is not altogether a misfortune that these works
are produced to please Mr. Ogilvie rather than to please
the public; since no manager, however C3^nical, would
attribute to Mr. Ogilvie or any other individual fellow-
creature the depravity and silliness of taste which every-
body ascribes as a matter of coui'se to all their fellow-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 391

creatures collectively. Nevertheless Mr. Ogilvie's plays
are to some extent the worse for his culture and his
independence. They have the defect of being second-
hand: that is to say, they have the unreality, and con-
sequently the tediousness, of the images which the
imagination produces when, instead of being solidly fed
on experience, it is merely excited by the contemplation
of other works of art. Nobody can sit out " The Sin
of St. Hulda " without seeing that Mr. Ogilvie has
read dramas and romances, has looked at pictures, and
listened to operas. But it is equally clear that he has
never met a real St. Hulda in his life. He may here
ask me sarcastically whether / have ever met one —
whether they grow on every bush for dramatists to
study. I reply, unabashed, " In London, yes." The
nearest Salvation Army barrack or London Mission will
supply half a dozen saints of infinitely greater sanctity
and heroism than the waxwork angel whom Miss Kate
Rorke impersonates at the Shaftesbury. The education
movement, the hospital nursing movement, and all the
movements for the realization of religion in social re-
form have been largely the work of women of heroic
devotion and sometimes of extraordinary eloquence,
many of them alive and accessible to anybody who sin-
cerely wishes to understand themselves and their work.
They present to the dramatist's study temperaments
rich in the passionate qualities, and personal histories
rich in the struggles and braveries, which are the mate-
rial of tragedy; whilst their characters positively
sparkle with the incongruities and ironies and contra-
dictions which are the life of comedy. Among our
dramatists, Mr. Henry Arthur Jones alone seems ca-
pable of realizing the existence of these masses of dra-
matic material lying ready to his hand. Mr. Pinero,

392 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

in " The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith," hardly got beyond
certain irresolute recollections of newspaper notices of
" platform women " ; and it is clear that Mr. Ogilvie
does not even read the newspapers because they are not
written in blank verse. He holds up a blurred mirror
to the librettos of Meyerbeer's " historical " operas,
and would like, one guesses, to make the stage affect
the audience as the pictures of Delaroche and Grcrome
have affected him. This method — the method of bring-
ing a reaping machine to glean a crop from a field
after the harvest — is barren : great writers — Sir
Walter Scott, for instance — may have amused them-
selves with it sometimes ; but its results are counted
among their exercises or follies, not among their mas-
terpieces. If Mr. Ogilvie finds that he is only affected
by works of art, he may at once give up all hope of
producing them ; for this is the characteristic stigma
(I thank thee. Max, for teaching me that word) of the
born amateur. If, on the other hand, he is affected
by real life, then the sooner he sets about representing
it at first hand in his dramas the better. For I think
there is not much of it in " The Sin of St, Hulda." I
say I think, because to a good deal of the play I did
not listen. I cannot defend this negligence, or deny
that it was my business — my paid business — to listen
to every word ; but I could by no means achieve it.
The blank verse flowed in at one ear and out at the
other without producing any sort of activity between
the two. I collapsed in this way more especially when
St. Hulda was on the stage. St. Hulda is a combina-
tion of Dclaroche's " Christian Martyr " with the
" Woman with a Past." She is herself incommoded
by the incongruity, and wants to confess, but will not
come to the point because she has to save her secret

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 393

up for the last act — a miserly and evasive policy,
exasperating from the dramatic point of view. She
proves, I am afraid, that Mr. Ogilvie has a chivalrous
imagination, which is the sort of imagination that never
produces a real woman. Not that the men are much
more real; but they presume less on their unreality,
and are consequently less tedious. They all begin with
a considerable air of becoming important presently —
so considerable, in fact, that it was quite late in the
evening before I finally despaired of them. Prince
Otho in particular was a rare impostor in this way.
In spite of his rather Tappertitian beginning by mak-
ing a haughty noble who had formerly insulted him
publicly clean his boots, he kept up appearances long
after I had given up Heinrich, Knipperdolling, and
Manteuifel (a walking gentleman who entered as if
he were going to eclipse Louis XI and Richard III)
as men of straw. In this he was powerfully abetted
by his impersonator, Mr. Cartwright, who seems to
possess stage temperament and susceptibility to an
extraordinary degree without any backing to them. He
sometimes makes clever — even delicate — strokes by
instinct ; and his staginess is not altogether unoriginal ;
but he seems unable to connect any of the things he
can do with any definite conception of character. Mr.
Kemble almost made a part out of the Burgomaster :
as it was, he certainly made a picture of him. Mr.
Lewis Waller, as Heinrich, apparently shared my
opinion of St. Hulda ; for he was as cool a lover as
ever I saw, taking the lady's death with a Christian
resignation which belied the lamenting lines he had
to utter. Here, as in the second act of " A Woman's
Reason," he seemed quite disabled, when the moment
came for a display of pitiable abandonment, by his own

394 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

dignity and good sense. But in the prouder passages
he played with unexpected force, and in the climax to
the third act rose fully to the situation, and struck in
his defiance of Otho up to the hilt. Nobody would
have recognized in this bold and handsome young
mediaeval knight the sentimental leading man strug-
gling with his tailor, with whom Mr, Waller's admirers
have hitherto been familiar.

Miss Kate Rorke did what all experienced and com-
petent actresses do when they have a great many blank-
verse lines to deliver, and no part. She fell back on
her style. It was all very intelligent, and very musical,
and very plastic; and it had a certain technical in-
terest, just as Mme. Patti practising her scales would
have had. But there was a great deal too much of it ;
and I have rarely experienced a more refreshing relief
than when, on the company being called on the stage
to receive applause at the end. Miss Rorke smiled quite
naturally, and beckoned to Mr. Ogilvie to come forward.
That little touch of sincerity gave away all the rest
of her performance, revealing its utter formality in a
flash.

The play would, I am afraid, be rather dull if it were
not for a certain operatic fir** which serves Mr. Ogilvie
for solid Shakespearean power. Heinrich standing fas-
cinated by the vision of St. Hulda at the end of Act I,
Otho's Mephistophelean laugh at the end of Act II, St.
Hulda's denial at the end of Act III, and the apotheosis
at the end of Act IV are all operatic, and all as effec-
tive in that way as they can be without music. The
sword combat, in which Mr. Cartwright inadvertently
nearly clove Mr. Waller in twain, and the death of the
heroine, are in the same taste. The costumiers have
made the most of the swaggering hats and plumes,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 395

puffs and slashes, square-toed shoes and two-handled
swords, which we know from Holbein and Diirer; but
the result is handsome and " historical " rather than
artistic. The fact that Miss Rorke's saintly dresses
are too Victorian to be interesting, and that three of
the four scenes are German interiors, the open-air one
being dark, crowded, and very artificially lighted for
the sake of Miss Rorke's halo, produces a certain heavi-
ness of effect. A dramatist should never forget that
plays want plenty of fresh air. Half the charm of
" For the Crown," the success of which has probably
helped to smooth the way for " St. Hulda," lies in it»
liberal supply of mountain ozone.

I have rarely seen an audience so unanimous as that
which crowded to witness the first representation of
" Biarritz " at the Prince of Wales Theatre. It was
unanimous in hope at the beginning, unanimous in doubt
in the middle, and unanimous in derision at the end.
*' Biarritz " is sure to run triumphantly for several
years, since nothing but the substitution of " special
features " for every five minutes of the original work,
and their frequent renewal, involving the conversion of
the whole into a variety entertainment, could possibly
keep it in existence for a fortnight. What Mr. Jerome
K. Jerome was thinking of when he wrote it is hard
to imagine; but he has written to the papers promis-
ing to explain everything when the worst is over. As
to Mr. Lowenfeld, he appears to have been exercising
his judgment, with the usual result. The only prom-
ising idea in the piece from the Prince of Wales Theatre
point of view, is the placing of the scene in a hotel.
This gives openings for those sallies of schoolboyish
blackguardism which are supposed to throw a spell of
fascinating wickedness round the " musical farces "

396 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

which serve as a setting to the jewel of Mr. Arthur
Roberts's talent. Thus an old gentleman, having, like
Mr. Pickwick on a celebrated occasion, lost his room
and forgotten its number, wanders about in his dress-
ing-gown asking everybody for his wife ; and when he
is at last taken upstairs by a chambermaid, a knowing
laugh cackles up from the young gentlemen who think
they know what large Continental hotels and their
chambermaids are — never having been in one. When
every obvious and uninteresting variation on this is ex-
hausted, Mr. Roberts comes to the rescue with a song,
in which he describes how he met in Piccadilly a woman
who lived in St. John's Wood as somebody's mistress ;
how he accosted her ; what he gave her for supper ; and
how he went to St. John's Wood with her. The story
was much less interesting than an ordinary police case ;
but when Mr. Roberts had sung it, the audience seemed
proud of him, and he seemed proud of himself. He also
made mirth by his manner of beginning his conversations
with women by the remark, " Where have I seen you
before?" which is understood to be the formula by
which gentlemen in the Empire Theatre promenade get
over the embarrassment of addressing ladies to whom
they have not been formally introduced. I confess I
found this desperately dull. Witty things can be said
by witty people about prostitution, as about any other
subject; but prostitution is not a merry subject in
itself — rather the reverse. For the rest, Mr. Roberts
gabbled, and dropped his aitches, and got from one of
his favorite points to another anyhow, not thinking his
audience worth the trouble of maintaining any style
or taking any care. Naturally, a comedian who has
no great respect for himself has none for the public
who encourage him. However, I have no right to preach

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 397

at Mr. Roberts: all I am entitled to say is that I am
tired of his mannerisms and that his Leicester Square
pleasantries bore and offend me.

If "Faith, creating what it feigned" (a Shelley an
motto prefixed by Mr. Ogilvie to " St. Hulda ") broke
down in the case of a favorite like Mr. Roberts, who
has talent enough to fall back on acting as a means
of livelihood when the public begins to tire of his pres-
ent occupation, it need hardly be said that his colleagues
were not more fortunate. I appreciate the brightness
and determination with which Miss Kitty Loftus as-
serts herself as "a jolly little folly" (so Mr. Ross
expresses it), with uncommon gifts as a dancer, singer,
and speaker; and as soon as I am fortunate enough
to find her dancing a single step, singing a single note,
or speaking a single line, in a really uncommon way,
I shall admit her pretensions and renounce my present
heresy, which is, that Miss Kitty Loftus is a vivacious
young lady who works very hard at being gay and
pretty without knowing exactly how artists manage such
things. Miss Phyllis Broughton dances her old dance,
smiles her old smile, and sauces her old sauciness with
her old success as if they and she had been invented
yesterday. Miss Sadie Jerome, in attempting to repeat
the success of her Lalage Potts song, only betrays the
fact that she has gained nothing by her appearance in
" Gentleman Joe " but a relapse into amateurishness.
Miss Millie Hylton maintains a certain degree of ar-
tistic form, playing a trivial part prettily enough.
Some of the other ladies on the stage have no artistic
business there at all. Why are there so many manner-
less girls, graceless girls, silly girls, impudent girls,
and girls condemned to hopeless ugliness by having to
wear trousers with jackets cut to fit waists like corset

398 DRA]MATIC OPIXIOXS AND ESSAYS

advertisements — a stupidity that would make Psyche
herself unpresentable? I object to all these austerities:
I am voluptuar}' enough to like nice girls, interesting
girls, well-dressed and well-grouped girls; and I con-
ceive the duties of a manager as including the selection
and engagement of such girls and no others. Two
minutes of " Biarritz " would reconcile a Trappist to
his monastery for life.

The best part of the entertainment is Mr. Osmond
Carr's music — mere stereo, no doubt, much of it, but
smart, appropriate stereo, A few of the numbers are
pretty and musically witty. And the music has been
thoroughly well got up by Mr. Herbert Bunning, who
handles the band excellentlj.

PUNCH AXD JUDY AGAIN

The Rogue's Comedy : a play in three acts. By Henry
Arthur Jones. Garrick Theatre, 21 April, 1896.

A SAFE rule for the dramatist is, " \^^len in
doubt, revive Punch and Judy." Mr. Henry
Arthur Jones is not in doubt ; but he is in
dudgeon — not peevish personal dudgeon, but artistic,
philosophic dudgeon, inevitable after the unnatural
death of "Michael and his Lost Angel." Accord-
ingly, he has fallen back on Punch and Judy, the
eternal rogue's comedy, tempting the business dramatist
by its assured popularity, and fascinating the artist
dramatist by its unlimited depth, which yet involves no
obligation to fully fathom it or else fail. Success is
safe at any depth, from an inch downwards. At the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 399

street corner, with a deplorable Judy, an infant thrown
out of the window, a dog Toby, and a few assorted
types of law and order culminating in a hangman and
a devil, the great issues of the comedy can be ribaldly
touched to the music of pipes and drum. At the other
end of the range, Mozart's " Don Giovanni," the
world's masterpiece in stage art, is only Punch on a
higher plane. Every brace of vagabonds can master
and perform the one; the greatest artists in the world
can, at their best, only bungle through the other. Be-
tween the two lies all philosophic comedy, high and
low, with its Faustuses, its Robert Macaires, its Affable
Hawks, its Jeremy Diddlers, its common Joeys with
red-hot poker and sausages, its Pierrots, and, since last
Tuesday night, its Mr. Bailey Prothero. The first
question about him, then, is as to which of his ancestors
in the great family of Punch's reincarnations he most
resembles. Not that rare bird the Mozartian Don as-
suredly. It is true that Bailey drinks four glasses
of champagne, and " bucks up," as he expresses it, after
them; but he cannot sing a paean to the joy of life like
" Finch' han dal vino," nor need our actors so miser-
ably fail in catching his ecstasy as to drive any one
to find a new mode of utterance for its wicked rapture
through the mechanism of the most brilliant of instru-
ments, as Liszt was driven in the Don's case. Bailey
does not cut a figure in the high comedy region: his
place is in melodramatic farce. This suggests Robert
Macaire; and there is certainly a family resemblance;
but as Robert was an entire and perfect scoundrel, and
we cannot nowadays bear to damn any one, Bailey has
been made a good husband and father. As a rascal
redeemed by sentiment, he is more like that amiable
young relative of the family, the Chevalier des Grieux,

400 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

only older, coarser, and without Manon Lescaut. In-
stead of Manon, he has a lawful wife, so far like Mrs.
Jerry Cruncher in " A Tale of Two Cities," that her
habit of " flopping " — that is, kneeling down in
prayer — jars on her husband. I do not think much
of Mrs. Prothero. Her humanity is sacrificed to write
up the actor-manager's part — a sacrifice of the eter-
nal to the temporal. In the first act we see her enjoy-
ing an income of £80 a year and dressing like Mrs.
Langtry on it, her dramatic function being to act as
her husband's confederate in his fortune-telling busi-
ness. Not until the second act does she develop a
tender conscience ; and even then she makes no difficulty
about shutting it up tight at her husband's urgent re-
quest, herein departing from the example of Mrs.
Cruncher, who braved boots and pokers rather than
refrain from praying steadfastly against the success
of Mr. Cruncher's illicit pursuits as a resurrection-
man. When, in the third act, Judy Prothero allows
Bailey to assure their son that of his mother, at least,
he need never be ashamed, it is impossible not to revolt
at the recollection of her active complicity in the
duperies of the first act. It is all very well for Mr.
Jones to set her to catch sympathy for Mr. Willard;
but the plain truth is that she is just as bad as Bailey
— worse, in fact, because she sets up religious preten-
sions to be morally superior to him whilst living on the
profits of his swindling.

The characterization of the figures which surround
Bailey Prothero does not go very deep. Of course Mr.
Jones, with his fertile imagination and humorous ob-
servation, could no more miss individualizing a figure
here and there than Dickens could. The most enter-
taining result of his powers in this way is Mr. Robert

DRAJVIATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 401

Gushing, who plays Bertrand to Prothero's Macaire so
faithfully that when his unfortunate habit of purloin-
ing the spoons comes into play, the scene needs nothing
but a creaking snuff-box in Mr. Willard's hands to
take us back to the Auberge des Adrets at once. But
the characterization is capital underneath the farce,
and very funny. The wretch is so feeble that even
his efforts to swear do not get beyond a fat, flat,
twaddle-toned " Oh my goodness gracious ! " The ab-
ject folly of his perfectly sound plea of " total loss of
self-respect," and the helpless way in which he suc-
cumbs to every opportunity of doing wrong, even with
the certainty of ignominious detection staring him in
the face, not only make highly ticklesome buffoonery,
but hit off in a few strokes the leading lines of a hope-
lessly rickety and rotten moral constitution. Gushing
is the best character in the play; and though he is
only on the stage for a few minutes, I am not sure that
Mr. Standing, who plays him to a miracle, is not
luckier than Mr. Willard himself in his part. Another
personage who is purely comic in his dramatic function,
but yet individualized as a character type, is the silly-
billy Lord Dovergreen, a little burlesqued by Mr. Syd-
ney Brough, but not spoiled. Lord Bicester is also a
vivid thumbnail sketch; and there is life in Miss Proye
and Lambert the footman. These people not only say
funny things, but say them with a genuine character
modification — not a mere trick of phrase or manner.
For all that, the play is not one of Mr. Jones's best.
That part of the dialogue which is mere social chatter
is not nearly so witty as the small talk in " The Mas-
queraders " ; and as to the high comedy of " Rebellious
Susan," it is quite out of sight. Some of the characters
are downright bad; for instance, Lord John Bucklow

402 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

is the hackneyed old stage rou^ — the " man of pleas-
ure become a man of pain," as Charles Reade put it —
with the hackneyed manner and make-up. Mr. David
James, with his simperings, and his dammes, and his
whistlings of the intervals of the common chord (as
if that were a possible nervous trick), certainly acts
him as badly as possible; but the part invites his
abuse of it. Lady Clarabut, again, is nothing but a
night's work for Lady Monckton ; and the two lovers
decorously carry on the story without stepping for-
ward into any sort of individuality'. In short, the
leading characters are not characters at all, but only
supports for Bailey Prothero. In a play by Mr.
Grundy, or any other votary of the " well-made " or
mechanical rabbit play, I should not complain of this,
since everybody knows that if a mechanical rabbit is
to move, it must have wheels for entrails; but one ex-
pects living members from Mr. Jones. At all events,
one pays him the compliment of noticing the appear-
ance of automata among his characters as a thing not
altogether to be expected. As to the character for
which this sacrifice has been made. I confess I should
like, before judging it finally, to see it played by a
genuine comedian — say Mr. Wyndham or Mr. Hare.
Mr. Willard is a good actor, but not of that kind.
He begins with comic " character acting " laid on in
hearty and by no means delicate strokes; and when
the vein changes, he plunges, without the slightest gra-
dation, head over heels into melodrama. His grip
throughout is far too strenuous to admit of dainty
handling: he grinds out his words at a clerically low
pitch with a voice that has changes but no inflections,
wedging his face into a mask that can be instantly re-
arranged for mirth or melancholy, but which has no

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 403

shades, and can therefore tell of moods and shocks, but
not of processes or fluctuations. The part presents
certain well-marked main aspects — the rogue at work,
the rogue triumphant, the rogue alarmed, the rogue
reckless, the father wounded, the father tender, and the
husband good-natured. These being patent and unmis-
takable, Mr. Willard seized on them vigorously enough ;
but as each one recurred he treated it exactly as he
had treated it before, with a single facial expression
and a single tone; so that his performance resolved
itself into a repetition of some half-dozen effects, and
would have become monotonous but for the activity
with which the author kept the story going. In fact,
it did become monotonous, especially in the matter of
voice, wherever the author's pace slackened. Neverthe-
less it kept the audience in good humor by its geniality
and sustained vigor; and in the final scene it had pa-
thetic strength — the final exit, with the shake-hands
with the son and the " Buck up, old girl " to the wife,
was admirable; but of the subtle, continuous, exquis-
itely nuanced acting, apparently infinite in variety,
which becomes classical in high comedy — such work
as we have seen in Duse's Mirandolina, Coquelin's
Duval, Hare's Baron Croodle, Charles Mathews's Mer-
cadet, and Jefferson's farcical heroes — there was not
a trace. It is true that the play itself, as I began
by saying, is melodramatic farce rather than high
comedy; but all the classical examples I have cited are
examples of high comedians playing in farces. I
should add that the character of Bailey Prothero is
completely redeemed from the falseness and crudity of
melodrama by many admirable touches, notably the
absence of conventional exaggeration in the fatherly
emotion, which is presented for exactly what it is

404 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

worth by the author with an acute nicety that is also
stealthily humorous. Fortunately, this is one of the
points to which Mr. Willard's performance does justice.
Miss Oliffe, who played Mrs. Prothero, was new to
the critics, though I had had the luck to discover her
at the Avenue during the illness of Miss Alma Stanley
some time ago. She deepened the favorable impression
I received on that occasion, and will, I have no doubt,
soon be a familiar and indispensable figure in our Lon-
don casts. The end of that will be, I suppose, that
she will give up acting, and have all her parts written
expressly for her. Indeed, of the play as a whole I
cannot say that it altogether escaped that rawness
and uneasiness of presentation from which Mr. Jones's
recent plays have suffered so frightfully, the truth be-
ing that the moment our actors are taken out of the
routine parts which are merely the latest dramatiza-
tions, or rather stagings, of their own personal pecu-
liarities — the moment, in short, they are called upon
to impersonate new characters instead of being pre-
sented with old characters that impersonate them —
they lose their style, and even their ease and assurance ;
so that Mr. Jones's originality is positively made a
means of worrying the audience into a longing to get
back to that familiar little world in which Mr. Sydney
B rough makes love to Miss Maud Millett under the
parental eyes of Miss Rose Leclercq and Mr. Cyril
Maude, whilst some nice leading lady and gentleman
give object lessons in fashionable dressing and polite
courtship and marriage to the graduates of suburban
society. This is the real explanation, I believe, of
the fact that for some time past every play with any
sort of originality in it has provoked three or four
weak-souled first-nighters in the gallery to utter

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 405

piteous howls on the appearance of the author at
the fall of the curtain. Mr. Jones, having, not un-
naturally, no sort of taste for deliberate and premedi-
tated incivility, declined to make the customary appear-
ance on Tuesday night. It took twenty-five minutes to
convince the audience that he was in earnest. They
cheered and called and applauded until they were
physically exhausted; then stopped to recover, and re-
turned to the charge again and again; then, as their
numbers dwindled, intoned a long, melancholy note like
the organ giving the diapason to the orchestra before
an oratorio performance ; then hooted dismally ; and
finally sang " We won't go home till morning," the
strains of which, like Haydn's Farewell Symphony, died
away as the performers stole away one by one and left
the theatre empty. And then I went home too.

THE IMMORTAL WILLIAM

The Shakespeare Anniversary Celebration at the Met-
ropole Theatre, Camberwell, 23 April, 1896.

WITHIN reason, I am always prepared to do
honor to Shakespeare. Annual celebrations
are all very well in theory, and are almost
as popular with the people who don't take any part in
them, and don't intend to, as Annual Parliaments are
with the people who never vote and never electioneer;
but outside that large circle they are too much of a
good thing. I have long ceased to celebrate my own
birthday; and I do not see why I should celebrate
Shakespeare's. There can be no objection in the world

406 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

to Mr. Benson, or Mr. Greet, or any one else in the
Shakespearean business taking the fullest advantage of
an anniversary to give that business a fillip; but who-
ever expects me to put myself every 23 April in an atti-
tude at all differing from my attitude on the 23 October
is doomed to disappointment. I went to Camberwell
on the afternoon of last Thursday week because, on the
whole, I thought it my business to be there; but when
the Irving Dramatic Club wanted me to resume work
the moment I got back to the West End by going to
" Cymbehne " at St. George's Hall, I struck. Shake-
speare is for an afternoon, but not for all time. Under
ordinary circumstances I should have done the other
thing — that is, gone to see the amateurs in the even-
ing instead of the professionals in the afternoon; but
it happened on this occasion that the professional cast
was the fresher, younger, and more interesting of the
two; so I went to Camberwell. Let me not, however,
exaggerate my own virtue by leaving it to be inferred
that I got there in time. The hour appointed was half-
past two; and though I spared neither energy nor ex-
pense in my journey, making no less than three separate
embarkations in train, 'bus, and tram, at a total cost
of fourpence, it was three o'clock before the Metropole
was sighted. This had two grave consequences. First,
Camberwell had rallied round the Bard so multitudi-
nously that the offer of untold gold could procure me
nothing better than a mere skylight of a box, from
which my view of the legitimate drama was considerably
foreshortened. Second, I was late for Miss Dorothy
Dene's Juliet. This I greatly regretted ; for I have not
seen Miss Dorothy Dene since the now almost remote
da^'^s when Mr. Henry Arthur Jones was making his
reputation by writing melodramas for Mr. Wilson

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 407

Barrett at the Princess's. Why? Here was a young
lady who had, not the painted show of beauty which
is so common on the stage, and so tedious, but that
honest reality of it which is useful to painters. Her
speech showed unusual signs of artistic cultivation;
she had plastic grace; she took herself and her pro-
fession seriously ; and her appearances in leading parts
were not unpopular. The mystery is, what became of
her? Did she fall into the abyss of opulent matrimony?
Did the studio violently reclaim its adored model? Did
she demand impossible terms? Or were the managers
obdurate in their belief that there is only one safe sort
of actress — the woman who is all susceptibility and no
brains ? Far be it from me to deny that every deviation
from this type involves a certain risk of unpopularity
— of a demand on the part of the actress, or rather the
woman, that in the intercourse between her and the
public the wooing and the worth shall not all be on one
side. Further still be it from me to forget the fact
that in cases of positive genius for the stage no ques-
tion as to the dignity of the actress's occupation can
arise. For instance, Duse is clearly a most laborious
artist hard at work, and not a pretty woman making
an exhibition of herself. But the appearance of a
Duse is as rare on the stage as that of a woman who
absolutely cannot act at all. Most of the routine of
our leading theatrical work in London is done by ladies
who are not altogether artists and not altogether exhi-
bitions, but who eke out a little art with more or less
personal attractiveness. Probably the reason our man-
agers prefer the brainless-susceptible woman is that
she is a ready-made actress as far as she can act at
all; and small blame to them, since we have no ap-
prenticeship system to secure to a manager the services

408 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

of an actress whom he trains, and no system of training
to replace the apprenticeship system. But I get so tired
of the brainless-susceptible heroine that even an Ameri-
can lecturer would sometimes be a relief to the eternal
sympathetic leading lady, who is called sweetly womanly
because, having nothing but her sex to insist on, she
insists on that continually. And yet, since women of
the other sort gets no engagements, it ends in her being
the only one who gets sufficient stage practice to be
trusted with important parts, whence it comes that the
important parts never are important. We want more
women of the clever, positive type on the stage (also
men). We also want more objectively beautiful women
on the stage; for your brainless-susceptible one is often
your beautyless-susceptible : she may appeal to your
sentimentality ; but a sculptor or a painter would not
look twice at her from his dry business point of view;
and her graces of carriage and movement are of the
cheapest. Her hold on the stage is largely a result
of the stage's hold on her through her disadvantage of
bemg fit for nothing else; so that economic necessity
does for her what irresistible vocation does for an
actress of genius — gives her, that is, the unconditional
singleness of aim and pertinacity which move mountains
in the long run. The clever, positive woman, on the
other hand, has alternative activities: she has ability
and character enough to make her living in other pro-
fessions, or to discharge social and domestic duties
as the wife of a Philistine citizen in a responsible, ca-
pable, respectable way. Granted that she may have
only the makings of a second-rate actress in her, she
would probably make second-rate acting much more
important than a good deal of what passes as first-
rate acting at present ; and her influence on the drama

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 409

would be highly beneficial owing to her demand for real
parts in which to put forth her brains and skill against
the rivals who rely on sex and sympathy in every kind
of part. It takes all sorts to make a stage, just as
it takes all sorts to make a world; and we do not get
all sorts at present. We get the geniuses and the
hysteriques; but the intermediate talents, however
promising, are driven back from a profession in which
brains and self-respect have no chance against emo-
tional facility and neurotic sexuality. The latter are
invaluable, the former quite useless, in an empty part
which is nothing but the merest cue to the imagination
of the audience; but confront the facile, neurotic,
empty-headed actress with a part which demands not
only sympathy but intelligence and trained nervous
energy ; not only " womanly " softnesses and graces
but plastic, picturesque, vigorous action; nay, ask her
to deliver a ten-line speech — not a hysterical explo-
sion, but a speech with thought as well as feeling in it
— and you will soon find how a dramatic author is
hampered at present by the limited compass of the
instruments at his disposal. There are always clever,
educated, ambitious young women ready to try their
fortune on the stage; but how are they to get the
necessary experience to make skilled artists of them?
It takes years of practice to develop their power of
emotional expression; for most educated women have
been trained to fight against emotional expression be-
cause it is a mode of self-betrayal. Now self-betrayal,
magnified to suit the optics of the theatre, is the whole
art of acting; and the strong, continent woman, unless
she is descended from generations of actors, is certain
to be beaten at first on the stage by the hysterical, in-
continent one, or even by the stupid, prosaic heredi-

410 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

tary actress who, within certain limits, acts as a duck
swims. Under present conditions this handicap is suffi-
cient to baffle the clever recruit drawn from the newly
emancipated women of the middle class in her quest
for engagements, thus depriving her of the practice
necessary to train her, and so defeating her attempt
to gain a footing on the stage. The theatre is unable
to keep and drill able-bodied and able-minded recruits;
and the result is that the class of work which would
in any other profession be perfectly within the compe-
tence of the rank and file, has to be entrusted to the
leaders. And even the leaders are often more remark-
able for what is called social charm than for any rarer
artistic qualification.

On the whole, perhaps it is as well that I did not
see Miss Dorothy Dene; for it is not conceivable that
disuse has matured her powers, or years increased her
natural suitability to the part of Juliet. Just at pres-
ent I am more anxious about Miss Dorothea Baird,
whom I did see, as Rosalind. Rosalind is to the actress
what Hamlet is to the actor — a part in which, reason-
able presentability being granted, failure is hardly pos-
sible. It is easier than Trilby up to a certain point,
though it will of course hold much more acting. Miss
Baird j)lays it intelligently and nicely; and this, to
such a very pretty Ganymede, is enough to secure suc-
cess. How far the niceness and intelligence of the
pretty young lady will develop into the passion and
intuition of the artist, or whether the prettiness will
develop into the " handsome is as handsome does "
fascination which holds the stage for many years
against Time, remains to be seen. All that can be said
at present is that Miss Baird's Rosalind is bright and
pleasant, with sufficient natural charm to secure indul-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 411

gence for all its shortcomings. Of these the most seri-
ous is Miss Baird's delivery of the lines. Everybody
by this time knows how a modern high-schoolmistress
talks — how she repudiates the precision, the stateli-
ness, the awe-inspiring oracularity of the old-fashioned
schoolmistress who knew nothing, and cloaks her mathe-
matics with a pretty little voice, a pretty little manner,
and all sorts of self-conscious calineries and unassum-
ingnesses. " Poor little me ! what do / know about conic
sections? " is the effect she aims at. Miss Baird's
Rosalind has clearly been to the high school and mod-
elled herself upon her pet mistress if not actually taught
there herself. But that dainty, pleading, narrow-lipped
little torrent of gabble will not do for Shakespeare.
It is so unintelligible across the footlights that even
I, who know " As You Like It " almost as well as I
know Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony, could not always
catch what she was saying. This being so, it may safely
be taken that Camberwell did not catch more than a
very small conic section of it. For even an expert
cannot make sense of Elizabethan blank verse at a first
hearing when it is delivered at the rate of two hun-
dred words a minute and upwards. Besides, its
lyrical flow, if such a tiny ladylike patter can be
credited with so broad a quality, is not that of Shake-
speare's verse. The effect is like a canary trying to
sing Handel.

Mr. H. B. Irving is in the full flood of that Shake-
spearean enthusiasm which exalts the Bard so far
above common sense that any prosaic suiting of the
action to the word and the word to the action seems
to be a degradation of his genius to what Nicholas
Rowe called " a mere light of reason." Mr. Irving
gave us the closet scene from " Hamlet." He entered,

412 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

surcharged with Fate, and instead of Hamlet's sharp,
dry, " Now, mother : what 's the matter ? " followed
by his reply to her affected " Thou hast thy father
much offended," with the purposely blunt " Mother :
you have my father much offended," gave us a most
tragic edition of the conversation, with the yous altered
to thous, and an agitated slip or two to enhance the
effect. When he lifted the arras and found that he had
killed Polonius instead of the King, he betrayed not the
smallest surprise, but said, in a superior tone, " Thou
wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell ! " much as if
he were dismissing a deservedly and quite intentionally
flogged schoolboy. He was resolved to make an effect
by seizing the Queen and throwing her down on the
floor; and the moment he selected was in the middle
of the following passage:

" At your age
The heyday in the blood is tame : it 's humble,
And waits upon the judgment; and what judgment
Would step from this to this } "

The Queen was floored after the phrase " and waits
upon the judgment," showing that at Mr. Irving's age
the heyday in the blood does not wait upon the judg-
ment, but has its fling (literally) regardless of reason.
The only dramatic profit from this proceeding was
the point given to the Ghost's " But see ! amazement
on thy mother sits." Nevertheless, the performance,
nonsensical as it was, was not ridiculous. Mr. Irving
is not altogether unsuccessful in his attempts to be
tragic and to make effects; and if he could only bring
his tragedy and his effects into some intelligent relation
to the drama in hand, he would find himself highly
complimented in the " Saturday Review." To be ab-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 413

stractly and irrelevantly tragic; to brandish a sword;
to discourse in blank verse; to stagger and fall and
hurl frail heroines away, is just as absurd in " Ham-
let," if done at the wrong moment, as it would be in
" Box and Cox." There are people so unfit for the
stage that they could not do these things even at the
right moment without making the audience laugh. That
is not Mr. Irving's case. When he learns what to do
and when to do it, he will not be at a loss as to how
to do it. More than that it is impossible to grant
him at present. The scenes from " As You Like It "
included nothing of Jaques except the few scraps of
dialogue between the pessimist and Orlando ; and no
exception can be taken to the way in which these were
handled by Mr. Irving. He dressed and looked the
part well.

The best bit of work was Mr. Bernard Gould's Or-
lando ; the worst, Mr. Ben Greet's Touchstone. Mr.
Greet put himself out of the question before he had
been two minutes on the stage by the profound stroke
of picking one of Orlando's sonnets from a tree, and
reading from it the impromptu burlesque:

" If a hart do lack a hind,
Let him seek out Rosalind," etc.

This was a new reading with a vengeance. He was
not much more successful as executant than as Shake-
spearean student. He completely missed the piled-up
climax of the speech to William, and was, in short, as
bad a Touchstone as a critic could desire to see. It is
no disgrace to an actor to be unable to play Touch-
stone; but why, under these circumstances, and being
a manager, he should cast himself for it, passes my
understanding. Mr. Rawson Buckley played Oliver

414 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

very well, but persisted, as usual, in dressing himself
smartly, and then describing himself as " a wretched
ragged man, o'ergrown with hair." Mr. Gould man-
aged his part, especially the difficulties of the sham
courtship with Ganymede, better than I can remember
having seen it managed before; and some of his lines
were finely spoken ; but he was not Orlando. Orlando's
intelligence is the intelligence of the heart: he always
comes out best an as amiable, strong, manly, hand-
some, shrewd-enough-to-take-care-of-himself, but safely
stupid and totally unobservant young man. Now, Mr.
Gould plays with his head; his intelligence is always
on the alert ; and he is so observant that in spite of his
many valuable stage qualities he almost disqualifies
himself as an actor by his draughtsman's habit of
watching himself and every one else so keenly and in-
terestedly that he is more apt to forget his part than to
forget himself in it. The born actor looks in: Mr.
Gould looks on. He acts like a good critic, and prob-
ably represses his tendencies — if he has any — to the
maudlin self-sympathy, the insane egotism, the bottom-
less folly, the hysterical imaginative mendacity which
— with the help of alcohol — make acting easy to some
men who are for all other purposes the most hopeless
wastrels. However, I do not object: I recognize the
fact that the ascendency of the sentimental amorphous
actor means the ascendency of the sentimental amor-
phous drama, and that the critical actor, like Mr.
Gould, is indispensable to a drama with any brains in
it. Still, the critical actor need not be also a draughts-
man actor. I once elaborately explained to Mr. Gould
a part of which I was myself the author. He paid me
the closest attention ; retired to ponder my utterances ;
and presently returned with a perfectly accurate and

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 415

highly characteristic drawing of me, which I shall prob-
ably never live down. And if I had been Shakespeare
explaining Orlando, it would have been just the same.

THE FARCICAL COMEDY OUT-
BREAK

The New Baby : a deception in three acts. Adapted by
Arthur Bourchier from " Der Rabenvater/' by H. F.
Fischer and J. Jarno. Royalty Theatre, 28 April,
1896.

Monsieur de Paris : a play in one act. By Alicia Ram-
sey and Rudolph de Cordova. Royalty Theatre.
A Night Out: a farcical comedy in three acts. By
Georges Feydeau and Maurice Desvallieres. English
version. Vaudeville Theatre, 29 April, 1896.

ONE of the strongest objections to the institution
of monogamy is the existence of its offspring,
the conventional farcical comedy. The old
warning, " Beware how you kiss when you do not
love," ought to be paraphrased on the playbills of all
our lighter theatres as " Beware how you laugh when
you do not enjoy." To laugh without sympathy is a
ruinous abuse of a noble function ; and the degradation
of any race may be measured by the degree of their
addiction to it. In its subtler forms it is dying very
hard: for instance, we find people who would not join
in the laughter of a crowd of peasants at the village
idiot, or tolerate the public flogging or pillorying of a
criminal, booking seats to shout with laughter at a
farcical comedy, which is, at bottom, the same thing

416 DRAMATIC OPINi:ONS AND ESSAYS

— namely, the deliberate indulgence of that horrible,
derisive joy in humiliation and suffering which is the
beastliest element in human nature. I make these
portentous observations not by way of breaking a
butterfly on a wheel, but in order to bring out with
violent emphasis the distinction between the high and
the base comedy of errors — between " Pink Dominos "
and " Twelfth Night " ; or, to illustrate from another
art, between the caricatures of Leech or Gavarni and
those which mark the last intolerable stages of the
degradation of Ally Sloper (who in his original Ross-
Duval days was not without his merits). To produce
high art in the theatre, the author must create persons
whose fortunes we can follow as those of a friend or
enemy: to produce base laughter, it is only necessary
to turn human beings on to the stage as rats are turned
into a pit, that they may be worried for the entertain-
ment of the spectators. Such entertainment is much
poorer fun than most playgoers suspect. The critic,
trained to analyze all his artistic sensations, soon gets
cured of the public's delusion that everytliing that
makes it laugh amuses it. You cannot impose on him
by the mere galvanism of the theatre ; for all its mani-
festations, from the brute laughter produced by an
indecency or a bout of horseplay, to the tricks, familiar
to old actors, by which worthless explosions of applause
can be elicited with mechanical certainty at the end of
a speech or on an exit, become so transparent to him
that, instead of sharing the enthusiasm they excite,
he measures merit by their absence. For example, one
of the admirable points in Mrs. Patrick Campbell's per-
formance in " For the Crown " is the way in which,
after her recitation of the butterfly poem, she avoids
the round of clapping which any third-rate actress

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 417

could get for it — however execrably it might be de-
livered — by simply finishing it with a swagger and
waiting for the audience to make a fool of itself. I
have no doubt that many old stagers regard this as the
ineptitude of a novice letting a sure point go " for
nothing " or *' without a hand." But everybody re-
members the recitation; everybody is struck by it;
everybody is conscious of a spell which would be broken
by any vulgar attempt to " bring down the house " : the
commercial result being that people go to see Mrs.
Campbell, whereas they stay at home when there is
nothing to be enjoyed at the theatre except the gal-
vanic tricks of the trade. If it could once be borne
in upon the mental darkness of most of our public
performers that the artists who draw best are not those
who are fondest of making the noisy and hysterical sec-
tion of the audience interrupt the play — that, in fact,
applause in the middle of an act is not only discredit-
able on most occasions to both actor and audience but
bad business as well — we should get vastly better work
at the theatres.

I shall now, perhaps, be understood (if not, no mat-
ter) when I class the laughter produced by conventional
farcical comedy as purely galvanic, and the inference
drawn by the audience that since they are laughing
they must be amused or edified or pleased, as a delusion.
They are really being more or less worried and ex-
hausted and upset by ill-natured cachinnation ; and the
proof is that they generally leave the theatre tired and
out of humor with themselves and the world. Lest I
should err here on the side of over-much righteousness,
let me hasten to admit that a little galvanism may be
harmless and even beneficial in its eiTect on the lungs
and liver; but three acts of it is too much. I first

418 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

learnt the weariness of it from " Pink Dominos," al-
though that play had an excellent third act; and I
have been wearied in the same way by every new ver-
sion. For we have had it again and again under various
titles. Act I, John Smith's home; Act II, the rowdy
restaurant or casino at which John Smith, in the course
of his clandestine spree, meets all the members of his
household, including the schoolboy and the parlormaid ;
Act III, his house next morning, with the inevitable
aftermath of the complications of the night before:
who that has any theatrical experience does not know it
all by heart? And now here it is again, with a fresh
coat of paint on it, and as rotten as ever underneath.
But farcical comedy, like any other stage entertain-
ment, may become artistically valuable, and even de-
lightful, through fine execution. " Pink Dominos " is
memorable, not for itself, but for the performances of
Wyndham and Clarke. One remembers the charm of
Miss Eastlake before she took up the heavy and violent
work of supporting Mr. Wilson Barrett in tragic
melodrama; and this generation, contemplating Sir
Augustus Harris with awe, little suspects how light-
hearted he was as Harry Greenlanes. Since then, Mr.
Hawtrey, Mr. Penley, and Miss Lottie Venne have
managed to keep up the notion that farcical comedies
are intrinsically amusing with considerable success.
But the moment an attempt is made to run this sort
of dramatic work on its own merits, its fundamental
barrenness and baseness assert themselves and become
intolerable. Therefore I shall make no pretence of dis-
cussing as drama the two specimens just produced at
the Royalty and Vaudeville. Suffice it that the Royalty
piece, " The New Baby," is, from that point of view,
so far beneath contempt that it never once rises to

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 419

the point of even suggesting the disgust which its story
would rouse in any one who took it seriously; whilst
" A Night Out," at the Vaudeville, though a master-
piece of ingenuity and urbanity in comparison to the
other, is essentially the same as previous nights out,
from that in " Pink Dominos " downwards, and repro-
duces the stage arrangements of the second act of
" Forbidden Fruit " pretty faithfully. But it is note-
worthy that although " The New Baby " includes incest
in its bewilderments, and one of the central incidents of
" A Night Out " is the sudden retirement of a gentle-
man from a supper party on a pretext which Smollett
might, and probably would, have employed, they are
comparatively free from that detestable, furtive lu-
bricity which was the rule twenty years ago. Farcical
comedy used to have the manners of a pimp. It is
now progressing upward towards the morals of Tom
Jones.

The question then being one of acting, we had better
start by making certain allowances: first, for the ab-
sence from the cast of those light comedians who have
been specially sucessful in this class of entertainment,
and, second, for the homeliness of our English attempts
to volatilize ourselves sufficiently to breathe that fan-
tastic atmosphere of moral irresponsibility in which
alone the hero of farcical comedy, like Pierrot or Harle-
quin, can realize himself fully. On the understanding
that these difficulties have not been surmounted, one
may say that " A Night Out " is not in the main badly
acted. Mr. Giddens's humor, brought into play with
apparent recklessness, but really with most skilful dis-
cretion, is irresistible. Mr. Sugden's Paillard could
not be improved without overdoing the part; and Mr.
Wyes has at last succeeded in presenting the peculiar

420 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

monstrosity he has invented for stage purposes with
something like a real artistic command of it. Mrs.
Edmund Phelps's performance as Madame Pinglet
(frankly pronounced Pingly) is clever; but there are
two points in which it might be improved. The busi-
ness of grovelling on the floor in the third act is shock-
ingly ugly; and the grimace by which she expresses
extreme discomfiture is, owing to the turning up of the
corners of the mouth, in effect a smile, not unlike that
of Bailey Prothero in " The Rogue's Comedy." Miss
Fannie Ward is a determined young lady with plenty
of assurance, and gumption enough to simulate the not
very subtle emotions of her part plausibly enough ; but
she is hardly an artist. Miss Pattie Browne, the in-
evitable maid who seduces the inevitable schoolboy, is
merely that impossible superstition, the stolidly bounc-
ing English stage chambermaid. In this, and in such
details as the crudity with which the second waiter
keeps senselessly shouting Madame Paillard's name
with an obvious consciousness of the mischief he is
doing, not to mention the unnecessary noisiness of
some of the scenes, one sees the chief fault of the pro-
duction — puerility of stage management. Mr. Sey-
mour Hicks has given way to his sense of fun, for-
getting that a stage manager should have no sense of
anything except fine art.

But if the management is immature at the Vaude-
ville, what is it at the Royalty.? Alas! it is hardly
to be described. Here is Mr. Bourchier, a born actor
— the likeliest successor, so far, to Mr. Wyndham in
light comedy — with a theatre of his own and an ex-
cellent company, the centre of which is well knit to-
gether by private as well as artistic ties, and with a
handsome capital in personal popularity and good

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 421

wishes to reinforce his cash balance, positively playing
with his chances like an undergraduate. I protested
mildly against the way in which " The Chili Widow "
was romped through. No doubt it was jolly; but it
was not artistic management, and it was hardly acting.
But " The New Baby " is worse. Mr. Bourchier has
not only cast himself for an elderly part which he is
physically unfit for — a part which might be played
appropriately by James Lewis — but he treats it as
a pure lark from beginning to end, rattling along any-
how as if nothing mattered so long as his good humor
and high spirits infected the audience sufficiently to
keep them smiling. In desperation I ask Mr. Bourchier,
does he really think he is keeping himself up to his work
at the Royalty? Would any other manager stand from
him the happy-go-lucky playing he stands from him-
self with apparent complacency.? Would any other
author allow him to do so much less than his best
at the very moment when he should be concentrating
his intensest energy on the consolidation of his posi-
tion? Does he expect me to pay him any higher com-
pliment than to admit that his performance is at least
good enough for the play he has selected? There are
two well-acted parts in " The New Baby," and only
two. Miss Alice Mansfield, a very clever actress, does
for the piece what Mr. Giddens does for its rival at
the Vaudeville ; and Mr. W. G. Elliott plays the fiery
Spaniard as conscientiously and excellently as Mr.
Bourchier himself would perhaps play it if he were the
actor and Mr. Elliott the manager. Mr. Blakeley
almost succeeds by his well-known grimaces and atti-
tudes in persuading the audience that he has a real
part. But the play is too foolish to have much chance
even of a success of folly.

422 DRAIVIATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

The strongest part of, the Royalty performance is
a one-act drama, of exceptional merit as such things
go, entitled " Monsieur de Paris," in which Miss Violet
Vanbrugh, instead of trifling with her talent as she did
in " The Chili Widow," plays a purely romantic part
with striking effect. The sanguinary ending of the play
is as mechanical, obvious, and unimaginative as a Chi-
cago pig-sticking; and Miss Vanbrugh, by overrating
its value, attempts — what no thoroughly expert ac-
tress would attempt — a sustained and unvaried cres-
cendo of forcible expression which only betrays the
fact that it is her imagination and not her feeling that
is at work; but the perforaiance proves a great deal
as to her remarkable qualifications for more serious
work on the stage. May I add without offence that in
the finest diction " crime," " quick," " true," and
"heaven" are not vehemently dissyllabic?

I never go to celebrations and never write about
them. W^hat is more, I never eat supper. But I went
to the Hotel Cecil yesterday week to shake hands with
Mr. Wyndham, and never succeeded in getting within
a dozen yards of him. It was an amazing spectacle.
There we were in our thousands — players and authors
and critics — geniuses and beauties — lost sheep
straj'ed from the Philistine fold of respectability —
the disgraces of our own families — the delight of
everybody else's families — the mighty cabotinage of
London in all its fascination, and all its unlimited ca-
pacity for flattery, champagne, and asparagus. Nine
out of every ten guests were players by profession;
and fully one out of every two hundred and fifty could
really act — first among these, beyond all challenge,
Wyndham himself, whose health was proposed by that
tragic comedian, the Lord Chief Justice. I say noth-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 423

ing of the peers and politicians and other interlopers :
a crowd of them can be seen anywhere. I missed Sir
Henry Irving and Miss Ellen Terry; they, like Mr.
John Hare, were in America. I also missed Ibsen,
greatly to my surprise. But it was a wonderful occa-
sion, for all that — excellently managed and worked
up, no doubt, but none the less owing the extremity
of its huge success to its genuineness as a demonstra-
tion of admiration and regard for Mr, Wyndhara.

HENRY IV

Henry IF. Part I. Haymarket Theatre, 8 May,
1896.

THIS is a miserably incompetent world. The
average doctor is a walking compound of natu-
ral ignorance and acquired witchcraft, who kills
your favorite child, wrecks your wife's health, and
orders you into habits of nervous dram-drinking before
you have the courage to send him about his business,
and take your chance like a gentleman. The average
lawyer is a nincompoop, who contradicts your perfectly
sound impressions on notorious points of law, involves
you in litigation when your case is hopeless, compro-
mises when your success is certain, and cannot even
make your will without securing the utter defeat of
your intentions if any one takes the trouble to dispute
them. And so on, down to the bootmaker whose boots
you have to make your tortured feet fit, and the tailor
who clothes you as if you were a cast-iron hot-water
apparatus. You imagine that these people have pro-

424. DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

fesslons ; and you find that what they have is only, in
the correct old word, their " mystery " — a humbug, like
all mysteries. And yet, how we help to keep up the
humbug! I know men of quite exceptional intelligence
— men so sceptical that they have freed their minds
from all philosophic and religious dogma, who neverthe-
less read the " Lancet " and the " British Medical
Journal " from end to end every week as devoutly as
any superstitious washerwoman ever read " Zadkiel "
or " Old Moore," and not only believe it all, but long
tremblingly for the next symptom that will give them
an excuse for calling in the medicine man to mistake
typhoid fever for influenza or paint their tonsils with
caustic when their kidneys are out of order. Every
week they have some joyful tidings for me. Another
disease has been traced to its germ; an infallible de-
stroyer of that germ has been discovered; the disease
has been annihilated. What wonderful triumphs has
not science enjoyed in my time! Smallpox has been
made totally impossible; hydrophobia has vanished;
epilepsy has yielded to the simplest of operations ; the
pangs of angina pectoris have been relieved as if by
magic ; consumption is a dream of the past ; and now
there is to be no more diphtheria. Instead of vainly
seeking, as of old, for a universal remedy, we are the
proud discoverers of a dozen, and can change with the
fashion from one to another. Mercury, salicylic acid,
iodide and bromide of potassium, hashed thyroid, anti-
pyrine, with lymphs innumerable : there they are, mak-
ing us all safe and happy until we are unfortunate
enough to fall down in a fit, or get bitten by a mad
dog, or fall sick with an ugly rash and a bad pain
in our backs when we promptly place ourselves in the
hands of the very gentleman who wrote to the " Times "

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 425

to pledge his honor and reputation, founded on a pyra-
mid of vivisected rabbits, that such things could never
happen again. Depend upon it, if Macbeth had killed
Macduff, he would have gone back to the Witches next
day to ask their advice as to the best way of dealing
with Malcolm.

It is the same with all the professions. I have other
friends who are law-mad — who believe that lawyers
are wise, judges high-minded and impartial, juries in-
fallible, and codes on the brink of perfection. The
military-mad and the clergy-mad stalk at large
throughout the kingdom. Men believe in the profes-
sions as they believe in ghosts, because they want to
believe in them. Fact-blindness — the most common
sort of blindness — and the resolute lying of respect-
able men, keep up the illusion. No mortal, however
hard-headed, can feel very safe in his attempts to sift
the gold of fact and efficiency out of the huge rubbish-
heap of professionalism.

My own weakness is neither medicine, nor law, nor
tailoring, nor any of the respectable departments of
bogusdom. It is the theatre. The mystery-man who
takes me in is not the doctor nor the lawyer, but the
actor. In this column I have prated again and again
of the mission of the theatre, the art of the actor, of
his labor, his skill, his knowledge, his importance as
a civilizing agent, his function as a spiritual doctor.
Surely I have been in this the most ridiculous of all
dupes. But before you lay me down in derision, never
to read my articles again, hear my excuse. There is
one sort of human accomplishment that cannot be dis-
missed as a figment of the spectator's imagination.
The skill with which a man does that which he has
done every day for twenty years is no illusion. When

426 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

the operative at his mule in the cotton-mill pieces the
broken yarn, when Paderewski at his Erard grand
plays a sonata, he is not hypnotizing you, or inviting
you to make-believe. He is actually doing things that
would be miracles if done by an untrained man. Or
take him who, with no eye to cotton cloth or the in-
terpretation of Beethoven, does difficult things for the
sake of their difficulty, simply as marvels : for instance,
the acrobat. You cannot deny the reality of his feats.
His complete physical self-possession, his ambidextrous
grace, his power of making several deliberate move-
ments in the space of a pang of terror — as when, for
example, he will coolly alter the disposition of his body
at a given moment, whilst he is falling headlong
through the air: all these accomplishm-ents of his
really exist, and are by no means the product of the
imagination of an innocent clergyman, sitting in the
auditorium with his nose buried in a volume of Shake-
speare, and ready to take the word of the newspapers
next day for what is happening on the stage. Now,
am I to be greatly blamed for having supposed that
the actor was a genuinely skilled artist like the acrobat,
only adding to the skilled mastery of his powers of
movement a mastery of his powers of speech, with an
ear for verse, a sense of character, a cultivated faculty
of observation and mimicry, and such higher qualities
as Nature might throw into the bargain? There were
great examples to mislead me: Kean was a harlequin
as well as a Hamlet; Duse's Camille is positively en-
thralling as an exhibition of the gymnastics of perfect
suppleness and grace; and I have seen Salvini come
out before the curtain to accept a trophy from an
admirer in a stage box with more art and more fascina-
tion — the wliole tiling being carried out in strict ac-

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 427

cordance with certain rules of his art — than an ordi-
nary skirt dancer could get into the clumsy imposture
she calls dancing after two years' hard practice. Fur-
ther, it has been a matter of common observation in
my generation that the burlesque of the Byron-Farnie-
Reece-Burnand period did not, as it turned out, prove
a bad training for the people who played in it. No-
body will contend, I imagine, that the training was
intellectual: the secret laj"^ in the music, the dancing,
the marching, the fantastic walks round, the boundless
scope for physical agility, the premium which the very
barrenness and vulgarity of the entertainment placed
on personal feats and on mimicry. Even that terrible
stage calamity, the stock actor of the old regime, learnt
something more from the Christmas pantomime than
he would have known without it.

I plead then that acting is potentially an artistic
profession, and that by training and practice a person
can qualify himself or herself to come to a manager
or author and say, " Within the limits imposed by my
age and sex, I can do all the ordinary work of the
stage with perfect certainty. I know my vowels and
consonants as a phonetic expert, and can speak so as
to arrest the attention of the audience whenever I open
my mouth, forcibly, delicately, roughly, smoothly,
prettily, harshly, authoritatively, submissively, but
always artistically, just as you want it. I can sit,
stand, fall, get up, walk, dance, and otherwise use my
body with the complete command of it that marks the
physical artist." An actor might know all this, and
yet, for want of the power to interpret an author's
text and invent the appropriate physical expression
for it, never, without coaching, get beyond Rosen-
crantz or Seyton. It is, therefore, only the minimum

428 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

qualification of a skilled stage hand; and if an actor
is not that, then he is merely a stage-struck unskilled
laborer or handy man, and his " conceptions " of Ibsen
or Shakespeare are mere impertinences. I naturally
concluded that the minimum was in force, and acting
a real profession. Alas! that only proves that my
desire and hope got the better of my observation —
my imagination of my experience.

However, I am cured now. It is all a delusion:
there is no profession, no art, no skill about the busi-
ness at all. We have no actors : we have only authors,
and not many of them. When Mendelssohn composed
" Son and Stranger " for an amateur performance, he
found that the bass could only sing one note. So he
wrote the bass part all on that one note; and when
it came to the fateful night, the bass failed even at
that. Our authors do as Mendelssohn did. They find
that the actors have only one note, or perhaps, if they
are very clever, half a dozen. So their parts are con-
fined to these notes, often with the same result as in
Mendelssohn's case. If you doubt me, go and see
" Henry IV " at the Haymarket. It is as good work
as our stage can do; but the man who says that it
is skilled work has neither eyes nor ears ; the man who
mistakes it for intelligent work has no brains ; the
man who finds it even good fun may be capable of
Christy Minstrelsy but not of Shakespeare. Every-
thing that charm of style, rich humor, and vivid and
natural characterization can do for a play are badly
wanted by " Henry IV," which has neither the romantic
beauty of Shakespeare's earlier plays nor the tragic
greatness of the later ones. One can hardly forgive
Shakespeare quite for the worldly phase in which he
tried to thrust such a Jingo hero as his Harry V

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 429

down our throats. The combination of conventional
propriety and brute masterfulness in his public ca-
pacity with a low-lived blackguardism in his private
tastes is not a pleasant one. No doubt he is true to
nature as a picture of what is by no means uncommon
in English society, an able young Philistine inheriting
high position and authority, which he holds on to and
goes through with by keeping a tight grip on his
conventional and legal advantages, but who would have
been quite in his place if he had been born a game-
keeper or a farmer. We do not in the first part of
" Henry IV " see Harry sending Mrs. Quickly and
Doll Tearsheet to the whipping-post, or handing over
Falstaff to the Lord Chief Justice with a sanctimonious
lecture; but he repeatedly makes it clear that he will
turn on them later on, and that his self-indulgent good-
fellowship with them is consciously and deliberately
treacherous. His popularity, therefore, is like that
of a prizefighter: nobody feels for him as for Romeo
or Hamlet. Hotspur, too, though he is stimulating
as ginger cordial is stimulating, is hardly better than
his horse ; and King Bolingbroke, preoccupied with his
crown exactly as a miser is preoccupied with his money,
is equally useless as a refuge for our affections, which
are thus thrown back undivided on Falstaff, the most
human person in the play, but none the less a besotted
and disgusting old wretch. And there is neither any
subtlety nor (for Shakespeare) much poetry in the
presentation of all these characters. They are labelled
and described and insisted upon with the roughest di-
rectness; and their reality and their humor can alone
save them from the unpopularity of their unlovableness
and the tedium of their obviousness. Fortunately, they
offer capital opportunities for interesting acting.

430 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Bolingbroke's long discourse to his son on the means
by which he struck the imagination and enlisted the
snobbery of the English people gives the actor a
chance comparable to the crafty early scenes in
" Richelieu." Prince Hal's humor is seasoned with
sportsmanlike cruelty and the insolence of conscious
mastery and contempt to the point of occasionally mak-
ing one shudder. Hotspur is full of energy; and Fal-
staff is, of course, an unrivalled part for the right sort
of comedian. Well acted, then, the play is a good
one in spite of there not being a single tear in it. Ill
acted — O heavens !

Of the four leading parts, the easiest — Hotspur —
becomes pre-eminent at the Haymarket, not so much by
Mr. Lewis Waller's superiority to the rest as by their
inferiority to him. Some of the things he did were
astonishing in an actor of his rank. At the end of
each of his first vehement speeches, he strode right
down the stage and across to the prompt side of the
proscenium on the frankest barnstorming principles,
repeating this absurd " cross " — a well-known con-
vention of the booth for catching applause — three
times, step for step, without a pretence of any dra-
matic motive. In the camp scene before the battle of
Shrewsbury, he did just what I blamed Miss Violet
Vanbrugh for trying to do in " Monsieur de Paris " :
that is, to carry through a long crescendo of excitement
by main force after beginning fortissimo. Would it be
too farfetched to recommend Mr. Waller to study how
Mozart, in rushing an operatic movement to a spirited
conclusion, knew how to make it, when apparently al-
ready at its utmost, seem to bound forward by a sudden
pianissimo and lightsome change of step, the speed and
force of the execution being actually reduced instead of

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 431

intensified by the change? Such skilled, resourceful
husbandry is the secret of all eifects of this kind; and
it is in the entire absence of such husbandry that Mr.
Waller showed how our miserable theatre has left him
still a novice for the purposes of a part which he is
fully equipped by nature to play with most brilliant suc-
cess, and which he did play very strikingly, considering
he was not in the least sure how to set about it, and
hardly dared to stop blazing away at full pitch for an
instant lest the part should drop flat on the boards.
Mr. Mollison presented us with an assortment of
effects, and tones, and poses which had no reference,
as far as I could discover, to the part of Bolingbroke
at any single point. I did not catch a glimpse of the
character from one end of his performance to the
other, and so must conclude that Shakespeare has
failed to convey his intention to him. Mr. Gillmore's
way of playing Hal was as bad as the traditional way
of playing Sheridan. He rattled and swaggered and
roystered, and followed every sentence with a forced
explosion of mirthless laughter, evidently believing that,
as Prince Hal was reputed to be a humorous character,
it was his business to laugh at him. Like most of his
colleagues, he became more tolerable in the plain sailing
of the battle scene, where the parts lose their indi-
viduality in the general warlike excitement, and an
energetic display of the commonest sort of emotion
suffices. Mr. Tree only wants one thing to make him
an excellent Falstaff, and that is to get born over
again as unlike himself as possible. No doubt, in the
course of a month or two, when he begins to pick up a
few of the lines of the part, he will improve on his
first effort; but he will never be even a moderately
good Falstaff. The basket-work figure, as expression-

432 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

less as that of a Jack in the Green; the face, with
the pathetic wandering eye of Captain Swift belying
such suggestion of character as the lifeless mask of
paint and hair can give; the voice, coarsened, vulgar-
ized, and falsified without being enriched or colored;
the hopeless efforts of the romantic imaginative actor,
touching only in unhappy parts, to play the comedian
by dint of mechanical horseplay: all that is hopeless,
irremediable. Mr. Tree might as well try to play
Juliet; and if he were wise he would hand over his
part and his breadbasket to Mr. Lionel Brough, whose
Bardolph has the true comic force which Mr. Tree
never attains for a moment.

Two ideas have been borrowed from the last London
revival of " Henry V " by Mr. Coleman at the Queen's
Theatre in Long Acre. One is the motionless battle
tableau, which is only Mr. Coleman's Agincourt over
again, and which might just as well be cut out of
cardboard. The other is the casting of Miss Kate
Phillips for Mrs. Quickly. As Mrs. Quickly is plainly
a slovenly, greasy, Gampish old creature, and Miss
Phillips is unalterably trim, smart, and bright, a worse
choice could not have been made. One would like to
have seen Miss Mansfield in the part. Mrs. Tree, as
Lady Percy, did what I have never seen her do before:
that is, played her part stupidly. The laws of nature
seem to be suspended when Shakespeare is in ques-
tion. A Lady Percy who is sentimentally affection-
ate, who recites her remonstrance with Percy in the
vein of Clarence's dream in " Richard III," and
who comes on the stage to share the applause elicited
by the combats in the battle of Shrewsbury, only
makes me rub my eyes and wonder whether I am
dreamins:.

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 433

Besides Mr. Lionel Brough and Mr. Lewis Waller,
there were three performers who came off with credit.
Mr. Holman Clark played Glendower like a reasonable
man who could read a Shakespearean play and under-
stand it — a most exceptional achievement in his pro-
fession, as it appears. Mr. D. J. Williams, who played
William in " As You Like It " the other day at the
Metropole, and played him well, was a Smike-like and
effective Francis; and Miss Marion Evans was a most
musical Lady Mortimer, both in her Welsh song and
Welsh speech.

The chief merit of the production is that the play
has been accepted from Shakespeare mainly as he
wrote it. There are cuts, of course, the worst of them
being the sacrifice of the nocturnal innyard scene, a
mutilation which takes the reality and country mid-
night freshness from the Gadshill robbery, and reduces
it to a vapid interlude of horseplay. But the object
of these cuts is to save time: there is no alteration or
hotchpotch, and consequently no suspicion of any at-
tempt to demonstrate the superiority of the manager's
taste and judgment to Shakespeare's in the Daly
fashion. This ought to pass as a matter of course;
but as things are at present it must be acknoM'ledged
as highly honorable to Mr. Tree. However, it is not
my cue just now to pay Mr. Tree compliments. His
tours de force in the art of make-up do not impose on
me: any man can get into a wicker barrel and pretend
to be Falstaff, or put on a false nose and call himself
Svengali. Such tricks may very well be left to the
music-halls : they are altogether unworthy of an artist
of Mr. Tree's pretensions. When he returns to the
serious pursuit of his art by playing a part into which
he can sincerely enter without disguise or mechanical

434 DRAJVIATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

denaturalization, may I be there to see! Until then
let him guard the Ha^'market doors against me; for
I like him best when he is most himself.

RESURRECTION PIE

Jot a drama in three acts, adapted from Charles
Dickens's " Bleak House." By J. P. Burnett. (A
Revival.) Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 14 May, 1896.
The Matchmaker: a new comedy in four acts. By Clo
Graves and Gertrude Kingston. Shaftesbury Theatre,
9 May, 1896.

Rosemary: a new play in four acts. By Louis N.
Parker and Murray Carson. Criterion Theatre, 16
May, 1896.

THERE is a strain of resurrectionism in all of us,
I suppose. In the most eligible places we get
suddenly smitten with a hankering to take an-
other look at some dull district where we were born;
or in the British Museum Library we turn from the
treasures of literature and abuse the services of the
staff to get out some trumpery story-book that we
read in the nursery ; or we suddenly lapse, between the
acts of a Wagnerian performance, into a longing
curiosity to hear " I Puritani " or " Don Pasquale "
once more. Fortunately most of these whims cost too
much to be carried very far. We can afford to make
a sentimental journey, or to hunt up an old book, but
not to produce an old opera or an old play. There
is only one man among us who is an exception to this
rule. That man is Sir Augustus Harris. And what
a resurrectionist he is ! When my theme was music,

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 435

I used egotistically to suspect him of a fiendish fancy
for tormenting me personally; for in the very middle
of a phase of advanced operatic activity, with " Die
Meistersinger " figuring in the repertory with a com-
paratively venerable air beside a group of the most
modern Italian and French works, he would suddenly
stretch out his imperial hand; drag some appalling
tenor from I know not what limbo of street-piano pa-
drones, penny-icemen, and broken choristers; set the
wretch to bleat " Ah si, ben mio," and roar " Di quella
pira " just once; and then snatch him for ever from
the ken of a coldly astonished London season, leaving
no trace of his adventure except my own infuriated
protests and an inscrutable smile on the countenance
of the impresario. That smile may have meant senti-
mental memories of auld lang syne, or it may have
meant such derision as a wise man allows himself when
he has given a witty lesson to a foolish generation — I
never could tell ; but before I had recovered my temper
and settled down to " Die Meistersinger " and the rest,
there would come along an obsolete seventeen-stone
prima donna who could sing " O mio Fernando," and
get through regular old-fashioned arias with florid
cabalettas at the ends of them. Immediately " La
Favorita " would be dug up to rattle its skeleton for
a night on the shuddering boards ; and again I would
go home, boiling with rage, to rack my brains for
every extremity of sarcastic or indignant remonstrance.
And again the impresario would smile inscrutably.
Finally, having done my worst, I abandoned the criti-
cism of music and devoted myself to the drama. Yet
here again I meet the resurrectionist impresario as
resurrectionist manager; and again I am unable, for
the life of me, to guess whether he is a sentimentalist

436 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

turning to ses premieres amours, or a preceptor giving
those of us who find fault lightly with hi» modern
achievements a stern object lesson in the strides he has
had to make to get away from a ridiculous and over-
rated past.

At some remote date which I have not precisely as-
certained — somewhere between the drying of the Flood
and the advent of Ibsen — " Bleak House " shared the
fate of most of Dickens's novels in being " adapted to
the stage." The absurdity of the process is hardly to
be described, so atrociously had these masterpieces to
be degraded to bring them within the competence of the
theatre; but the thing was done somehow; and the
Artful Dodger, Smike, Micawber, Peggotty and Jo
were born again as " famous impersonations." I am
less versed in these matters than some of our older
critics; but it has been my fate at one time or an-
other to witness performances founded on " Pickwick,"
" Oliver Twist," " Dombey and Son," and " David
Copperfield." The fame of other adaptations of
Dickens reached me, notably that of " Bleak House,"
with Miss Jennie Lee as the crossing-sweeper; but I
never saw " Jo " until the other night, when Sir Augus-
tus revived it at Drury Lane, just as he might have
revived " Semiramide " at Covent Garden. The revival
is under the direction of the author of the adaptation,
Mr. J. P. Burnett, who has evidently conducted it with
the strictest fidelity to its traditions ; so that we can
now see for a few nights what stage work was like in
the days when Dickens, the greatest English master
of pathetic and humorous character presentation our
century has produced, did not write for the theatre.
And truly the spectacle is an astonishing one, though
I well remember when its most grotesque features were

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 437

in the height of the melodramatic fashion. What will
the stage sentimentalities on which I drop the tear of
sensibility to-day seem like a quarter of a century
hence, I wonder!

One facility offered to the stage by Dickens is a de-
scription of the persons of the drama so vivid and pre-
cise that no actor with the faintest sense of character
could mistake the sort of figure he has to present, even
without the drawings of Browne and Barnard to help
him out. Yet each attempt only proves that most of
our actors either have no character sense or else have
never read Dickens. The Drury Lane revival has
plenty of examples of this. One would suppose that
Mr. Snagsby, with his nervous cough, his diffidence,
his timid delicacy, and his minimizing formula of " not
to put too fine a point on it," could hardly be con-
fused with a broadly comic cheesemonger out of a
harlequinade, nor the oily Chadband in any extremity
of misunderstanding be presented as a loose-limbed
acrobat of the Vokes-Girard type. Imagine the poor
pathetically ridiculous Guster not oaly condemned to
mere knock-about buffoonery, but actually made to fall
down in a comic epileptic fit on the stage! Bucket
has his psychology considerably complicated by the
fact that the author has rolled him up with Mr. Jarn-
dyce and the Cook's Court policeman ; so that there are
three characters in one person, a trinitarian expedient
which presents an absolutely insoluble problem to the
actor. As to Mr. Guppy, he is not within a thousand
miles of being himself. What Jobling-Weevle, and
Smallweed, and Miss Flite, and George and the rest
would have been like if they had been included in the
adaptation can only be guessed with a qualm. Literary
criticism was more apt to remonstrate with Dickens

438 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

for caricature than to mistrust his touch as too subtle,
and his outlines as too elusive, for the man in the street
to appreciate. On the stage, one perceives, Dickens
was impossible because he was infinitely too poetic, too
profound, too serious, too natural in his presentment
of things — in a word, too dramatic for the theatre of
his day. Not that I shall allow any one to persuade
me that " Jo " was ever anything more than third-rate
work at any period of our stage history; but it must
have been much more highly esteemed when it was first
perpetrated than it is now, even by an audience invited
at " cheap summer prices," and so carelessly catered
for, that in the scene in which Guppy explains to
Esther Summerson that what she takes for smoke is
a London fog, we are treated to the most brilliantly
sunshiny front cloth the scene-dock of Drury Lane
affords.

All that can be said for Miss Jennie Lee's " Jo "
nowadays is that if the part had been left between
herself and Dickens, something credible and genuinely
moving might have come of it. But Mr. Burnett has
carefully laid out his lines and stage business for the
crudest and falsest stage pathos and stage facetious-
ness. Jo is one moment a cheeky street arab, and, the
next, is directly expressing, to slow music, not the
darkened ideas of Jo, but Mr. Burnett's version of the
compassionate horror roused in the social and political
consciousness of Dickens by the case of Jo and his
fellow-outcasts. Dickens himself is not wholly guilt-
less of this: in the novel one or two of Jo's speeches
are at bottom conscious social criticisms ; but it is not
the business of the dramatist to develop a couple of
undramatic slips in a novel into a main feature of the
leading part in a play. Lady Dedlock, no longer

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 439

bored, but fearfully and tragically serious in her crino-
line and flounces (wild anachronisms, surely, if the
play is to be dated by the costumes of Tulkinghorn,
Bucket, and Snagsby), is quite worth seeing, especially
on her visit to the graveyard, where she combines a
now ludicrously old-fashioned sort of distressed heroine
business with a good deal of the Ghost in Hamlet, old
style. How Miss Alma Stanley has contrived to re-
cover the trick of a vanished stage mode so cleverly,
and to keep her countenance meanwhile, I know not.
But she does it with wonderful success ; and I hope
she will never do it again. Mrs. Rouncewell, excellently
played by Miss Fanny Robertson, is called Mrs.
Rouncell in the playbill; and the number of news-
paper notices in which this blunder is reproduced may
be taken as the number of critics who have never read
" Bleak House."

Perhaps, now I come to think of it, the " Jo " enter-
prise is not Sir Augustus Harris's at all, but only Mr.
Burnett's. Whether or no, I prefer " La Favorita."

The untimely end of " The Matchmaker " at the
Shaftesbury rather weakens any interest that may
attach to my opinion of it. In its combination of
cynicism as to the society represented by the fashion-
able marriage market, and sentiment as to pet indi-
viduals, with a humorousness that is nothing if not
naughty, it is thoroughly characteristic of the phase
of social development represented by the two ladies —
a London actress and a London journalist respectively
— to whose pens we owe it. This is as much as to say
that " The Matchmaker " was as sincere as its authors
could make it without dropping the usual affectation
of taking life farcically ; and as they have some bright
dramatic talent between them, the play, though tacked

440 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

together anyhow, and built on the sandiest of founda-
tions, might, in a summer theatre at reasonable prices,
have done very well, though of course at the Shaftes-
bury in May, with all the comfortable seats costing
half-a-guinea or six or seven shillings, no great success
was possible. Two scenes, the pathetic one in the first
act between Miss Lena Ashwell and Mr. Lewis Waller,
and the comic one in the third between Mr. Waller and
Miss Beatrice Ferrar, will be remembered when some
more successful plays are forgotten. It was partic-
ularly interesting to see how sympathetically Mr.
Waller responded to the note of genuine pathos in the
first scene, although in " A Woman's Reason " and
" The Sin of St. Hulda " he hardly succeeded in even
pretending to respond to the conventional demands of
the pretentious but unreal despair piled up for him in
these works. The eifect was completed by the playing
of Miss Ashwell, the touching quality of whose acting,
both in comedy and sentiment, is now finding the cul-
tivated artistic expression it lacked in former seasons.

As to " Rosemary," at the Criterion, there is very
little to be said; for though it is a pleasant piece of
storytelling, it does not really supply a motive for the
very remarkable display of acting which Mr. Wynd-
ham imposes on it, and to which it owes its success.
His performance may almost be called acting in the
abstract, like those mock dialogues in which a couple
of amateur comedians amuse a drawing-room by simply
bandying the letters of the alphabet to and fro with
varying expressions. It is quite possible to be most
powerfully affected by an emotional demonstration of
which the cause is hidden : indeed, I have known a case
in which an actress, off the stage, gave such poignant
expression to her feelings that a visitor came to the

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 441

conclusion that she had lost her favorite child, whereas
the actual provocation, as it turned out, was the ex-
hibition of somebody else's name on a poster in letters
an inch longer than hers. If a foreigner were to enter
the Criterion half way through the third act of
" Rosemary," he would be greatly struck by Mr.
Wyndham's acting; but if he were asked to guess the
nature of Sir Jasper Thorndyke's grief, he would cer-
tainly suggest something much more serious than the
disappointment of a man of forty at being unable to
marry a pretty young girl, quite a stranger to him,
on whose wedding he had just stumbled. The truth
is that the play has one pervading defect. It is en-
gaging, humane, fanciful, well written, refined, humor-
ous according to a somewhat literary conception of
humor, and full of happy reminiscent touches and a
pardonable Dickens worship; but it is continuously
silly; and in the hands of actors who were no better
than their parts it would, I suspect, act very vapidly
indeed. In the last act — a nonogenarian monologue
— the lines, though no doubt very nice and sympa-
thetic, are dramatically aimless; and although I am
quite aware that we shall never get the drama out of
its present rut until we learn to dispense on occasion
with dramatic aim in this sense, and allow feeling to
flow without perpetually working up to points and
situations, yet that sort of freedom must be con-
quered, not begged — a feat that can hardly be achieved
in an openly and shamelessly old-fashioned play like
" Rosemary." However, I will not pretend that I
found it tedious ; indeed, Mr. Wyndham entertained
me better than I expected, considering that the art of
senile make-up, in which Mr. Hare wasted half his
career, is to me the most transparent and futile of

442 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

impostures. For the rest, there are half a dozen pleas-
ant and popular artists in half a dozen pleasant and
popular — but always silly — parts ; and the manage-
ment is admirable, as it always is at the Criterion.

G. B. S. ON CLEMENT SCOTT

From " The Bells " to " King Arthur ": a critical rec-
ord of the first-night productions at the Lyceum
Theatre from 1871 to 1895. By Clement Scott. Lon-
don: John Macqueen. 1896.

Shaw V. Shakespeare and Others: an article by W. A.
(Mr. William Archer) in the current number of " The
World."

SO May, 1896.

MR. CLEMENT SCOTT is not the first of the
great dramatic critics; but he is the first of
the great dramatic reporters. Other men may
have hurried from the theatre to the newspaper office
to prepare, red hot, a notice of the night's performance
for the morning's paper; but nobody did it before
him with the knowledge that the notice was awaited by
a vast body of readers conscious of his personality and
anxious to hear his opinion, and that the editor must
respect it, and the subeditor reserve space for it, as
the most important feature of the paper. This strong
position Mr. Scott has made for himself. His oppor-
tunity has of course been made by circumstances — by
the growth of mammoth newspapers like the " Daily
Telegraph," the multiplication of theatres, and the
spread of interest in them; but it has not been made

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 443

for Mr. Scott more than for his competitors ; and the
fact that he alone has seized it and made the most of
it in a metropolis where every adult is eager to do his
work for nothing but the honor and glory and the
invitations to first nights, proves, you may depend on
it, that his quedifications for the work are altogether
extraordinary.

The main secret of Mr. Scott's popularity is that he
is above all a sympathetic critic. His susceptibility to
the direct expression of human feeling is so strong that
he can write with positive passion about an exhibition
of it which elicits from his colleagues only some stale,
weary compliment in the last sentence of a conventional
report, or, at best, some clever circumlocutory dis-
cussion of the philosophy of the piece. Whoever has
been through the experience of discussing criticism
with a thorough, perfect, and entire Ass, has been told
that criticism should above all things be free from
personal feeling. The excellence of Mr. Scott's criti-
cisms lies in their integrity as expressions of the warm-
est personal feeling and nothing else. They are alive:
their admiration is sincere and moving: their resent-
ment is angry and genuine. He may be sometimes
maudlin on the one hand, sometimes unjust, unreason-
able, violent, and even ridiculous on the other; but
he has never lost an inch of ground by that, any more
than other critics have ever gained an inch by a cau-
tious, cold, fastidious avoidance of the qualities of
which such faults are the excesses. Our actors and
actresses feel the thorough humanity of his relation
to them; and they commonly say — except in those
gusts of fury at some unfavorable notice in which they
announce that they make it a rule never to read criti-
cisms at all — that they would rather be " slated " by

444 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

Mr. Scott than praised by colder hands. By colder
hands they generally mean Mr. William Archer, who
has made himself as eminent as Mr. Scott, and comple-
mentary and antidotal to him, at the opposite pole of
contemporary dramatic criticism. The public believes
in Mr. Scott because he interprets the plays by feeling
with the actor or author — generally more, perhaps,
with the actor than the author — and giving his feel-
ing unrestrained expression in his notices. An average
young University graduate would hang himself sooner
than wear his heart on his sleeve before the world as
Mr. Scott does. And that is just why the average
young University graduate never interests any one in
his critical remarks. He has been trained to do noth-
ing that could possibly involve error, failure, self-asser-
tion, or ridicule; and the results of this genteelly
negative policy are about as valuable as those which
might be expected by a person who should enter for a
swimming race with a determination to do nothing that
could possibly expose to the risk of getting wet. Mr.
Scott, in spite of his public school education, is hap-
pily not that sort of person. He understands the value
of Lassalle's dictum that " History forgives mistakes
and failures, but not want of conviction."

Now for Mr. Scott's shortcomings. The most ami-
able of them is a desire to give pleasure and gain
affectionate goodwill. This, in the absence of any
provocation to the contrary, guarantees to everybody,
from Sir Henry Irving down to the most friendless
novice thirsting for a little encouragement, a flatter-
ing word or two in the " Daily Telegraph." No doubt
he is very often helpful with judicious encouragement;
but he is occasionally shameless in his gratuitous kind-
liness. This might not do any harm if he could always

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 445

be depended on to be annoyed by bad work; but un-
fortunately this is not the case. His extraordinary
susceptibility is, as I advisedly described it, a suscep-
tibility to the direct expression of human feeling, and to
that alone. Interpose any medium between him and
the moving, uttering, visible human creature, and he is
insulated at once. It may be the medium of music; it
may be painting ; it may even be the reflective thought
inspired by passion instead of the direct instinctive
cry of the passion itself: no matter: the moment the
substitution is eifected Mr. Scott loses his distinction;
writes like any Philistine citizen of ordinary artistic
tastes ; and is crowed over by every whippersnapper in
his profession whose eyes and ears and powers of ab-
stract thinking have been trained a little by practice
on the outside of the arts, and by an academic course
of philosophy. In this collection of his Lyceum criti-
cisms we find him brought face to face with the re-
markable development of the pictorial side of stage
art effected by Mr. Comyns Carr when he succeeded in
bringing the genius of Burne-Jones, the greatest deco-
rative artist of his time, to bear on the production of
" King Arthur." Mr. Scott, instead of being delighted
with the result, was simply incommoded and disturbed
by the change in the accustomed arrangements. He
complained that King Arthur wore black armor instead
of looking like Mr. Henry Neville dressed in a roast-
ing-jack and a flaxen wig; and he was scandalized at
the knights having their hair cut. " Where," he asks,
" is the fair hair, where the robes, where the drapery,
where the air of dignity and distinction, in this tight-
fitting, black, tin armor? An actor of the highest dis-
tinction has to work desperately hard to counteract
the impression for which he is not in the least respon-

446 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

sible. It was decided — we know not for what reason —
that all the principal actors in this play should wear
their own hair, Bond Street cut. Never was there a
play where assumed hair seemed to be more imperative."

Again, when Mr. Scott touches on the subject of
music, he distinguishes between " melody " and " classi-
cal music," and is so deeply depressed by sonata form
that even the slow movement from Raff's *' Im Walde "
symphony struck him as an unpardonably dismal busi-
ness when Herr Armbruster played it at the Lyceum
on the first night of " Michael." He also complains
because Gounod's music is not used in the Lyceum
" Faust." Painting and music seem to affect his imagi-
nation as ruins affected the imagination of Sir Walter
Scott — that is, by setting him thinking of something
else. His criticism of all stage effects, scenic or per-
sonal, which appeal to the cultivated intelligence of
the eye and ear, instead of to the heart, is quite
commonplace.

When I say that Mr. Scott is also unable to recog-
nize a feeling when it is presented to him in the form
of a thought — unless of course that thought has been
so long associated with it that the distinction between
them has vanished, and the utterance of the thought
has become the natural expression of the feeling — I
touch the disability which has brought him into con-
flict with the later developments of the drama. Like
all energetic spirits, he was a pioneer at first, fighting
for the return to nature in Robertson's plays against
the stagey stuff which he found in possession of the
theatre. Since that time the unresting march of evo-
lution has brought us past Robertson. Our feeling
has developed and put new thoughts into our heads;
and our brains have developed and interpreted our

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 447

feelings to us more critically. Ideas which were for-
merly only conceived by men of genius like Ibsen, or
intensely energetic spirits like Nietzsche, are freely
used by dramatists like Sudermann, and are beginning
to creep into quite ordinary plays, just as I can
remember the pet discords of Schumann and Wagner
beginning to creep into the music-hall after a period of
fashionable novelty in the drawing-room. When Ib-
sen's " Ghosts " forced the old ideas to take up the
challenge of the new, Mr. Scott was the only critic
whose attack on Ibsen was really memorable. In the
ranks which he led there was plenty of elderly peevish-
ness and envious disparagement, virtuous indignation
and vicious scurrility, with the usual quantity of time-
serving caution among the more considerate; but Mr.
Scott alone, looking neither forward nor backward,
gave utterance to his horror like a man wounded to
the quick in his religion, his affections, his enthusiasms
— in the deepest part of him. I greatly doubt
whether to this day he has any adequate conception
of the way in which he pitched into us who were on the
other side during those moments when he was persuaded
that we were filthy-minded traffickers in mere abomina-
tion. But he came off with the advantage of the
doughty fighter who lays on with conviction: he had
not only the excitement of the combat and the satis-
faction of making his quarterstaff ring on the heads of
his adversaries, but he sowed no harvest of malice,
rather establishing on us the claim of an old opponent,
always a strong claim in a free country. The incident
was thp more curious because I am persuaded that if
the feeling that is at the bottom of " Ghosts " were
presented dramatically as a simple and direct plea for
the right of a man of affectionate, easy, convivial tern-

448 DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS

perament to live a congenial life, instead of skulking
into the kitchen after the housemaid, and stealing a
morsel of pleasure in the byways of drink and disease
when his conscientiously conventional wife and her
spiritual adviser were not looking, Mr. Scott would be
one of its most merciful critics. But Mr. Scott is
not a thinker: whatever question you raise with him
you must raise as a question of conduct, which is a
matter of feeling, and not of creed, which is a matter
of intellectual order. The notion that when conduct
conflicts with creed, the question as to which of the
two is in the wrong is an open one — that it is not
alone humanity that is constantly on its trial, but the
ethical, political, and religious systems that claim
implicit obedience from humanity — that a deliberate
violation of these systems may be, not a weakness to be
pitied and pardoned, but an assertion of human worth
to be championed and carried to victory in the teeth
of all constitutions, churches, principles, and ideals
whatsoever: this, which explains all that is peculiar
in the attitude of the modem movement, especially in
dramatic poetry, has no meaning for Mr. Scott. He
will not, when the time comes, be an enemy of the
drama which tacitly assumes it: his sympathy will
secure him against that ; but the drama which asserts
and argues it — which is polemical rather than instinc-
tive in its poignancy — will never be tolerated by him.

I need not say that a volume of criticisms dealing
with Lyceum productions exclusively does not cover
those newly opened regions in which the steadiness of
Mr. Scott's footing is doubtful. The book is full of
old drawings by Mr. Barnard, which, however, are sur-
passed in delicacy, charm, and fidelity by the newer
ones from the hand of Mr. Partridge (Mr. Bernard

DRAMATIC OPINIONS AND ESSAYS 449

Gould), and photographic portraits, among which I
miss that of Mr. Scott himself. Perhaps the few
notes I have made above on my fellow-critic may help
to supply the deficiency. For form's sake, I wiD add
just this ghost of a criticism on a passage in the book.
When " Olivia " was revived at the Lyceum, Mr. Scott
was so much touched by the point at which the Vicar,
trying to lecture Olivia for her wickedness, breaks
down and clasps her in his arms (who does not remem-
ber Miss Terry's head dropping as she took the atti-
tude of the reproved child?), that he records with en-
thusiasm the astonishment and delight of the house,
adding, " As regards acting, it was a moment of true
inspiration, a masterpiece of invention." But now, in
cold blood, Mr. Scott will agree with me, I think, that
the invention is clearly the author's, and that the
original Vicar produced the same effect. Indeed, to
my mind, he produced it better than Sir Henry Irving,
whose embrace I thought too loverlike. Mr. Hermann
Vezin, a less passionate actor, was for that very reason
a more old-fashionedly fatherly Dr. Primrose than his
eminent successor.

Mr. Archer's article in the " World " is an elaborate
demonstration that my opinion of " Henry IV " at the
Haymarket is not a criticism, but a purely theoretic
deduction from my race, my diet, my politics — in
short, my nature and environment. And he argues that
it is a monstrous injustice that Mr. Beerbohm Tree
should be made to suffer for my nature and environ-
ment. What outrageous nonsense ! Besides, Mr. Tree
is infinitely obliged to me; for all London, it appears,
is flocking to the Haymarket to see whether " Henry
IV " is really so bad as I think it.

1

PN Shaw, George Bernr:rd

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